unreferenced date September 2008 In mathematics , the arithmetic of abelianvarieties is the study of the number theory of an abelian variety , or family of those. It goes back to the studies of Fermat on what are now recognised as elliptic curve s and has become a very substantial area both in terms of results and conjectures. Most of these can be posed for an abelian variety A over a number field K or more generally for global field s or more general finitely generated rings or fields . Integer points on abelianvarieties There is some tension here between concepts integer point belongs in a sense to affine geometry , while abelian variety is inherently defined in projective geometry . The basic results proving that elliptic curve s have finitely many integer points come out of diophantine approximation . Rational points on abelianvarieties The basic result Mordell Weil theorem says that A K , the group of points on A over K , is a finitely generated abelian group . A great deal of information about its possible torsion subgroups is known, at least when A is an elliptic curve. The question of the rank is thought to be bound up with L function s see below . The torsor theory here leads to the Selmer group and Tate Shafarevich group , the latter conjecturally finite being difficult to study. Heights There is a canonical N ron Tate height function, which is a quadratic form it has ... of John Tate describing it. L functions For abelianvarieties such as A sub p sub .... See also Bogomolov conjecture Category Abelianvarieties Category Diophantine geometry ... of height roughly, logarithmic size of co ordinates at most h . Reduction mod p Reduction of an abelian ... to get an abelian variety A sub p sub over a finite field , is possible for almost all p . The bad .... In terms of the ring End A there is a definition of abelian variety of CM type that singles out the richest class. These are special in their arithmetic. This is seen in their L functions in rather favourable ... more details
This is a timeline of the theory of abelianvarieties in algebraic geometry , including elliptic curves ... 180 ref lays the foundations for further work on abelianvarieties in dimension 1, introducing the Riemann ... ber Thetafunktionen , studies Prym varieties 1897 H. F. Baker , Abelian Functions Abel s Theorem ... Shimura and Yutaka Taniyama , Complex Multiplication of AbelianVarieties and its Applications to Number Theory N ron model Birch Swinnerton Dyer conjecture Moduli space for abelianvarieties Duality of abelianvarieties c.1967 David Mumford develops a new theory of the equations defining abelianvarieties 1968 Serre Tate theorem on good reduction extends the results of Deuring on elliptic curves to the abelian variety case. ref Jean Pierre Serre and John Tate , Good Reduction of AbelianVarieties ... theorem for elliptic curves is completed. Notes Reflist Category Abelianvarieties Category Mathematics timelines Abelianvarieties ... of the length of a lemniscate and a case of the arithmetic geometric mean , giving a numerical ... 1869 Weierstrass proves an abelian function satisfies an algebraic addition theorem 1879, Charles ... ref to use complex multiplication theory to generate abelian extension s of imaginary quadratic field s 1884 Sofia Kovalevskaya writes on the reduction of abelian functions to elliptic functions ... theorem of Paul mile Appell and Georges Humbert , classifies the holomorphic line bundle s on an abelian ... Palermo 41 1916 ref applies the term abelian variety to complex tori . 1921 Lefschetz shows that any ... points on an elliptic curve over the rational numbers form a finitely generated abelian group 1929 .... 1940 Weil defines abelian variety 1952 Andr Weil defines an intermediate Jacobian Theorem of the cube ... categories of coherent sheaves for an abelian variety and its dual. ref Daniel Huybrechts, Fourier ... on the Schottky problem 1985 J. M. Fontaine shows that any positive dimensional abelian variety ... more details
In mathematics , the concept of abelian variety is the higher dimensional generalization of the elliptic curve . The equations defining abelianvarieties are a topic of study because every abelian variety is a projective variety . In dimension d 2, however, it is no longer as straightforward to discuss such equations. There is a large classical literature on this question, which in a reformulation is, for complex algebraic geometry, a question of describing relations between theta function s. The modern geometric treatment now refers to some basic papers of David Mumford , from 1966 to 1967, which ... abelianvarieties are not complete intersection s. Computer algebra techniques are now able to have ... Pareschi, Syzygies of AbelianVarieties , Journal of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 13 ... previous work in the field. ref Giuseppe Pareschi, Minhea Popa, Regularity on abelianvarieties ... mpopa papers abv2.pdf ref See also Timeline of abelianvarieties Horrocks Mumford bundle References David Mumford , On the equations defining