citations missing date September 2007 Image The Astonishing Hypothesis Cover .jpg thumb 150px right Cover The Astonishing Hypothesis ref cite book title The Astonishing Hypothesis The Scientific Search For The Soul publisher Scribner reprint edition year 1995 isbn 0 684 80158 2 ref is a 1994 book by scientist Francis Crick about consciousness . Crick, one of the co discoverers of the molecular structure of DNA in 1953, later became a theorist for neurobiology and the study of the brain . The Astonishing Hypothesis is mostly concerned with establishing a basis for scientific study of consciousness however, Crick places the study of consciousness within a larger social context. Human consciousness is central to human existence and so scientists find themselves approaching topics traditionally left to philosophy and religion . The Astonishing Hypothesis posits that a person s mental activities are entirely due to the behavior of nerve cell s, glial cell s, and the atom s, ion s, and molecule s that make them up and influence them. Crick claims that scientific study of the brain during the 20th century led to acceptance of consciousness, free will , and the human soul as subjects for scientific investigation. Public perceptions of science and the questions that scientists are willing to ask are strongly influenced by religion. Citation needed date July 2011 Crick had discussed the relationship between science and religion in his earlier book What Mad Pursuit . Crick s view of this relationship was that religions can be wrong about scientific matters and that part of what science does is to confront the errors that exist within religious traditions. For example, the idea of a mechanism ... of life by divinity divine intervention. Crick s subtitle for The Astonishing Hypothesis is The Scientific ... web title Francis Crick and the Astonishing Hypothesis url http www.consciousentities.com crick.htm ... Reflist Use dmy dates date July 2011 DEFAULTSORT Astonishing Hypothesis, The Category Consciousness ... more details
no footnotes date December 2011 The hydrogen hypothesis is a model proposed by William F. Martin and Mikl s M ller in 1998 that describes a possible way in which the mitochondrion arose as an endosymbiont within a prokaryote an archaea , giving rise to a symbiosis symbiotic association of two cells from which the first Eukaryote eukaryotic cell could have arisen. According to the hydrogen hypothesis The host that acquired the mitochondrion was a prokaryote, a hydrogen dependent archaea, possibly similar in physiology to a modern methanogenic archaea which uses hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce methane The future mitochondrion was a Facultative anaerobic facultatively anaerobic Eubacteria eubacterium which produced hydrogen and carbon dioxide as byproducts of anaerobic respiration A symbiotic relationship between the two started, based on the host s hydrogen dependence anaerobic syntrophy . The hypothesis differs from many alternative views within the endosymbiotic theory framework, which suggest that the first eukaryotic Cell biology cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion. The hypothesis attaches evolution evolutionary significance to hydrogenosome s and provides a rationale for their common ancestry with mitochondria. Hydrogenosomes are anaerobic mitochondria that produce adenosine triphosphate ATP by, as a rule, converting pyruvate into hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate . Examples from modern biology are known where methanogens cluster around hydrogenosomes ... the common ancestry of mitochondria and hydrogenosomes. The hypothesis provides a straightforward ... that some eukaryotes never possessed mitochondria. The hydrogen hypothesis predicts that no primitively ... hypothesis, this specific prediction has been tested many times and found to be in agreement ... title The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote journal Nature year 1998 volume 392 pages 37 ... more details
The Distributional Hypothesis in linguistics is the theory that words that occur in the same contexts tend to have similar meanings. ref name Harris cite journal last1 Harris first1 Z. year 1954 title Distributional structure url journal Word volume 10 issue 23 pages 146 162 ref The underlying idea that a word is characterized by the company it keeps was popularized by J. R. Firth Firth . ref name Firth Firth, J.R. 1957 . A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930 1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis , pp. 1 32. Oxford Philological Society. Reprinted in F.R. Palmer ed. , Selected Papers of J.R. Firth 1952 1959 , London Longman 1968 . ref The Distributional Hypothesis is the basis for Statistical semantics Statistical Semantics . Although the Distributional Hypothesis originated in Linguistics, it is now receiving attention in Cognitive science Cognitive Science especially regarding the context of word use. ref name McDonald McDonald, S., and Ramscar, M. 2001 . