An ArmingtonElasticity economics elasticity is an economic parameter commonly used in Economic models models of consumer theory and Trade international trade . It represents the elasticity of substitution between products of different countries, and is based on the assumption made by Paul Armington in 1969 that products traded internationally are differentiated by country of origin. The Armington assumption has become a standard assumption of international Computable general equilibrium computable general equilibrium models . These models generate smaller and more realistic responses of trade to price changes than implied by models of homogeneous products ref http www personal.umich.edu alandear glossary Deardorff s Glossary of International Economics ref . References references Armington, Paul, 1969, A Theory of Demand for Products Distinguished by Place of Production , International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, XVI 1969 , 159 78 http www.monash.edu.au policy archivep.htm tpmh0088 . DEFAULTSORT ArmingtonElasticity Category Elasticity economics ... more details
Armington as a personal name can refer to Mariano Laya Armington Paul Armington , economist Armington as a place name can refer to Armington, Illinois Armington as an economic term can refer to Armingtonelasticity disambig de Armington ... more details
wiktionary elasticityElasticity may refer to Elasticity physics , continuum mechanics of bodies that deform reversibly under stress Numerous uses are derived from this physical sense of the term, which is inherently mathematical, such as used in Engineering, Chemistry, Construction and variously in Economics Elasticity data store , the flexibility of the data model and the clustering Elasticity economics , a general term for a ratio of change. For more specific economic forms of elasticity, see Beta coefficient Cross elasticity of demand Elasticity of substitution Frisch elasticity of labor supply Income elasticity of demand Output elasticity Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of supply Yield elasticity of bond value Elasticity mathematics , a mathematical definition of point elasticity Arc elasticityElasticity Coefficient , a biochemical term used in metabolic control analysis See also Elastic disambiguation Elasticity as a List of comic book superpowers Elasticity comic book super power . disambig ar da Elasticitet de Elastizit t es Elasticidad eo Elasteco fr lasticit gl Elasticidade ko it Elasticit nl Elasticiteit simple Elasticity sk Pru nos uk zh ... more details
Armington, Montana is a village in Cascade County, Montana Cascade County , Montana near the town of Belt, Montana . Geography Latitude 47.366165 Longitude 110.902289 History Armington has a history of being a commercial hub for Farmers, Ranchers, Miners and others living in the surrounding areas of Cascade County, Montana Cascade County . It is often referred to as Armington Junction because it is near where Armington Road meets U.S. Highway 89 and U.S. Highway 87. Armington is named after the rancher Doc Armington. Recreation Armington offers access to the Kings Hill Scenic Byway , Sluice Boxes State Park , Showdown Ski Area as well as Belt Butte and Belt Creek for hiking and fishing activities. Camping is available and Essential Services are provided in the nearby town of Belt Montana . References 1 Cascade County Chamber of Commerce. Cascade County, Montana coord 47 21 59 N 110 54 13 W type city region US MT source GNIS enwiki display title , Category Populated places in Cascade County, Montana Category Towns in Montana de Armington Montana ... more details
Caroline Helena Armington 1875 1939 was an artist, Canadian born and raised, living most of her adult life in France. Towards the end of her life moved to New York City, USA with her husband, Frank Armington . She worked in a number of mediums but is best known for her large body 551 of etchings. Chronology September 11, 1875 born Caroline Helena Wilkinson in Brampton , Ontario , Canada 1892 through 1899 took art studies under J. W. L Forster ref Braide, Janet and Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 17 ref 1899 went to New York working as a nurse ref Braide, Janet and Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 17 ref 1900 sailed to Europe ref Braide, Janet and Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 18 ref 1900 married Frank Armington ref Braide, Janet and Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 18 ref 1900 01 moved back to Canada 1905 1910 the couple returned to study in Paris ref Braide, Janet and Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 19 ref 1914 1918 the couple assisted the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris Caroline worked as a nurse and Frank as an orderly. ref Braide, Janet and Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 41 ref 1939 left Paris and moved to New York, New York, United States. ref Braide, Janet and Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris ... Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris Peel, Ontario Art Gallery ... of the Peel at the time of publication. Simpson, Stuart. Frank and Caroline Armington Through Canadian ... Armington, Caroline Helena ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1875 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1939 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Armington, Caroline Helena Category 1875 births Category ... more details