abelianvarieties I Invent. Math., 1 1966 pp. 287 354 , On the equations defining abelianvarieties II III Invent. Math. , 3 1967 pp. 71 135 215 244 , Abelianvarieties 1974 Jun ichi Igusa , Theta functions 1972 Reflist Further reading David Mumford , Selected papers on the classification of varieties and moduli spaces , editorial comment by G. Kempf and H. Lange, pp. 293 5 Category Abelianvarieties ... represented a quotient of an abelian variety with d 2, by the group of order 2 of automorphisms generated by x &minus x on the abelian variety. General case Mumford defined a theta group associated to an invertible sheaf L on an abelian variety A . This is a group of self automorphisms of L , and is a finite ... The goal of the theory is to prove results on the homogeneous coordinate ring of the embedded abelian ... let L be an ample line bundle on an abelian variety A . If n &ge p 3, then the n th tensor ... more details
For the north African Christian sect Abelians wiktionary Abelianabelian In mathematics, Abelian refers to any of number of different mathematical concepts named after Niels Henrik Abel tocright Group theory Abelian group , a group in which the binary operation is commutative Category of abelian groups Ab has abelian groups as objects and group homomorphisms as morphisms Metabelian group is a group where the commutator subgroup is abelian Abelianisation Galois theory Abelian extension , a field extension for which the associated Galois group is abelian Real analysis Abelian and tauberian theorems , used in the summation of divergent series Functional analysis Abelian von Neumann algebra , a von Neumann algebra of operators on a Hilbert space in which all elements commute Topology and number theory Abelian variety , a complex torus that can be embedded into projective space Abelian surface , a two dimensional abelian variety Abelian function , a meromorphic function on an abelian variety Abelian integral , a function related to the indefinite integral of a differential of the first kind In category theory Pre abelian category , an additive category that has all kernels and cokernels Abelian category , a preabelian category in which every monomorphism is a kernel and every epimorphism is a cokernel In physics A gauge theory is abelian or non abelian depending on whether its symmetry group is commutative or non commutative, respectively Other uses Abelians , 4th century Christian sect Hovhannes Abelian 1865 1936 , Armenian actor disambig fr Ab lien hy pt Abeliano ru ... more details
In mathematics, an arithmetic variety is the quotient space of a Hermitian symmetric space by an arithmetic subgroup of the associated algebraic Lie group . Further reading Introduction to modern number theory , By Yu I. Manin, Alekse A. Panchishkin On arithmeticvarieties by David Kazhdan, Israel J. Math. 44 1983 , no. 2, 139 159. See also Arakelov theory Arithmetic Chow groups Arithmetic Chow groups Arithmetic of abelianvarietiesAbelian variety Category Number theory algebra stub ... more details
such as reduction mod p of abelianvarieties see Arithmetic of abelianvarieties , and parameter families of abelianvarieties. An abelian scheme over a base scheme S of relative dimension g is a Proper ... an algebraic group , i.e., has a group law that can be defined by regular function s. Abelianvarieties ... to be defined over that field. Historically the first abelianvarieties to be studied were those defined over the field of complex numbers . Such abelianvarieties turn out to be exactly those complex torus complex tori that can be embedded into a complex projective space . Abelianvarieties defined ... theory. Localization of a ring Localization techniques lead naturally from abelianvarieties defined over number fields to ones defined over finite field s and various local field s. Abelianvarieties ... curve is an abelian variety of dimension 1. Abelianvarieties have Kodaira dimension 0. History .... Today, abelianvarieties form an important tool in number theory, in dynamical system s more specifically ... tori, abelianvarieties carry the structure of a group mathematics group . A morphism of abelianvarieties is a morphism of the underlying algebraic varieties that preserves the identity ... definition. Over all bases, elliptic curve s are abelianvarieties of dimension 1, however for varieties ... m n . An abelian variety is simple if it is not isogeny isogenous to a product of abelianvarieties of lower dimension. Any abelian variety is isogenous to a product of simple abelianvarieties. Polarisation ... variety to its dual that is symmetric with respect to double duality for abelianvarieties and for which ... to a positive definite quadratic form . Polarised abelianvarieties have finite automorphism .... Not all principally polarised abelianvarieties are Jacobians of curves see the Schottky problem ... on A is called a polarisation of A . A morphism of polarised abelianvarieties is a morphism A B of abelian ... to the given form on A . Abelian scheme One can also define abelianvarieties scheme ... more details