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.104.7535&rep rep1&type pdf Testing the distributional hypothesis The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity . In Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pages 611 616. ref In recent years, the distributional hypothesis has provided the basis for the theory of similarity based generalization in language learning the idea that children can figure out how to use words they ve rarely encountered before by generalizing about their use from distributions of similar words. ref name Yarlett Yarlett, D 2008 Language Learning Through Similarity Based Generalization, PhD Thesis, Stanford University. ref The distributional hypothesis suggests that the more semantically similar two words are, the more distributionally similar they will be in turn, and thus the more that they will tend to occur in similar linguistic contexts ... The distributional hypothesis References references DEFAULTSORT Distributional Hypothesis Category ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Heliotropic Hypothesis is the process when social system s evolve toward the most positive Self image images they hold of themselves. ref name 4cm cite web last Cooperrider first authorlink coauthors title Positive image, positive action The affirmative basis of organizing work publisher date url http www.ignitebusiness.co.nz site ignite files Positive 20Image, 20Positive 20Action Cooperrider.pdf format doi accessdate 14 March 2010 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Heliotropic Hypothesis Category Change management psychology stub ... more details
unreferenced date January 2011 The Easterlin hypothesis Easterlin 1969, 1973 states that the positive relationship between income and fertility is dependent on relative income. The hypothesis as formulated by Richard Easterlin presumes that material aspirations are determined by experiences rooted in family background. If income is high relative to aspirations, individuals will tend to have more children. If income is scarce relative to aspirations, they will be hesitant about having more children, since children compete for resources. Children are normal goods once this influence of family background is controlled. Category Fertility Category Demography Category Economics ... more details
The threshold hypothesis is a hypothesis concerning second language acquisition set forth in a study by Cummins 2000 that stated that a minimum threshold in language proficiency must be passed before a second language speaker can reap any benefits from language. It also states that, in order to gain proficiency in a second language, the learner must also have passed a certain and age appropriate level of competence in his or her first language. ref cite web url http www.naldic.org.uk ITTSEAL2 teaching SLA.cfm title Bilingual Language Acquisition author Charlotte Franson date 2 May 2009 work National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum NALDIC ITTSEAL website publisher National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum accessdate 13 January 2011 ref References reflist Category Language acquisition ... more details
About the hypothesis in set theory the assumption in fluid mechanics Fluid mechanics In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis abbreviated CH is a hypothesis , advanced by Georg Cantor in 1878, about the possible ... of the continuum hypothesis is the first of Hilbert s problems Hilbert s 23 problems presented ... in 1963 showed that the hypothesis can neither be disproved nor be Mathematical proof proved using ... ZF set theory is consistency consistent . The name of the hypothesis comes from the term continuum ... form a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis the integers form a proper subset of the rationals ... is less than that of the real numbers. Cantor proposed the continuum hypothesis as a possible solution to this question. The hypothesis states that the set of real numbers has minimal possible cardinality ... of the real numbers is math 2 aleph 0 math , the continuum hypothesis says that there is no set ... hypothesis is in turn equivalent to the equality math 2 aleph 0 aleph 1. , math There is also a generalization of the continuum hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis GCH ... . math A consequence of the hypothesis is that every infinite subset of the real numbers either has ... of proof and disproof in ZFC Cantor believed the continuum hypothesis to be true and tried for many ... G del showed in 1940 earlier, deleted paragraph said 1939 which is right? that the continuum hypothesis ... this assumption is widely believed to be true. The continuum hypothesis was not the first ... numbering scheme expressing the consistency of ZFC that is independent of ZFC. The continuum hypothesis ... forcing in the 1960s. The continuum hypothesis is closely related to many statements in mathematical .... G del and Cohen s negative results are not universally accepted as disposing of the hypothesis, and Hilbert ... implications for the continuum hypothesis, although these axioms have not currently found wide acceptance ... 2011b wrote a critical commentary on Feferman s article. The generalized continuum hypothesis ... more details
