Indo European The Armenianhypothesis of the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European Urheimat , based on the Glottalic theory suggests that the Proto Indo European language was spoken during the 4th millennium BC in the Armenian Highland . It is an Indo Hittite model and does not include the Anatolian languages in its scenario. The phonological peculiarities proposed in the Glottalic theory would be best preserved in the Armenian language and the Germanic languages , the former assuming the role of the dialect which remained in situ , implied to be particularly archaic in spite of its late attestation. The Proto Greek language would be practically equivalent to Mycenaean Greek and date to the 17th century BC, closely associating Greek migration to Greece with the Indo Aryan migration to India at about the same time viz., Indo European expansion at the transition to the Late Bronze Age , including the possibility of Indo European Kassites . The Armenianhypothesis argues for the latest possible date of Proto Indo European sans Anatolian , roughly a millennium later than the mainstream Kurgan hypothesis . In this, it figures as an opposite to the Anatolian hypothesis , in spite of the geographical proximity of the respective suggested Urheimaten , diverging from the timeframe suggested there by as much as three millennia. See also Graeco Aryan References Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze T. V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov V. V. Ivanov , The Early History of Indo European Languages , Scientific American, March 1990 I.M. Diakonoff, The Prehistory of the Armenian People ... of the Armenianhypothesis. Martiros Kavoukjian , Armenia, Subartu, and Sumer the Indo European ... hist086 material indoeuropeanlanguagemigation.jpg Image of Indo European migrations from the Armenian Highlands Category Indo European Category Armenian languages bg ru simple Armenianhypothesis tr Ermeni hipotezi ... more details
Wiktionary Armenian may refer to Something of, from, or related to Armenia , a country in the South Caucasus region of the Eastern European juncture. Armenians , persons from Armenia, or of Armenian descent Armenian diaspora , people of ethnic Armenian origin residing in other countries e.g. Russian Armenians, American Armenians, French Armenians etc. Armenian language , the Indo European language spoken by Armenian people Armenian cuisine Armenian alphabet Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic , one of the republics that made up the former Soviet Union See also Special Allpages Armenian List of all pages beginning with Armenian Armenia disambiguation History of Armenia Demographics of Armenia Culture of Armenia Languages of Armenia List of Armenians Armenian mythology Armenian Apostolic Church , founded in the 1st century AD Armenian Catholic Church , founded in 1742 Armenian Evangelical Church , founded in 1846 disambig de Armenisch es Armenio fa gl Armenio it Armeno pt Arm nio simple Armenian ... more details
online November 2005 ref References Reflist See also Armenianhypothesis Indo Hittite Neolithic revolution Neolithic Europe Kurgan hypothesis Use dmy dates date April 2011 DEFAULTSORT Anatolian Hypothesis ...The Anatolian hypothesis proposes that the dispersal of Proto Indo Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia . The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto Indo European language PIE lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era, and associates the distribution of historical Indo European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the 7th millennium BC seventh and 6th millennium BC sixth millennia BC. The alternative and more academically favored view is the Kurgan hypothesis . The main proponent of the Anatolian hypothesis was Colin Renfrew , who in 1987 suggested a peaceful Indo Europeanization of Europe from Anatolia from around 7000 BC with the advance of farming by demic diffusion wave of advance . Accordingly, most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo European languages, and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo European varieties with other Indo European varieties. ref C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language The Puzzle of Indo European Origins , London Pimlico 1987 ref The main strength of the farming hypothesis lies in its linking of the spread of Indo European languages with an archaeologically known event the spread of farming that is often assumed as involving significant population shifts. Criticism An argument against the Anatolian hypothesis is that PIE contains words for technologies that make their first appearance in the archaeological record in the Late Neolithic, in some cases bordering on the early Bronze Age, and that some of these words belong to the oldest layers of PIE. The lexicon ... PIE to a period which would fit Renfrew s hypothesis. ref Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson ... it Ipotesi anatolica hu Anat liai hipot zis ru simple Anatolian hypothesis ... more details