The arithmetic IF statement has been for several decades a three way arithmetic Conditional programming conditional statement , starting from the very early version 1957 of Fortran , and including FORTRAN IV, FORTRAN 66 and FORTRAN 77. Unlike the Conditional programming logical IF statements seen in other languages, the Fortran statement defines three different branches depending on whether the result of an expression was negative, zero, or positive, in said order, written as IF expression negative,zero,positive While it was originally the only kind of IF statement provided in Fortran, the feature was used less and less frequently after the more powerful Conditional programming logical IF statements were introduced, and was finally labeled obsolescence obsolescent in Fortran 90. The arithmetic IF was also used in FOCAL programming language FOCAL . See also Sign function Three way comparison Conditional programming References http www.everything2.com index.pl?node arithmetic IF arithmetic IF everything2.com http www.liv.ac.uk HPC HTMLF90Course HTMLF90CourseNotesnode34.html Modular Programming with Fortran 90 Obsolescent Features Category Conditional constructs ru IF ... more details
Image Tables generales aritmetique MG 2108.jpg thumb Arithmetic tables for children, Lausanne, 1835 Arithmetic ... of numbers. Professional mathematician s sometimes use the term higher arithmetic ref Harold Davenport Davenport, Harold , The Higher Arithmetic An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers 7th ed. , Cambridge ... results related to number theory , but this should not be confused with elementary arithmetic . History The prehistory of arithmetic is limited to a small number of artifacts which may indicate conception ... used all the elementary arithmetic operations as early as 2000 BC. These artifacts do not always reveal ... methods of calculation. The continuous historical development of modern arithmetic starts with the Hellenistic ... to each other, in his Introduction to Arithmetic . Greek numerals , derived from the hieratic Egyptian ... of arithmetic. For example, the ancient mathematician Archimedes devoted his entire work The Sand ... perform all four arithmetic operations. Although the Codex Vigilanus described an early form ... in comparison. In the Middle Ages , arithmetic was one of the seven liberal arts taught in universities ..., and trigonometry and nomogram nomographs in addition to the electrical calculator . Decimal arithmetic ... place and, with a radix point , using those same symbols to represent Arithmetic fraction fractions ... arithmetic computations using this type of written numeral. For example, addition produces the sum ... of the uses of number theory . Arithmetic operations The basic arithmetic operations are addition ... functions . Arithmetic is performed according to an order of operations . Any set of objects upon which all four arithmetic operations except division by zero can be performed, and where these four ... is the basic operation of arithmetic. In its simplest form, addition combines two numbers, the addends ... is the second basic operation of arithmetic. Multiplication also combines two numbers into a single .... Number theory main Number theory The term arithmetic also refers to number theory. This includes ... more details
, form an abelian group under addition, as do the modular arithmetic integers modulo n , Z n Z . Every ... as every subgroup of the rationals. Finite abelian groups Cyclic groups of modular arithmetic ...other uses Abelian disambiguation dablink Abelian group is also an archaic name for the symplectic group Groups In abstract algebra , an abelian group , also called a commutative group , is a group mathematics ... elements does not depend on their order the axiom of commutativity . Abelian groups generalization generalize the arithmetic of addition of integer s. They are named after Niels Henrik Abel . ref Jacobson 2009 , p. 41 ref The concept of an abelian group is one of the first concepts encountered in undergraduate ... mathematics module and a vector space , being its refinements. The theory of abelian groups is generally simpler than that of their nonabelian group non abelian counterparts, and finite abelian groups are very well understood. On the other hand, the theory of infinite abelian groups is an area ... An abelian group is a set mathematics set , A , together with an Binary operation operation that combines ... is a general placeholder for a concretely given operation. To qualify as an abelian group, the set and operation, nowrap A , , must satisfy five requirements known as the abelian group axioms ... element. Commutativity For all a , b in A , a b b a . More compactly, an abelian group is a commutative ... abelian group or non commutative group . Facts Notation There are two main notational conventions for abelian groups additive and multiplicative. class wikitable style margin 1em auto 1em auto Convention ... be used to emphasize that a particular group is abelian, whenever both abelian and non abelian groups are considered. Multiplication table To verify that a finite group is abelian, a table matrix known ... contains the product g sub i sub g sub j sub . The group is abelian if and only if this table is symmetric about the main diagonal. This is true since if the group is abelian, then g sub i ... more details