The evolution of increased competitive ability EICA hypothesis was first proposed by Bernd Blossey and Rolf N tzold in 1995 as a way to explain the success of invasive, non indigenous species in particular ... counterparts, according to the hypothesis. ref http www.esf.edu efb parry Blossey Notzold 1995.pdf ref Blossey and N tzold tested their hypothesis on Lythrum salicaria purple loosetrife by potting ... for two years. True to the predictions of the EICA Hypothesis, the plants derived from Ithaca produced ... the success of invasive non indigenous organisms that preceded it, such as the enemy release hypothesis ... generated title ref and Darwin s Habituation Hypothesis, ref Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. Pg. 114 116. Harvard University Press eighteenth printing, 2003 ref the EICA hypothesis postulate ... that it is considered invasive. As suggested by the name of the hypothesis Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability , the hypothesis predicts that much of the invasive potential ... words, the EICA hypothesis presents us Who date April 2012 with a new environmental safety concern ... a hypothesis has been met with varying degrees of enthusiasm. The paper has been cited in over 368 articles in scientific journals , including review articles , tests of the hypothesis using different model species , and expansions and reformulations of the hypothesis. Among the model species on which the hypothesis has been evaluated most recently in its original form are Solidago gigantea giant ... Hypothesis, according to the researches conducting the study. In its study, the success and behavior of Solidago gigantea was only partially explained by the EICA hypothesis, according to its researchers. Lepidium draba did not seem to follow any of the postulates of the EICA Hypothesis, as the researchers of the study understood them. Through most of the studies done on the EICA Hypothesis see examples ..., that the EICA Hypothesis is too narrow in scope, and should be reworded to place an emphasis on an invasive ... more details
The CLAW hypothesis proposes a feedback feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystem s and the Earth s climate . ref name CLAW87 cite journal doi 10.1038 326655a0 author Charlson, R. J., James Lovelock Lovelock, J. E. , Andreae, M. O. and Warren, S. G. title Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate journal Nature volume 326 issue 6114 pages 655 661 year 1987 url http www.nature.com nature journal v326 n6114 abs 326655a0.html bibcode 1987Natur.326..655C ref The hypothesis specifically proposes that particular phytoplankton that produce dimethyl sulfide are responsive ... feedback loop that acts to stabilise the temperature of the Earth s atmosphere . The CLAW hypothesis ... pubs crossref 1995 94JD02828.shtml bibcode 1995JGR...10011335A ref The CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 1 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the CLAW hypothesis Charlson et al. , 1987 ref name CLAW87 The hypothesis describes a feedback loop that begins with an increase ... counteracted and damping damped by the loop. As such, the CLAW hypothesis posits an example of planet planetary scale homeostasis or complex adaptive system , consistent with the Gaia hypothesis framed by one of the original authors of the CLAW hypothesis, James Lovelock. ref cite book ... publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 286218 9 ref Some subsequent studies of the CLAW hypothesis ... content klu clim 1998 00000039 00000001 00164320 ref The Anti CLAW hypothesis Image CLAW hypothesis graphic 2 AYool.png thumb 200px right Schematic diagram of the anti CLAW hypothesis ... of providing negative feedback in the climate system, the components of the CLAW hypothesis ... of DMS. In a reverse of the CLAW hypothesis, this decline in DMS production will lead to a decrease ... to the right shows a summarising schematic diagram. Evidence for the anti CLAW hypothesis is constrained by similar uncertainties as those of the sulfur cycle feedback loop of the CLAW hypothesis. However ... more details
The Linder hypothesis is a economics conjecture about international trade patterns The more similar the demand structures of countries, the more they will trade with one another. Further, international trade will still occur between two countries having identical preferences and factor endowment s relying on Departmentalization specialization to create a comparative advantage in the production of Product differentiation differentiated goods between the two nations . Development of the theory The hypothesis was proposed by economist Staffan Burenstam Linder in 1961 ref An Essay on Trade and Transformation, Staffan Burenstam Linder, Stockholm Almqvist & Wicksell, 1961. ref as a possible resolution to the Leontief paradox , which questioned the empirical validity of the Heckscher Ohlin theory H O . H O predicts that patterns of international trade will be determined by the relative factor endowments of different nations. Those with relatively high levels of capital economics capital in relation to labour economics labor would be expected to produce capital intensive goods while those with an abundance of labor relative to immobile capital would be expected to produce labor intensive goods. H O and other theories of factor endowment based trade had dominated the field of international economics until Wassily Leontief Leontief performed a study empirically rejecting H O. In fact, Leontief found that the United States then the most capital abundant nation exported primarily labor intensive goods. Linder proposed an alternative theory of trade that was consistent with Leontief s findings. The Linder hypothesis presents a demand based theory of trade in contrast to the usual Supply ..., but differentiated goods. Empirical tests Examinations of the Linder hypothesis have observed a Linder effect consistent with the hypothesis. Econometric tests of the hypothesis usually proxy ... Introducing income distribution to the Linder hypothesis first1 Helena last1 Bohman first2 D sir e ... more details