main Statistical hypothesis testing In statistical hypothesis testing , the alternative hypothesis or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses which are compared by a statistical hypothesis testing statistical hypothesis test . An example might be where water quality in a stream has been observed over many years and a test is made of the null hypothesis that there is no change in quality between the first and second halves of the data against the alternative hypothesis that the quality is poorer in the second half of the record. In the case of a scalar parameter, there are four principal types of alternative hypothesis a point alternative hypothesis, a one tailed directional alternative hypothesis, a two tailed directional alternative hypothesis, and an non directional alternative hypothesis. Point alternative hypotheses occur when the hypothesis test is framed so that the population distribution under the alternative hypothesis is a fully defined distribution, with no unknown parameters such hypotheses are usually of no practical ... of the Neyman Pearson lemma . A one tailed directional alternative hypothesis is concerned with the region ... hypothesis is concerned with both regions of rejection of the sampling distribution. A non directional alternative hypothesis is not concerned with either region of rejection, but, rather, it is only concerned that null hypothesis is not true. The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing ... a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing . However it was not part of Ronald Fisher Ronald Fisher s formulation of statistical hypothesis testing, and he violently opposed its ... whether the observed dataset could have resulted from chance if the null hypothesis were assumed ... statistical hypothesis testing accommodates this type of test since the alternative hypothesis can be just the negation of the null hypothesis. References reflist Statistics Category Hypothesis ... more details
See also Armenianhypothesis Proto Armenian Graeco Armeno Aryan Greek language Category Indo European ...Hypothetical Indo European subfamilies Graeco Armenian also Helleno Armenian is the hypothetical common ancestor of the Greek language Greek and Armenian language Armenian languages which postdates the Proto ... opinio . The hypothetical Proto Graeco Armenian stage would need to date to the 3rd millennium BC , only barely differentiated from either late PIE or Graeco Armeno Aryan . History The hypothesis originates with Holger Pedersen linguist Pedersen 1924 , who noted that the number of Greek Armenian lexical cognates is greater than that of agreements between Armenian and any other Indo European language ..., postulating that the parent languages of Greek and Armenian were dialects in immediate geographical proximity in the PIE parent language . Meillet s hypothesis became popular in the wake of his Esquisse 1936 . Solta 1960 does not go as far as postulating a Proto Graeco Armenian stage, but he concludes ... to Armenian. Hamp 1976 91 supports the Graeco Armenian thesis, anticipating even a time when we should speak of Helleno Armenian meaning the postulate of a Graeco Armenian proto language . Clackson 1994 202 is again more reserved, holding the evidence in favour of a positive Graeco Armenian sub group to be inconclusive and tends to include Armenian language Armenian into a larger Graeco Armeno Aryan family. Evaluation of the hypothesis is tied up with the analysis of the poorly attested Phrygian ... Greek language dating to the late 3rd millennium, the history of Armenian is opaque. It is strongly ... of the Armenian language dates to the 5th century AD the Bible translation of Mesrob Mashtots . The earlier history of the language is unclear and the subject of much speculation. It is clear that Armenian is an Indo European language , but its development is opaque. In any case, Armenian has ... joining, and the technique of Gray and Atkinson support a Graeco Armenian subgroup. ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz ... more details
The innateness hypothesis is a linguistic theory of language acquisition which holds that at least some linguistic knowledge exists in humans at birth. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse innateness hypothesis Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2009. ref Facts about the complexity of human language systems, the universality of language acquisition, the facility that children demonstrate in acquiring these systems, and the comparative performance of adults in attempting the same task are all commonly invoked in support. The idea that there may be an age by which this learning must be accomplished is known as the critical period hypothesis . Noam Chomsky is responsible for the innateness hypothesis. Hilary Putnam published a critique of the innateness hypothesis entitled The Innateness Hypothesis and Explanatory Models in Linguistics . ref http www.springerlink.com content w476u76126j58330 fulltext.pdf ref References references See also Language acquisition Category Linguistics Category Philosophy of language Category Hypotheses ... more details