Non abelian may describe Non abelian group , in mathematics, a group that is not abelian commutative Non abelian gauge theory , in physics, a gauge group that is non abelian mathdab ... more details
In mathematics, an abelian surface is 2 dimensional abelian variety . One dimensional complex tori are just elliptic curves and are all algebraic, but Riemann discovered that most complex tori of dimension 2 are not algebraic. The algebraic ones are called abelian surfaces and are exactly the 2 dimensional abelian variety abelianvarieties . Most of their theory is a special case of the theory of higher dimensional tori or abelianvarieties. Criteria to be a product of two elliptic curves up to isogeny were a popular study in the nineteenth century. Invariants The plurigenera are all 1. The surface is diffeomorphic to S sup 1 sup × S sup 1 sup × S sup 1 sup × S sup 1 sup so the fundamental group is Z sup 4 sup . Hodge diamond table border 0 cellpadding 2 cellspacing 0 tr th th th th th 1 th tr tr th th th 2 th th th th 2 th tr tr th 1 th th th th 4 th th th th 1 th tr tr th th th 2 th th th th 2 th tr tr th th th th th 1 th tr table Examples A product of two elliptic curves. The Jacobian variety of a genus 2 curve. References Citation last1 Barth first1 Wolf P. last2 Hulek first2 Klaus last3 Peters first3 Chris A.M. last4 Van de Ven first4 Antonius title Compact Complex Surfaces publisher Springer Verlag, Berlin series Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3. Folge. isbn 978 3 540 00832 3 mr 2030225 year 2004 volume 4 Citation last1 Beauville first1 Arnaud title Complex algebraic surfaces publisher Cambridge University Press edition 2nd series London Mathematical Society Student Texts isbn 978 0 521 49510 3 978 0 521 49842 5 mr 1406314 year 1996 volume 34 eom id a a110040 first Ch. last Birkenhake DEFAULTSORT Abelian Surface Category Algebraic surfaces Category Complex surfaces math stub ... more details
in the concept of abelian variety , or more precisely in the way an algebraic curve can be mapped into abelianvarieties. The Abelian Integral was later connected to the prominent mathematician ... 1884 . References Category Riemann surfaces Category Algebraic curves Category Abelianvarieties de Abelsches Integral kk nl Abelse integraal nn Abelsk integral pms Ant gral abelian ...In mathematics , an abelian integral , named after the Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel Niels Abel , is an integral in the complex plane of the form math int z 0 z R left x,w right dx, math where math R left x,w right math is an arbitrary rational function of the two variables math x math and math w math . These variables are related by the equation math F left x,w right 0, , math where math F left x,w right math is an irreducible polynomial in math w math , math F left x,w right equiv phi n left x right w n cdots phi 1 left x right w phi 0 left x right , , math whose coefficients math phi j left x right math , math j 0,1, ldots,n math are rational function s of math x math . The value of an abelian integral depends not only on the integration limits but also on the path along which the integral is taken, and it is thus a multivalued function of math z math . Abelian integrals are natural generalizations of elliptic integral s, which arise when math F left x,w right w 2 P left x right , , math where math P left x right math is a polynomial of degree 3 or 4. Another special case of an abelian integral is a hyperelliptic integral , where math P left x right math , in the formula above, is a polynomial of degree greater than 4. History The theory of abelian integrals originated with the paper by Abel ref a ref published in 1841. This paper was written during his stay ... mathematical analysis . Modern view In Riemann surface theory, an abelian integral is a function ... curve , such functions are the elliptic integral s. Logically speaking, therefore, an abelian integral ... more details
In abstract algebra , an abelian extension is a Galois extension whose Galois group is abelian group abelian . When the Galois group is a cyclic group , we have a cyclic extension . More generally, a Galois extension is called solvable if its Galois group is solvable group solvable . Any finite extension of a finite field is a cyclic extension. The development of class field theory has provided detailed information about abelian extensions of number field s, function field of an algebraic variety function fields of algebraic curve s over finite fields, and local field s. There are two slightly different concepts of cyclotomic extension s these can mean either extensions formed by adjoining roots of unity , or subextensions of such extensions. The cyclotomic field s are examples. Any cyclotomic