The biophilia hypothesis suggests that there is an instinct ive bond between human being s and other living system s. E. O. Wilson Edward O. Wilson introduced and popularized the hypothesis in his book, Biophilia 1984 . ref cite book last Wilson first Edward O. title Biophilia year 1984 publisher Harvard University Press location Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge isbn 0 674 07442 4 ref He defines biophilia as the urge to affiliate with other forms of life . ref Kellert & Wilson 1995, p. 416. ref Love of living systems The term biophilia literally means love of life or living systems. It was first used by Erich Fromm to describe a Erich Fromm psychological orientation of being attracted to all that is alive and vital. ref cite book last Fromm first Erich title The Heart of Man year 1964 publisher Harper & Row ref Wilson uses the term in the same sense when he suggests that biophilia describes the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life. He proposed the possibility that the deep affiliations humans have with nature are rooted in our biology. Unlike phobia s, which are the aversions and fears that people have of things in the natural world, philia s are the attractions and positive feelings that people have toward certain habitats, activities, and objects ... mammal face are far more appealing than those of the mature adults. The biophilia hypothesis suggests ... helps increase the survival rates of all mammals. Similarly, the hypothesis helps explain why ordinary ... life. Development The hypothesis has since been developed as part of theories of evolutionary psychology in the book The Biophilia Hypothesis edited by Stephen R. Kellert and Edward O. Wilson ref cite book last Kellert first Stephen R. ed. title The Biophilia Hypothesis publisher Island Press year ... O. Wilson s Biophilia Hypothesis wilderdom.com http www.canada.com vancouversun news westcoasthomes ... Biophilia Hypothesis Category Conservation Category Environmental psychology Category Evolutionary ... more details
Prout s hypothesis was an early 19th century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical element s through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom . In 1815 ref William Prout 1815 . On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 6 321&ndash 330. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML Online reprint ref and 1816, ref William Prout 1816 . Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms. Annals of Philosophy , 7 111&ndash 13. http web.lemoyne.edu giunta PROUT.HTML prout2 Online reprint ref the England English chemist William Prout published two papers in which he observed that the atomic weight s that had been measured for the elements known at that time appeared to be whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen . He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the only ... first Leon title The God Particle year 1993 ref Prout s hypothesis was an influence on Ernest ... he named proton s. The discrepancy between Prout s hypothesis and the known variation of some atomic ... by the discovery of isotope s and the neutron . Prout s hypothesis was then found to be correct for atomic mass es of individual isotopes, to an accuracy not less than 99 . Influence Prout s hypothesis ... Turner in 1832, disproved the hypothesis. In particular the atomic weight of chlorine , which is 35.45 times that of hydrogen , could not at the time be explained in terms of Prout s hypothesis. Some ... surfaced. This resulted in the hypothesis that one quarter of a hydrogen atom was the common ... Viktor Shtrum, reflects on Prout s hypothesis about hydrogen being the origin of other elements ... cite journal author Benfey, O. Theodore title Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education ..., Robert title The Chemical Basis for Prout s Hypothesis journal Journal of Chemical Education year ... more details
The Dahrendorf hypothesis is the name given to a hypothesis by the Germany German United Kingdom British political science political scientist Ralf Dahrendorf , which states that diversity is desirable in economic policies across time and space according to local needs. Dahrendorf argues that society societies are quite considerably different from each other, and that any one set of economic policies will not be equally well adapted to all societies e.g. the same policies will not work as well in poor, subsistence economies as they will in advanced industrial economies . The Dahrendorf hypothesis was developed in opposition to many traditional perspectives and theory theories in economics , most notably neoclassical economics , which implicitly or explicitly hold that one set of economic policies should be implemented globally and universally. In accordance with this belief, Dahrendorf said that, far from uniting Europe, the introduction of the Euro would ultimately divide it. References cite book title Ein neuer Dritter Weg? Reformpolitik am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts last Dahrendorf first Ralf authorlink coauthors year 1999 series Beitr ge zur Ordnungstheorie und Ordnungspolitik volume 158 publisher Mohr Siebeck location T bingen isbn 3161471555 page pages url accessdate External links 1. http www.econ.cam.ac.uk cjeconf delegates schnellenbach.pdf Category Economic policy Category Economic theories econ stub polisci stub ... more details