For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman ... negation of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis ... standard. It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups ... to reject the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling ... hypothesis is true. If the data set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only ... rejects the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis, then only a weak conclusion can be made namely that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis. As the null hypothesis could be true or false, in this case ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses comparator disambiguation The comparator hypothesis is a hypothesis in the field of the psychology of motivation and learning . ref http books.google.com books?hl en&lr &id k6ufhxSYXe8C&oi fnd&pg PA51&dq comparator&ots 0kZ3T3e4dw&sig ObK0QBEZCAeLsxDUjVsSafHIBWg PPA53,M1 ref Created by Ralph Miller, it established that responses are due to a comparison between the direct activation of the outcome and the indirect activation of the outcome. The comparator hypothesis was the first model which successfully accounts for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. However, after the publication of the comparator hypothesis, traditional models like Wagner s SOP and the Rescorla Wagner model were modified to be able to account for retrospective reevaluation phenomena. Today, the comparator hypothesis can successfully account for counteraction phenomena, a topic in which both the traditional models and their reformulation tends to fail. References reflist Category Learning psychology Category Motivation social psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction event . See also Extinction event Local Bubble Nemesis hypothetical star Tyche hypothetical planet References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html Asteroid Comet Impact Craters and Mass Extinctions and Shiva Hypothesis of Periodic Mass Extinctions , by Michael Paine http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1996EM 26P...72..441R The Shiva Hypothesis Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino and Haggerty http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1998PlR....18....6R The Shiva hypothesis impacts, mass extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino, M. R. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1999PPMtO..18..405S The correlation between mas extinctions and impacts of near Earth objects. The review of Shiva hypothesis , by Yang Su, Yi Xia and Yanan Zhang. Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
. An alternative release of Hypothesis was titled Visions of the Future . In Germany Hypothesis and The Dragon were issued together as a double album titled Portrait . The cover artwork for Hypothesis .... Track listing Hypothesis, Part 1 16 00 Hypothesis, Part 2 16 10 References http www.vangelismovements.com ... 1978 albums Category Albums produced by Giorgio Gomelsky 1970s album stub electronic album stub ko Hypothesis it Hypothesis The Dragon pt Hypothesis ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
orphan date March 2010 The Portia Hypothesis claims women with masculine sounding names will be more successful in the legal profession than an otherwise identical counterpart. The hypothesis is named after William Shakespeare s Portia Merchant of Venice character from the Merchant of Venice , who disguises herself as a man so she can argue as a lawyer . Evidence A study of South Carolina judge s by Bentley Coffey Clemson University , Department of Economics & Patrick McLaughlin George Mason University , Mercatus Center found evidence supporting the hypothesis. References http www.abajournal.com weekly female lawyers with masculine names may have a better shot at judgeships st ABA Journal story http taxprof.typepad.com taxprof blog 2009 09 the portia effect .html Category Gender equality Category Sociology of law ... more details
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno s hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, ref name Ohno70 Ohno ... hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate ..., and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999 variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. ref name Hokamp cite journal last1 Hokamp first1 K last2 McLysaght first2 A last3 Wolfe first3 KH title The 2R hypothesis and the human ... of it in Evolution by Gene Duplication , the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even ... According to Hokamp et al. 2003 , ref name Hokamp the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland et al. 1994 ref name Holland cite journal ... proteins do not support the hypothesis of two rounds of genome duplication early in vertebrate history ... doi 10.1007 PL00006499 ref blockquote Ohno s argument Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis ... history of one hypothesis journal Genome research volume 11 issue 5 pages 667 70 year 2001 pmid 11337465 doi 10.1101 gr.188801 ref Later evidence The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s ... for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes in mammals, which was previously estimated at around ... with the 2R hypothesis. Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out. According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Maka owski, the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early stages of vertebrate evolution has as many ... that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable validity. ref name Hokamp A review in 2007 by Masanori Kasahara states that there is now incontrovertible evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis and that a long standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end . ref name Kasahara cite journal last1 Kasahara first1 M title The 2R hypothesis an update journal Current opinion in immunology ... more details
Glacial Maximum Competing hypotheses Proto Indo European Urheimat hypotheses Armenianhypothesis Anatolian hypothesis Out of India theory Paleolithic Continuity Theory Notes reflist colwidth 30em ... European topics 300 refimprove date February 2012 The Kurgan hypothesis also theory or model is one ... most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes see the Kurgan hypothesis ... ref An alternative model is the Anatolian hypothesis Anatolian urheimat . The Kurgan hypothesis was first formulated in the 1950s ..., and, c. 3000 BC, in practically every direction from this centre Anthony Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1986 1986 , Kurgan hypothesis CITEREFAnthony1991 1991 Harvcolnb Mallory 1989 loc vol. 1 ... Stages of culture and expansion File Kurgan map.png 350px thumb right Overview of the Kurgan hypothesis ... on ancient DNA tested the hypothesis. Skeletons from the Andronovo culture horizon strongly supposed ... supporters of the Kurgan hypothesis. JP Mallory in 1989 accepted the Kurgan hypothesis as the de facto .... Krell 1998 , Gimbutas Kurgans PIE homeland hypothesis a linguistic critique , points out that the Proto ... a Kurgan hypothesis, based on purely archaeological observations, and then proceeds to create ... during the Bronze Age The Kurgan hypothesis describes the initial spread of Proto Indo European ... to declare the Kurgan hypothesis obsolete . ref Pre & protohistorie van de lage landen, onder ... s Kurgan hypothesis was discovered for decades. ref Schmoeckel 1999 ref He was unable to link Corded ... hypothesis a linguistic critique . Chapter 11 in Archaeology and Language, II , Blench and Spriggs ... pages 223 234 . DEFAULTSORT Kurgan Hypothesis Category Indo European Category Eurasian nomads Category ... hypothesis sr sh Kurganska hipoteza fi Kurgaanikulttuuri sv Kurganhypotesen tr ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 The synaptotropic hypothesis is a neurobiology neurobiological hypothesis of neuron al growth and synapse formation. The hypothesis was first formulated by Vaughn in 1988 ref cite journal title Dendritic development and preferential growth into synaptogenic fields a quantitative study of Golgi impregnated spinal motor neurons author Vaughn JE, Barber RP, Sims TJ journal Synapse volume 2 pages 69 78 year 1988 pmid 2458630 issue 1 doi 10.1002 syn.890020110 ref , and remains a focus of current research efforts. ref cite journal title The regulation of dendritic arbor development and plasticity by glutamatergic synaptic input a review of the synaptotrophic hypothesis author Hollis Cline, Kurt Haas journal J Physiol volume 586 pages 1509 17 year 2008 pmid 18202093 issue 6 doi 10.1113 jphysiol.2007.150029 pmc 2375708 ref The hypothesis proposes that the formation of new synapses Synaptogenesis can guide the growth of dendrite s. The dendrites that find a synapse that successfully activates it are encouraged to mature and stabilize. The reasons for this stabilization after the growth of a synapse are as yet undiscovered, but there are hints that the activation of a synapse, somehow changes the biochemistry of the Focus Mechanism, that reabsorbs unused dendritic fibrils as part of the preliminary stages of new fibril proliferation. References reflist Category Neurophysiology Category Cellular neuroscience Category Developmental neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
The Sekhmet Hypothesis was first published in 1995 by Iain Spence. ref The Sekhmet Hypothesis , Iain Spence, 1995 1996, Bast s Blend ISBN 9780952536505, ISBN 0952536544 ref It suggests a possible link between the emergence of youth culture archetypes in relation to the 11 year solar cycle s. The hypothesis was published again in 1997 in http dreamflesh.com projects towards 2012 Towards 2012 ref Towards ... discussed his own views on the hypothesis in his book, Supergods 2011 . ref Supergods Our World in the Age ... of the hypothesis can be traced back to Robert Anton Wilson s book, Prometheus Rising , in which ... of the hypothesis, suggesting it had no scientific basis. He demonstrated how he believed the dates of solar maximum did not correlate with any heightened activity of youth culture. ref The Hare Hypothesis website