extension for either definition is abelian. If a field K contains a primitive n th root of unity and the n th root of an element of K is adjoined, the resulting so called Kummer extension is an abelian extension if K has characteristic p we should say that p doesn t divide n , since otherwise this can fail even to be a separable extension . In general, however, the Galois groups of n th roots of elements operate both on the n th roots and on the roots of unity, giving a non abelian Galois group as semi direct product . The Kummer theory gives a complete description of the abelian extension case, and the Kronecker Weber theorem tells us that if K is the field of rational number s, an extension is abelian if and only if it is a subfield of a field obtained by adjoining a root of unity. There is an important analogy with the fundamental group in topology , which classifies all covering spaces of a space abelian covers are classified by its abelianisation which relates directly to the first homology group . References Refimprove date June 2008 springer id C c027560 first L.V. last Kuz min title cyclotomic extension Category Field extensions Category Algebraic number theory Category ... more details
In mathematics , an abelian category is a category category theory category in which morphism s and objects ... properties. The motivating prototype example of an abelian category is the category of abelian ... theories by Alexander Grothendieck . Abelian categories are very stable categories, for example they are regular category regular and they satisfy the snake lemma . The class of Abelian categories is closed under several categorical constructions, for example, the category of chain complex es of an Abelian category, or the category of functor s from a small category to an Abelian category are Abelian ... the theory has major applications in algebraic geometry , cohomology and pure category theory . Abelian categories are named after Niels Henrik Abel . Definitions A category is abelian if it has a zero ... Peter Freyd, http www.tac.mta.ca tac reprints articles 3 tr3abs.html Abelian Categories ref to the following ... enriched over the monoidal category Ab of abelian group s. This means that all hom set s are abelian ... . Finally, a preabelian category is abelian if every monomorphism and every epimorphism is normal morphism ... of Abelian group s in the theory and its canonical nature. The concept of exact sequence arises naturally ... sequences in various senses, are the relevant functors between Abelian categories. This exactness concept ... case of regular category regular categories . Examples As mentioned above, the category of all abelian groups is an abelian category. The category of all finitely generated abelian group s is also an abelian category, as is the category of all finite abelian groups. If R is a ring mathematics ring , then the category of all left or right module mathematics modules over R is an abelian category. In fact, it can be shown that any small category small abelian category is equivalent to a full subcategory ... of finitely generated module finitely generated left modules over R is abelian. In particular, the category of finitely generated modules over a noetherian commutative ring is abelian ... more details
Hovhannes Harutyuni Abelian 1865, Shamakhi , Baku Governorate , Russian Empire 1936, Yerevan , Soviet Armenia was an Armenia n actor, People s Artist of Armenian SSR 1925 . Biography Since 1882, he worked in Armenia n and Russia n theatres of Baku and Tiflis . In 1908, he became the founder of Abelian Armenian Theatral Group , realised artistic tours in different countries Russia, Iran, Germany, France, USA . In 1925, Abelian entered to the Sundukyan State Academic Theatre of Yerevan Armenian State Theatre , played in cinema Namus , 1925 . A realistic style actor, he played more than 300 roles. Source Armenian Concise Encyclopedia, Ed. by acad. K. Khudaverdian, Yerevan, 1990, p. 11 Persondata NAME Abelian, Hovhannes ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Actor DATE OF BIRTH 1865 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1936 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Abelian, Hovhannes Category Armenian actors Category Azerbaijani Armenians Category 1865 births Category 1936 deaths et Hovhannes Abeljan hy ru , uk ... more details