In biogeography, particularly phytogeography , the nunatak hypothesis about the origin of a biota in formerly glaciated areas refers to the idea that some or many species have survived the inhospitable period on icefree land such as nunatak s. Its antithesis is the tabula rasa Biogeography tabula rasa hypothesis , which posits that all species have immigrated into completely denuded land after the retreat of glaciers. By the mid 20th Century, the nunatak hypothesis was widely accepted among biologists working on the floras of Greenland and Scandinavia ref http pages.unibas.ch botschoen pdf aegisdottir2004.pdf gisd ttir, Hafd s Hanna & rhallsd ttir, ra Ellen 2004 Theories on migration and history of the North Atlantic flora a review. J KULL No. 54 1 15 ref . However, while modern geology has established the presence of icefree areas during the last glacial maximum in both Greenland and Scandinavia , molecular techniques have revealed limited between region genetic differentiation in many Arctic taxon taxa , strongly suggesting a general capacity for long distance dispersal among polar organisms. This does not directly disprove glacial survival. But it makes it less necessary as an explanation. Moreover, populations that survived on icefree land have probably in most cases been genetically flooded by postglacial immigrants. References Reflist Category Biology Category Geography Category Prehistory of the Arctic Link GA no no Overvintringsteorien ... more details
hypothesis was born. Ref name Waggoner cite author Waggoner, Ben http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu history cuvier.html. 2 14 1996 Ref The articulata hypothesis, simply stated, is the phylogenetic grouping .... This hypothesis further implies that all segmented organisms have a common ancestral origin. Ref name ... 44. Ref Evolution of the Articulata Hypothesis Since its original formulation in 1817, there have been significant challenges and modifications to the articulata hypothesis as new theories have been ... understated impact of the articulata hypothesis. Cuvier s original articulata hypothesis was based ... taxa , it strengthened the articulata hypothesis by organizing annelids and arthropods into a clade ... lead to further data supporting the articulata hypothesis but also lead to the development of conflicting ... journal Organisms Diversity & Evolution title The Articulata hypothesis ? Or what is a segment? year ... evolutionary to mollusk. This ecdysozoa hypothesis is generally accepted today as the best supported evolutionary hypothesis for annelids and arthropods. Ref name Aguinaldo cite journal author Aguinaldo ... more details
Spearman s hypothesis states that the magnitude of the black white difference in tests of cognitive ability ... , or g . The hypothesis, first formalized by Arthur Jensen in the 1980s based on Charles Spearman ... of correlated vectors to study the hypothesis. This, and a similar relationship regarding ... criticisms have been advanced and the validity of the arguments remain unresolved. Spearman s hypothesis ... set out to formalize and test the hypothesis in the 1980s. He argued that the correlations between ... evidence for the validity of the hypothesis. He proposed strong and weak forms of the hypothesis ... the weak form of the hypothesis. However, Jensen has argued that the correlations would be substantially ... Closely related to Spearman s hypothesis is the relationship between how high heritability a test has ... has argued that if Spearman s hypothesis is proven correct, it would, at least partially, answer .... ISBN 0 275 96103 6, p. 371 383. ref In 2002, Jensen stated that he had now tested Spearman s hypothesis ..., he asserted, the overall probability that Spearman s hypothesis is false is less than one ..., the supposed confirmation of Spearman s hypothesis, and the similar relationship for heritability ... cite doi 10.1037 1076 8971.11.2.235 ref The Flynn effect One criticism of Spearman s hypothesis has ... by Spearman s hypothesis are likely only psychometric artefacts which also arise with measures ... schonem pdf 83.pdf Famous artefacts Spearman s hypothesis. Current Psychology of Cognition ..., G.H. 2001 . Viewing Spearman s hypothesis from the perspective of multigroup PCA A comment ... models are used the results are unclear. As such, we cannot accept Spearman s hypothesis as an empirically ... using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis have supported Spearman s hypothesis in the US ... g . ref name RJ2010 Criticism Spearman s hypothesis is not without its critics. Psychologists ... in intelligence, sometimes referred to as Spearman s hypothesis Jensen, 1998 , rests on an indirect ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 The variability hypothesis originated in the early nineteenth century with Johann Meckel , who argued that males have a greater range of ability than females, especially in intelligence. In other words, he believed that most geniuses and most mentally retarded people are men. Because he considered males to be the superior animal, Meckel concluded that females lack of variation was a sign of inferiority. ref name Ben1975 Benjamin, L. T. 1975 . The pioneering work of Leta ... 