renamed from the Sekhmet hypothesis , Solar Youth Culture? http website.lineone.net iainsp syouth ref He then simplified the hypothesis as a study of the four life scripts friendly weakness ... youth trends. This scaled down hypothesis suggests that humanity recapitulates infantile behaviour ... supposedly presents a mood based mainly on friendly strength . ref The Hare Hypothesis website ... s reference to The Matrix in relation to the hypothesis suggesting the film is not related to any specific youth trend. ref The Hare Hypothesis website, Thoughts on Supergods and Early Sekhmet http ... influences ref Critics of the Sekhmet hypothesis have pointed out Spence s lack of interest ... that the hypothesis only analyses youth trends which present the most bestial, atavistic behaviour ... into hybrids such as grunge. ref The Hare Hypothesis website, FAQs http website.lineone.net iainsp ..., comments on the Sekhmet hypothesis. http sites.google.com site deepspacetransmissions annotations ... hypothesis. http www.youtube.com watch?v ERCbo FSJdU An Evening with Grant Morrison and Gerard .... Includes discussion of the early Sekhmet hypothesis. Category youth culture Category psychology ... more details
A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research ref Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine . http www.answers.com topic working hypothesis Eprint via Answers.com. ref in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. ref name Century See in hypothesis , Century Dictionary Supplement , v. 1, 1909, New ... hypothesis ... Working hypothesis , a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features ..., with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory. ref Like all hypotheses, a working hypothesis is constructed as a statement of expectations ... 1 55938 888 9 ref History Use of the phrase working hypothesis goes back at least two centuries. ref ... page for year printed as M,DCCC,V . ref Charles Sanders Peirce came to hold that an explanatory hypothesis ... point by the broader promise that the hypothesis holds for research. This idea of justifying a hypothesis as potentially fruitful at the level of research method , not merely as plausible at the level of logical conclusions , is essential for the idea of a working hypothesis, as later elaborated ... method, an explanatory hypothesis is judged and selected ref Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application ... a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we ... Dictionary Supplement definition of working hypothesis ref name Century reflects that perspective Peirce ... hypothesis in PEP UQ M s list of words in Peirce s charge http www.pep.uqam.ca listsofwords.pep?l ... the phrase working hypothesis, but he once commented about a related kind of a hypothesis that it was a hypothesis, which like the working hypothesis of a scientific inquiry, we may not believe to be altogether ... used the concept of the working hypothesis as a pivotal feature in his theory of inquiry . Contrary ... more details
According to the Porter Hypothesis , strict environmental regulation s can induce efficiency and encourage innovations that help improve commercial competitiveness. The hypothesis was formulated by the economist Michael Porter in an article in 1995. The hypothesis suggests that strict environmental regulation triggers the discovery and introduction of cleaner technologies and environmental improvements, the innovation effect , making production processes and products more efficient. sup 1 sup The cost savings that can be achieved are sufficient to overcompensate for both the compliance costs directly attributed to new regulations and the innovation costs. In the first mover advantage , a company is able to exploit innovation by learning curve effects or patent ing and attains a dominating competitive position compared to companies in countries where environmental regulations were enforced much later. The Porter hypothesis has been applied to Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH . In one conclusion sup 2 sup , companies that adopt a cost leadership business strategy and have a relatively small product portfolio will fare better than companies that compete by product differentiation and have a larger number of chemicals that require regulation. Notes sup 1 sup Wagner, M. The Porter Hypothesis Revisited. A Literatur Review of Theoretical Model and Empirical Test. L neb Special Contributions 158.169.131.14 158.169.131.14 User talk 158.169.131.14 talk 13 46, 30 November 2011 UTC urg Centre for Sustainability Management, 2003, p.2 http www2.leuphana.de umanagement csm content nama downloads download publikationen 38 2downloadversion.pdf CSM L neburg sup 2 sup Chemicals Regulation and the Porter Hypothesis A Critical Review of the New European Chemicals Regulation Torsten Frohwein, Bernd Hansj rgens Journal of Business Chemistry January 2005 http www.wirtschaftschemie.de journal 20051 19 36.pdf open access publishing open access publication References ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html anthropology