Diophantine equations, especially abelianvarieties , and dynamical systems border 1 Diophantine ...Arithmetic dynamics ref cite book author J.H. Silverman title The Arithmetic of Dynamical Systems url http www.math.brown.edu jhs ADSHome.html publisher Springer year 2007 isbn 978 0 387 69903 5 ref is a field ... plane or real line . Arithmetic dynamics is the study of the number theoretic properties of integer ... or rational function . A fundamental goal is to describe arithmetic properties in terms of underlying geometric structures. Global arithmetic dynamics refers to the study of analogues of classical ... arithmetic dynamics , also called p adic dynamics p adic or nonarchimedean dynamics , is an analogue ... Points of finite order on an abelian variety periodic point Preperiodic points of a rational ... periodic points of period four, ref P. Morton. Arithmetic properties of periodic points of quadratic ... compact field C sub math var p var sub . Generalizations There are natural generalizations of arithmetic ... variety projective varieties . Other areas in which number theory and dynamics interact There are many ... math var x var . iteration of formal and math var p var adic power series . dynamics on Lie group s. arithmetic ... that are not described by rational maps on varieties, for example, the Collatz problem . The http math.brown.edu jhs ADSBIB.pdf Arithmetic Dynamics Reference List gives an extensive list of articles and books covering a wide range of arithmetical dynamical topics. See also Arithmetic geometry Arithmetic ... math.arizona.edu swc aws 10 2010SilvermanNotes.pdf Lecture Notes on Arithmetic Dynamics Arizona ... jhs ADSHome.html The Arithmetic of Dynamical Systems home page http math.brown.edu jhs ADSBIB.pdf Arithmetic dynamics bibliography http arxiv.org pdf math 0407433 Analysis and dynamics on the Berkovich ... Book review of Joseph H. Silverman s The Arithmetic of Dynamical Systems , reviewed by Robert L. Benedetto Number theory footer DEFAULTSORT Arithmetic Dynamics Category Dynamical systems Category ... more details
Articles discussing varieties of Christianity Christian denomination List of Christian denominations Christian movements Christian oriented new religious movements Folk Christianity Christology Christian heresy Christian schisms National church See also History of Christianity Christianity and Gnosticism disambig ... more details
Infobox Film name Musical Varieties image image size caption director producer writer narrator starring music cinematography editing studio distributor released 1948 runtime 10 minutes country language English language English budget gross preceded by followed by website Musical Varieties is a 1948 Pictorial Films musical short film starring Lane Sisters Rosemary Lane and Johnny Downs . Plot summary Farm workers harvest the crop whilst singing. At night they meet at the barn dance for more singing and dancing. Later, a man and a woman declare their love for each other, that you could have knocked me over with a feather . The pair s song number is imitated by a male trio, one impersonating the woman. Cast Lane Sisters Rosemary Lane Johnny Downs Radio Rogues Eddie Le Baron s Orchestra External links Internet Archive film id MusicalVarieties title Musical Varieties musical film stub DEFAULTSORT Musical Varieties Category 1948 films Category Musical films Category English language films Category Black and white films ... more details
were poor. Pace is the essence of a variety show, and pace is what Cinesound Varieties definitely ... p 3 ref It is difficult to believe that Cinesound Varieties comes from the same studio as The Silence ... reflist External links http www.imdb.com title tt0421990 Cinesound Varieties in the Internet ... page 0 parentid query cinesound 20varieties querytype rec 3 resCount 10 Cinesound Varieties at National Film and Sound Archive http aso.gov.au titles historical cinesound varieties Cinesound Varieties at Australian Screen Online Category 1934 films Category Australian films ... more details
Infobox television show name Cinema Varieties image caption format Movies runtime 30 minutes creator starring country USA network DuMont Television Network DuMont first aired September 1949 last aired November 1949 num episodes Cinema Varieties was a television program on the now defunct DuMont Television Network which was shown on Sunday nights at 8 30pm ET from September 1949 to November 1949. Clips from old movies were shown on this 30 minute program. ref http www.imdb.com title tt0319975 IMDB entry ref ref cite web url http www.dumonthistory.tv a1.html title DuMont Television Network Historical Website Appendix One Programs A L accessdate 2009 05 17 ref Episode status No episodes of this series are known to exist. See also List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts 1949 50 United States network television schedule References reflist Bibliography David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network DuMont and the Birth of American Television Philadelphia Temple University Press , 2004 ISBN 1 59213 245 6 Alex McNeil, Total Television , Fourth edition New York Penguin Books , 1980 ISBN 0 14 024916 8 Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows , Third edition New York Ballantine Books , 1964 ISBN 0 345 31864 1 External links http www.imdb.com title tt0319975 Cinema Varieties at IMDB http www.dumonthistory.tv a1.html DuMont Television Network Historical Website Appendix One Programs A L Category DuMont Television Network shows Category 1949 television series debuts Category 1949 television series endings ... more details