151. ref Early acceptance Later that century the character of the variability hypothesis was altered ... for the evolutionary process. Following Darwin, the variability hypothesis was instead put forward ... twentieth century, the variability hypothesis flourished in sociological, psychological, medical and educational literature. The hypothesis received support not from empirical evidence, but rather from armchair dogma about innate female inferiority. Among the proponents of the variability hypothesis ... hypothesis was that since women were not expected to exhibit above average intelligence ... The only significant critic of the variability hypothesis was Karl Pearson , a British psychologist ... published scientific investigation of the variability hypothesis prior to the work of American ... Defectives allowed her the opportunity to refute the variability hypothesis. By examining the case records ... ref name B&S1990 ref name Shields1991 Hollingworth also attacked the variability hypothesis theoretically, criticizing the underlying logic of the hypothesis. ref name Ben1975 ref name Ben1990 ... hypothesis was flawed because 1 it had not been empirically established that men were more anatomically ... of the variability hypothesis, while avoiding intervening social and cultural factors, Hollingworth ... s graduate supervisor was E. L. Thorndike, himself a supporter of the variability hypothesis. ref ... on the type of problem, but some recent studies have found that the variability hypothesis is true for parts ... more details
Bold hypothesis or bold conjecture is a concept in the philosophy of science of Karl Popper , first explained in his debut The Logic of Scientific Discovery 1935 and subsequently elaborated in writings such as Conjectures and Refutations The Growth of Scientific Knowledge 1963 . The concept is nowadays widely used in the philosophy of science and in the philosophy of knowledge . Brief explanation Popper s argument is that the growth of scientific knowledge progresses by means of formulating bold hypotheses, and trying to refute falsify them. Popper believed that Quotation Bold ideas, unjustified anticipations, and speculative thought, are our only means for interpreting nature our only organon, our only instrument, for grasping her. ref Karl Popper , The Logic of Scientific Discovery . London Routledge, 1992, p. 280. ref He makes this point more specific in a 1953 lecture, where he argues that, if we aim to explain the world, then Quotation ... there is no more rational procedure than the method ... 20 20Science 20 20Conjectures 20and 20Refutations.pdf ref A bold hypothesis is a new scientific ... being theorized about. The boldness of a hypothesis depends mainly on its degree of applicability ... the extent to which the hypothesis is a genuinely new departure from the received scientific ideas . whether it enables new and novel predictions. Once a bold hypothesis has been mooted, Popper argues, scientists try to investigate and test how well the bold hypothesis can stand up to the known evidence, with the aim of finding counter arguments which would refute or falsify the bold hypothesis ... hypothesis is somewhat vague, because exactly how bold is bold ? Some new ideas, although they are rather .... The boldness could refer to the content of the hypothesis considered relative to other possible hypotheses , or to the manner or context in which the hypothesis is presented , or to the attitude ... Criticisms of anti scientific viewpoints Experiment Falsifiability Hypothesis Outline of scientific ... more details
onesource date January 2010 main Second language acquisition The noticing hypothesis was proposed by Richard Schmidt in 1990. He stated that features of language cannot be learned unless they have been noticed ref H.S. Venkatagiri, John M. Levis Phonological Awareness and Speech Comprehensibility An Exploratory Study Language Awareness. Vol. 16, Iss. 4, 2009 ref . Noticing alone does not mean it is automatically acquired, but it is the essential starting point. Still debated is the question whether a learner must consciously notice something. ref Lightbown, P. M. and Spada, N. 2006 . Explaining second language learning. How Languages are Learned p. 29 50, p. 44f. ref This hypothesis is part of Cognitivism psychology cognitivist perspective of second language acquisition . See also Language acquisition Second language acquisition References reflist SLA topics Category Learning ... more details
The Patriarch Hypothesis is a theory to explain the occurrence of menopause in human females and how a long post fertile period up to one third of a females life span ref Harman, S.M. and Talbert, G.B. 1985 . Reproductive aging. In Handbook of the Biology of Aging, by C. E. Finch and L. Hayflick eds . pp 457 510. Van Nostrand Reinhold. ref could confer an evolutionary advantage. It is an alternative theory to the grandmother hypothesis which tends to ignore male benefits of continued spermatogenesis and their roles in assistance. br br The patriarch hypothesis incorporates these neglected areas. It suggests selection pressure on male longevity extended the female lifespan whose adjustment of Life history theory life history has been constrained by the size of the ovaries resulting in human females surviving beyond the age at which they can reproduce. With an extension of the post reproductive female life stage, they could enhance their inclusive fitness by giving kin selection kin assistance . This way, with no choice in the timing of fertility termination, females are optimising an essentially bad situation. br br See also Grandmother hypothesis The Patriarch Hypothesis http www.fas.harvard.edu hbe lab Frank Marlowe first put forward the patriarch hypothesis ref name Marlowe Marlowe, F. 1999 . Male care and mating effort among Hadza foragers. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 46 1 57 64. ref . He postulates that if women survive beyond an age at which they can reproduce and men continue spermatogenesis , then old males stand to benefit greatly if they can copulate with younger females. It is theorised that increased use of tools and weapons compensates for the decline in natural fighting ability with age ref Marlowe, F. 2000 . The Patriarch Hypothesis An Alternative ... Marlowe . Evidence for The patriarch hypothesis rests on three assumptions Older males must reproduce ... hypothesis selection for greater longevity in males, as suggested by the patriarch hypothesis ... more details