stub Prehistoric technology Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ro Ipoteza v n torii ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Inoculation hypothesis is defined as the idea that exposure to weak versions of a persuasive argument increases later resistance to that argument. To better explain this topic, in 1964 William McGuire came up with this Protecting a person s attitudes from persuasion is like inoculating the human body against disease . ref Kassin, S., Fein, S. & Markus, H. R. 2008 Social Psychology 7th ed. . Houghton Mifflin Boston. ref Inoculation hypothesis can be compared to an immunization . When the body is immunized against infection , a small dose of the particular strain is in the injection this helps the body build a resistance to the infection. Persuasion is closely related to inoculation hypothesis. Persuasion is a form of social influence. Persuasion guides people towards certain ideas or actions. According to Robert Cialdini , there are six weapons of influence when it comes to persuasion. They are, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity. References references Category Arguments ... more details
The Escalation Hypothesis is a theory put forward by Geerat J. Vermeij . It states that organisms are in constant conflict with one another and therefore devote lots of resources to thwarting the adaptations evolution brings to all competing organisms as time advances. This is in contrast to adaptations evolution may bring that are unrelated to competition with other organisms such as adapting to ecological niches based upon other factors such as geology and climate. Vermeij s extensive work with the characteristics of marine gastropod fossils informed his development of thoughts on escalation. One prediction of the Escalation Hypothesis is that individual species having fewer adaptations that enable them to compete with other life forms are more likely to survive a mass extinction event such as one of Extinction Event Major extinction events The Big Five . This is because there is more flexibility to fit into new ecological niches that arduous adaptations such as heavy shells or energy consuming venom production would hinder. External links http palaios.sepmonline.org cgi content extract 18 2 83 The Escalation Hypothesis One Long Argument Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
The Medea hypothesis is a term coined by paleontologist Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward ref Peter Ward paleontologist Peter Ward 2009 , http books.google.com books?id so9ZU88OBrEC&pg PR19 The Medea Hypothesis Is Life on Earth Ultimately Self Destructive? , ISBN 0691130752 ref for the anti Gaia hypothesis Gaian hypothesis that multicellular life , understood as a superorganism , is suicidal in this view microbial triggered Extinction event mass extinctions are attempts to return the Earth to the microbial dominated state it has been for most of its history. ref http www.newscientist.com article mg20227131.400 gaias evil twin is life its own worst enemy.html Gaia s evil twin Is life its own worst enemy? The New Scientist. Volume 202, Issue 2713, 17 June 2009, pages 28&ndash 31 Cover story ref ref Cite web last Bennett first Drake authorlink title Dark green A scientist argues that the natural world isn t benevolent and sustaining it s bent on self destruction work http www.boston.com Boston.Com publisher The Boston Globe date 2009 01 11 url http www.boston.com bostonglobe ideas articles 2009 01 11 dark green format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref name Review Cite web last Grey first William authorlink title Gaia theory Reflections on life on earth work http www.australianreview.net index.html Australian Review of Public Affairs publisher University of Sydney date 2010 02 url http www.australianreview.net digest 2010 02 grey.html format accessdate 2010 02 26 ref ref Ashraf M. T. Elewa ... Environment Bright Green 2010 0212 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis 28page 29 1 The Medea Hypothesis A response to the Gaia hypothesis Review of Ward s book, February 12 ... hypothesis life is out to get you Paleontologist Peter Ward s Medea hypothesis Life is out to get you ... 39 297 the medea hypothesis.html The Medea Hypothesis Review by the Astrobiology Society of Britain . http www.timeshighereducation.co.uk story.asp?storyCode 408337§ioncode 26 The Medea Hypothesis ... more details