notability Books date July 2011 refimprove date July 2011 Varieties of Capitalism is a title of book written by Political economy political economists Peter A. Hall and David Soskice economist David Soskice . In this book, they analyzes two distinct types of capitalist economies Liberal market economy liberal market economies LME and coordinated market economies CME . They considered 5 spheres which firms must develop relationships with industrial relations and wage and productivity vocational training and education corporate governance inter firm relations and employees and categorized capitalism of different countries into the two types. Varieties of capitalism is a new framework for understanding the institutional similarities and differences among the Developed economy developed economies since national political economies can be compared by reference to the way in which firms resolve the coordination problems they face in these five spheres. These two models are at the poles of a spectrum along which many nations can be arrayed. i.e. even within these two types, there are significant variations. According to the book, institutions are shaped not only by legal system but by informal rules or common knowledge acquired by actors through history and culture of one nation. Institutional complementarities suggest that nations with a particular type of institution then to develop complementary institution in other spheres. for example countries with stock market liberalization has less labor protection and vice versa . Firms of LME and CME respond very differently to a similar shock and institutions are socializing agencies and go through a continuous processes of adaptation. Institutional arrangements of a nation s political economy tend to push its firms toward particular kinds of Corporate strategy corporate strategies . Thus, two types of economies have different capacities ... and Germany are CMEs. References Peter A. Hall, David Soskice eds. Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional ... more details
language characterized by a wide number of linguistic Variety linguistics varieties within its ... distinction is to be made between the widely diverging colloquial spoken varieties, used for nearly ... Dialect leveling Arabic is characterized by a wide number of varieties however, Arabic ... one group from another when necessary. Regional varieties The greatest variations between kinds of Arabic ... to borders of modern states. In the western parts of the Arab world , varieties are referred to as ad d rija , and in the eastern parts, as al mmiyya . Some of these varieties ... over time that created divergences in phonologies. Varieties west of Egypt are particularly disparate ... of the varieties is the influence from other languages previously spoken in the regions ... van de vrouw in Frankrijk had willen lezen. Some linguists do argue that the varieties of Arabic ... differences Peripheral varieties of Arabic located in countries where Arabic is not a dominant ... within the same dialect classifications as better known varieties. Probably the most divergent of non creole languages creole Arabic varieties is Cypriot Maronite Arabic , a nearly extinct variety ... elsewhere in the country. Formal vs. vernacular speech Another major difference between varieties ... by MSA. ref http www.arabacademy.com faq arabic language Questions from Prospective Students on the varieties ... speaking countries as well. ref Badawi, 1973. ref The spoken varieties of Arabic have occasionally been ... Arabic books of poetry, at least, exist for most varieties. In Algeria , colloquial Maghrebi Arabic ... Pre Islamic varieties Ancient North Arabian Safaitic Lihyanitic Thamudic Hasaitic Classical Arabic Islamic Golden Age Classical Arabic Koranic Arabic Modern varieties Western varieties Maghrebi ... Central varieties Egyptian Arabic ISO 639 3 http www.sil.org iso639 3 documentation.asp?id arz arz ... 3 http www.sil.org iso639 3 documentation.asp?id apd apd Northern varieties North Mesopotamian Arabic ... more details
Infobox Television show name The Talent Show image Image Talent Varieties set.jpg 255px caption The set for Talent Varieties November 1955 show name 2 genre Talent show format Country music variety show variety creator developer writer director Bryan T. Bisney creative director presenter starring Slim Wilson br The Tall Timber Trio judges voices narrated theme music composer opentheme endtheme slogan composer country United States language English language English num seasons 1 summer num episodes list episodes executive producer Ely E. Si Siman, Jr. Si Siman br John B. Mahaffey co exec producer Bryan T. Bisney supervising producer asst producer Fred Rains consulting producer co producer story editor editor location cinematography camera multi camera runtime 30 minutes company Ralph D. Foster Crossroads TV Productions distributor channel American Broadcasting Company ABC TV br Citadel Media ABC Radio picture format black and white NTSC Aspect ratio image 4 3 standard 4 3 audio format monaural first run first aired start date 1955 06 28 last aired end date 1955 11 01 status ended preceded by followed by related Ozark Jubilee