Image Synoptic problem Augustinian hypothesis.png thumb left 250px The Augustinian hypothesis suggests .... Then the Gospel of Luke was written using both Mark and Matthew. The Augustinian hypothesis is a solution ... . The hypothesis holds that Gospel of Matthew Matthew was written first, by Matthew the Evangelist see ... hypotheses, this hypothesis does not rely on, nor does it argue for, the existence of any document that is not explicitly mentioned in historical testimony. Instead, the hypothesis draws primarily upon ... of evidence for the hypothesis is the writings of the Church Fathers historical sources dating ... Christians for nearly two millennia. Finally, adherents to the Augustinian hypothesis view it as a simple, coherent solution to the synoptic problem . The Augustinian hypothesis addresses certain fundamental ... by proponents of competing hypotheses, such as the Two source hypothesis , its related Q document Q hypothesis , the Farrer hypothesis , and others. The main two areas of contention within the Augustinian ... Mark or Luke who wrote second. A modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis, known as the Griesbach hypothesis , agrees that Matthew wrote first and that Mark depended on Matthew, and does not dispute ... points of contention, this hypothesis is also treated as a possible amendment to the Augustinian hypothesis. Another modified version of the Augustinian hypothesis is the hypothesis of Eta Linnemann ... St. Augustine of Hippo Freeing A Prisoner, by Michael Pacher 1430 1498 . The hypothesis takes its name ... ideas of the Augustinian hypothesis. The fathers whose writings survive and who wrote about authorship ... generally agree on the primary points of contention within the Augustinian hypothesis, though not without discrepancies. Rather than seen as a refutation to the hypothesis, instead these discrepancies are often cited in defense of the hypothesis ref e.g. see this article on http www.newadvent.org ... conflicts with the Augustinian hypothesis concerning the order of Mark and Luke. The Griesbach hypothesis ... more details
Please leave this line alone The challenge hypothesis outlines the dynamic relationship between testosterone .... Neuroendocronology Letters Special Issue, 23 , 23 29. ref The challenge hypothesis predicts that seasonal ... . The challenge hypothesis Theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems and breeding strategies. American Naturalist, 136 , 829 846. ref The challenge hypothesis ..., MA, pp. 85 128. ref Patterns of testosterone The challenge hypothesis presents a three level model ... hypothesis proposes that social stimulation which leads to this rise in testosterone above breeding ... male androgen responsiveness Revisiting the challenge hypothesis. Hormones and Behavior, 51 , 463 476 ... pmid 16774503 pmc 2954190 ref These examples all culminate in a challenge hypothesis ... that the challenge hypothesis most likely cannot be applied to the non breeding season since, as mentioned ... plasma levels and male male aggression is observed under the challenge hypothesis when the birds ... an evaluation of the challenge hypothesis journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews date NaN undefined ... E. Hegner, Alfred M. Dufty, Gregory F. Ball title The Challenge Hypothesis Theoretical Implications ... 285134 last3 Dufty ref In other animals The challenge hypothesis has been used to describe the testosterone levels in other species to certain social stimuli. The challenge hypothesis predicts .... This reinforces the challenge hypothesis by showing rapid changes in aggressive behaviors of the lizards ... last Klukowski first Matthew coauthors Nelson, Craig E. title The Challenge Hypothesis and Seasonal ... hbeh.1998.1449 pmid 9698502 ref Research has also shown the challenge hypothesis applies to specific ..., R.F. title A test of the challenge hypothesis in cichlid fish simulated partner and territory intruder ... 10.1016 j.anbehav.2003.12.015 ref In addition, the challenge hypothesis has been adapted to primates species. In 2004, Martin N. Muller and Richard W. Wragham applied a modified challenge hypothesis to chimpanzees ... more details