Hypothesis Theory is a psychological theory of learning developed during the 1960s and 1970s. Experimental Framework In the basic experimental framework, the subject is presented with a series of multidimensional stimuli, and provided feedback about the class of the stimulus on each trial. Two class problems are typical. The framework is thus in many ways similar to that of concept learning . In contrast to earlier association type theories, the Hypothesis Theory argues that subjects solve this problem i.e., learn the correct response for each stimulus , by testing a series of hypotheses about the relation of the cue values stimulus features to the class. For example, a candidate hypothesis for stimuli that vary along the three dimensions of shape, color, and size might be math mathbf Shape square, mathbf Color blue, mathbf Size small Longrightarrow mathbf Class good math Because the subject is proposed to learn through the successive testing of hypotheses, the rate of learning should be highly dependent on the order in which hypotheses are tested, and on the particular hypotheses which are available to the learner. It is conceivable that a given learner may not be able to formulate the hypothesis that would correctly classify the stimuli. It is argued that as a result of feature, Hypothesis theory can account for instances of poor learning that occur in some cases even when the statistical associational strength is high Harvnb Levine 1971 . Formal Theories The process by which a subject is proposed to go about forming such rules or hypothesis has been the topic of formal probabilistic modeling, a discussion of which can be found in the references. Status of Research Hypothesis theory has fallen out of favor along with many other rule based models in the wake of prototype ... correct learning PAC learning References cite journal last Levine first Marvin title Hypothesis ... A Cognitive Theory of Learning Research on Hypothesis Testing publisher John Wiley & Sons year 1975 ... more details
The sequence hypothesis was first formally proposed in a review On Protein Synthesis by Francis Crick in 1958. It states that the sequence of bases in the genetic material DNA or RNA determines the sequence of amino acid s for which that segment of nucleic acid codes, and this amino acid sequence determines the three dimensional structure into which the protein folds. The three dimensional structure of a protein is required for a protein to be functional. This hypothesis then lays the essential link between information stored and inherited in nucleic acids to the chemical processes which enable life to exist. Or, as Crick put it in 1958 ..In its simplest form it the Sequence Hypothesis assumes that the specificity of a piece of nucleic acid is expressed solely by the sequence of its base pair bases , and that this sequence is a simple code for the amino acid sequence of a particular protein. This hypothesis appears to be rather widely held. Its virtue is that it unites several remarkable pairs of generalisations the central biochemical importance of proteins and the dominating role of genes , and in particular of their nucleic acid the linearity of protein molecules considered covalently and the genetic linearity within the functional gene the simplicity of the composition of protein molecules and the simplicity of the nucleic acids. This description is further amplified in the article and, in discussing how a protein folds up into its three dimensional structure, Crick suggested that the folding is simply a function of the order of the amino acids in the protein. See also Central dogma Category Nucleic acids Category Biology theories ... more details
The Expectations Hypothesis of the term structure of interest rates also known as Term structure Yield Curve is the proposition that the long term rate is determined by the market s expectation for the short term rate plus a constant risk premium Sarno et al., 2007 . It has been found that the expectation hypothesis has been tested and rejected using a wide variety of interest rates, over a variety of time periods and monetary policy regimes Guidolin et al., 2008 . This analysis is supported in a study conducted by Sarno, where it is concluded that while conventional bivariate procedure provides mixed results, the more powerful testing procedures, for example expanded Vector Autoregression test, suggest rejection of the EH throughout the maturity spectrum examined. A common reason given for the failure of the EH is that the risk premium is not constant as the expectation hypothesis requires, but is time varying. However, research by Guidolin and Thornton 2008 suggest otherwise. It is postulated that the expectation hypothesis fails because short term interest rates are not predictable to any significant degree. While traditional term structure tests mostly indicate that expected future interest rates are ex post inefficient forecasts, Froot 1989 has an alternative take on it. At short maturities, the expectation hypothesis fails. At long maturities, however, changes in the yield curve reflect changes in expected future rates one for one. 1 i lt n 1 i st year 1 1 i st year 2 cdots 1 i st year n This hypothesis assumes that the various maturities are perfect substitutes and suggests that the shape of the yield curve depends on market participants expectations of future interest ..., D., & Valente, G. 2007 . The Empirical Failure of the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ..., D. 2008 . Predictions of Short Term Rates and the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure ... for the Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates. The Journal of Finance, XLIV ... more details
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