website production website Italic title Talent Varieties is a country music talent show on United States American television network network television and radio network radio in 1955 that featured performers hoping to achieve fame in the entertainment business. Image Slim Wilson.jpg thumb left 100px Host Slim Wilson The weekly American Broadcasting Company ABC TV program was a live half hour summer replacement series hosted by Slim Wilson . Wilson introduced the amateur and professional talent, including music and comedy acts many from the Ozarks and his Tall Timber Trio, composed of Speedy Haworth guitar , Bob White bass guitar and Bryan Doc Martin console steel guitar steel guitar provided accompaniment . ref citation first1 Tim last1 Brooks first2 Earle last2 Marsh title The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows publisher Ballentine ... more details
wikt wikt comprises many regional language Variety linguistics varieties sometimes grouped ... many of the regional varieties especially Min Chinese Min are themselves composed of a number of non mutually intelligible subvarieties. As a result, Western linguists typically refer to these varieties ... varieties of a single language , and to make a clearer distinction between major varieties separate languages, in Western terminology and minor varieties dialects of a single language . In this article ... in Chinese are both translated in English as Chinese . Within China, it is common perception that these varieties ... on region. For example, the varieties of Mandarin spoken in all three northeastern Chinese provinces ... in 1848, the different varieties of Chinese were described as dialects , the book acknowledged ... of China, the only two varieties commonly presented in formal courses are Mandarin and Cantonese. Inside ... Kong . Not all varieties of Yue are mutually intelligible. Yue retains the full complement of Middle ... Shu Chinese Ba Shu , of Sichuan , was one of the most divergent varieties of Chinese. However, it was supplanted ... varieties should be classified separately Huizhou Chinese Huizhou c. 3.2 million .... Some varieties remain unclassified. These include Danzhou dialect spoken in Danzhou , Hainan ... between the tones of the major varieties of Chinese. Phonology Refimprove section called Phonology ... in certain varieties with an optional syllable onset onset or syllable coda coda consonant as well as a tone ... can stand alone as their own syllable. Across all the spoken varieties, most syllables tend to be open ... m , IPA n , IPA , IPA p , IPA t , IPA k , or IPA . Some varieties allow most of these codas, whereas ... most other spoken varieties. The total number of syllables in some varieties is therefore only about a thousand, including tonal variation. All varieties of spoken Chinese use tone linguistics tones ..., a tone split happened in most varieties as a result of two successive sound changes Tones in syllables ... more details
Democracy The following is a partial list of the varieties of democracy . Direct democracy main Direct democracy Direct democracy, classically termed pure democracy , ref http www.aolsvc.worldbook.aol.com wb Article?id ar153840 Democracy in World Book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc., 2006. ref ref http m w.com dictionary pure 20democracy Pure democracy entry in Merriam Webster Dictionary. ref ref http www.yourdictionary.com ahd p p0667300.html Pure democracy entry in American Heritage Dictionary. ref is any form of government based on a theory of civics in which all citizens can directly participate in the decision making process. Some adherents want legislative , judicial , and executive government executive powers to be handled by the people, but most extant systems only allow legislative decisions. A large number of citizens places greater difficulties on the implementation of a direct democracy, where representation is not practiced and thus all citizens must be actively involved on all issues all of the time. This increases the need for representative democracy, as the number of citizens grows. Historically, the most direct democracies would include the New England town meeting , the political system of the Ancient Greece ancient Greek city state s and oligarchy of Venice . There are concerns about how such systems would scale to larger populations in this regard there are a number of experiments being conducted all over the world to increase the direct participation of citizens in what is now a representative system The National Initiative for Democracy ref cite web author The Democracy Foundation url http ni4d.us title The National Initiative for Democracy publisher Ni4d.us date accessdate 2011 01 07 ref Porto Alegre, Brazil ref cite web url http mondediplo.com 1998 10 08brazil title Participative democracy in Porto Alegre Le Monde diplomatique English edition publisher Mondediplo.com date accessdate 2011 01 07 ref simpol.org &mdash A plan to limit global competition ... more details
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