and 25.011. Millennium Problems In mathematics, the Riemann hypothesis , proposed by harvs txt first ..., such as the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields . The Riemann hypothesis implies ... problem in pure mathematics harv Bombieri 2000 . The Riemann hypothesis is part of Hilbert s eighth ... i.e. at s 2, 4, 6, ... . These are called the trivial zeros . The Riemann hypothesis ... books on the Riemann hypothesis, such as harvtxt Derbyshire 2003 , harvtxt Rockmore 2005 ... hypothesis discusses zeros outside the region of convergence of this series, so it needs ... of my investigation. source Riemann s statement of the Riemann hypothesis, from harv Riemann ... 1 2 and suggested that they all do this is the Riemann hypothesis. Consequences of the Riemann hypothesis The practical uses of the Riemann hypothesis include many propositions which are known to be true under the Riemann hypothesis, and some which can be shown to be equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... proved that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the best possible bound for the error of the prime ... hypothesis is equivalent to math pi x operatorname Li x frac 1 8 pi sqrt x , log x , qquad text for all x ge 2657. math Growth of arithmetic functions The Riemann hypothesis implies strong ... on the right hand side converging, is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis. From this we can also ... that math M x O x 1 2 varepsilon , math for every positive is equivalent to the Riemann hypothesis ... n Redheffer matrix is equal to M n , so the Riemann hypothesis can also be stated as a condition on the growth of these determinants. The Riemann hypothesis puts a rather tight bound on the growth ... M x le sqrt x. math The Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to many other conjectures about the rate ... , math then math sigma n e gamma n log log n , math for all n 5040 if and only if the Riemann hypothesis ... Landau 1924 showing that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to a statement that the terms of the Farey ... more details
cleanup date September 2009 wikiversity In criminology , psychology , and sociology , the contact hypothesis ... Hypothesis, also known as Intergroup Contact Theory. The premise of Allport s theory states ... found that the Contact Hypothesis is an effective technique for reducing prejudice and stereotyping ... hypothesis resulted from World War II. Due to a shortage of combat troops, General Dwight ... that contact hypothesis is a very simple and optimistic and that contact would most likely gravitate ..., D. 2005 The Parasocial Contact Hypothesis Communication Monographs , 72, 92 115 ref Extended Contact Hypothesis The extended contact hypothesis, put forward by Wright, Aron, McLaughlin Volpe ... Contact Hypothesis Main The Imagined Contact Hypothesis The imagined contact hypothesis was put .... Parasocial Contact Hypothesis Schiappa, Gregg and Hewes proposed a communication analogue to Allport s 1954 Contact Hypothesis named the Parasocial Contact Hypothesis. Two years after the release .... ref name Schiappa A complementary approach to the parasocial contact hypothesis is provided ... experiences with members of other groups negative contact hypothesis Contact via Other Media In addition to work on the parasocial contact hypothesis, additional research has examined the effects ... of Language and Social Psychology, 29, 147 177. doi 10.1177 0261927X09359520 ref Contact Hypothesis and Homosexuality The Contact Hypothesis has proven to be highly effective in alleviating prejudice directed toward homosexuals. Applying the Contact Hypothesis to heterosexuals and homosexuals ... men and lesbians Personality. Social Psychology Bulletin , 22, 412 424 ref Contact Hypothesis and Anti ..., and businesses use the contact hypothesis technique. Having the two groups in competitions ... hypothesis is in the juvenile system. Petty criminals perform community service together to decrease ... that the groups will find cohesion. The Contact Hypothesis Allport, 1954 , has influenced a broad application ... more details
, and consequently embraced the Armenianhypothesis of Indo European origins forwarded ... political concept United Armenia as used by the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Dashnaktsutyun is being seen as the most prominent example of modern Armenian nationalist. File Mkrtum Hovnatanian. Hayk Nahapet.jpeg 200px thumb Hayk by Mkrtum Hovnatanian 1779 1846 . The legendary founder of the Armenian ... depicts the Lake Van region and Mount Ararat , with Noah s ark. Armenian nationalism in the modern period ... as the Armenian Cause lang hy wikt wikt , IPA h j d t or Hye Dat . Armenian national ... Empire . The Russian Armenia followed with significant causes. The Armenian Apostolic Church has been a great defender of Armenian nationalism, with leaders like Khrimian Hayrik who devoted his life to the peasantry. The establishment of modern Armenia 1991 and Armenian social fabric becoming more complex gradually decrease the political influence of Hay Dat and shifted towards a modern Armenian nationalism modeled as a liberal nationalism . On the other hand, the Armenian diaspora have diaspora ... awakening sync Armenian national awakening Main Armenian national awakening The situation of the non .... Under these new and relatively liberal conditions, many Armenian schools were opened throughout the Ottoman ... for the teachers. In 1880 these associations united together as the General Union of Armenian ... 395. ref After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo Turkish War of 1877 78 , the Armenian National Assembly Ottoman Empire Armenian National Assembly and Patriarch Nerses Varjabedyan Nerses II ... in the debate on the Armenian Question . In his famous patriotic speech The Paper Ladle Mgrdich Khrimian advised Armenians to take the national awakening of Bulgaria as a model as the hopes of the Armenian ... of an autonomous Armenia , transforming the Armenian Question from an internal problem of the Ottoman Empire into an international one. In the treaty, Ottoman Turkey undertook to protect its Armenian ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