Orphan date August 2008 Infobox football biography name Nick Armington fullname Nick Armington image birth date birth date and age 1983 11 14 birth place Washington D.C. , United States height height ft 6 in 2 position goalkeeper youthyears1 2002 05 youthclubs1 Williams College Williams years1 2006 clubs1 Real Salt Lake caps1 goals1 nationalyears1 nationalteam1 nationalcaps1 nationalgoals1 pcupdate 31 July 2006 ntupdate 31 July 2006 Nick Armington born November 14, 1983 in Washington, D.C. is an United States American soccer player who last played for Real Salt Lake of Major League Soccer . College Armington played college soccer at Williams College from 2002 to 2005. He was a three year starter in goal for Williams, where he compiled a record of 48 11 2. Professional Following his college career, Armington spent time on trial with Valur FC and Grindavik FC of Iceland. Although he went undrafted in the 2006 MLS SuperDraft , he sent highlight tapes to many MLS teams and attended numerous tryouts. His hard work paid off in June 2005 when he was offered a developmental contract by Real Salt Lake . However, Armington was waived by the team on 25 July 2006. http www.mlsnet.com mls transactions index.jsp?club mls&year 2006&month 07 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Armington, Nick ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION American soccer player DATE OF BIRTH 1983 11 14 PLACE OF BIRTH Washington D.C. , United States DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Armington, Nick Category 1983 births Category Living people Category American soccer players Category Real Salt Lake players ... more details
Frank Armington 1876 1941 was a Canadian born and raised artist who lived most of his adult life in France . Toward the end of his life he moved to New York City, USA with his wife, Caroline Armington . He worked in a number of mediums including etching 221 prints and a number of lithographs. Chronology July 28, 1876 born Franklin Milton Armington in Fordwich , Ontario , Canada 1892 through 1899 took art studies under J. W. L Forster. It was during these classes that he met Caroline Wilkinson, his future wife. ref Braide, Janet & Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 17 ref 1899 went to New York and then on to Paris, France Paris with his mother and sister. ref Braide, Janet & Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 17 ref 1900 studied at the Acad mie Julian in Paris under Benjamin Constant and John Paul Laurens ref Braide, Janet & Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 18 ref 1900 married Caroline Wilkinson in Paris ref Braide, Janet & Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 18 ref 1900 moved back ... Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 19 ref 1914 1918 during the war, the couple .... ref Braide, Janet & Nancy Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris ... Parke Taylor. Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris p. 74 ref 1940 .... Caroline and Frank Armington, Canadian Painter Etchers in Paris Peel, Ontario Art Gallery of Peel ... of the Peel at the time of publication. Simpson, Stuart. Frank and Caroline Armington Through ... Notes Reflist External links Commonscat Frank Milton Armington http cybermuse.gallery.ca cybermuse to search ... Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Armington, Franklin Milton ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1876 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1941 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Armington, Franklin ... more details
Geobox Settlement Heading name Armington native name other name category List of towns and villages in Illinois Village Names etymology official name motto nickname Image image image caption Symbols flag symbol Country country United States state Illinois region Tazewell County, Illinois Tazewell region type County district district type Township municipality Locations location elevation imperial 627 prominence imperial lat d 40 lat m 20 lat s 21 lat NS N long d 89 long m 18 long s 49 long EW W highest highest location highest region highest state highest elevation imperial highest lat d highest lat m highest lat s highest lat NS highest long d highest long m highest long s highest long EW lowest lowest location lowest region lowest state lowest elevation imperial lowest lat d lowest lat m lowest lat s lowest lat NS lowest long d lowest long m lowest long s lowest long EW Dimensions length imperial length orientation area imperial 0.3 area land imperial 0.3 area water imperial area urban imperial area metro imperial Population population 368 population date 2000 population urban population metro population density population density imperial auto population density urban imperial population density metro imperial History & management established date government government location ... Locator Map.PNG map caption Location of Armington within Illinois map background Illinois background map.png map locator Illinois2 Websites commons Armington, Illinois statistics website Footnotes footnotes Armington is a village in Tazewell County, Illinois Tazewell County , Illinois , United States . The population was 368 at the 2000 census. ref http www.city data.com city Armington Illinois.html ... Peoria metropolitan area Metropolitan Statistical Area . Geography Armington is located at coord ... Category Peoria metropolitan area ca Armington es Armington ht Armington, Ilinwa nl Armington pt Armington vo Armington ... more details
orphan date August 2010 cleanup date July 2010 In economics , elasticity economics elasticity is the ratio of the percent change in one variable to the percent change in another variable. Computational elasticity is the application of this concept to how computer systems scale with relation to temporal & monetary costs. The concept of computational elasticity is a particularly useful concept for comparing cloud computing platforms with relation to costs. An example question where the concept of computational elasticity is useful might include If the number of users on my website expands from 100 day to 1000000 day over the course of the next week, what will the cost be to ensure a fast page load? Cost is a function of the infrastructure the site runs on, which in turn is heavily influenced by the computational elasticity of the infrastructure. Infrastructure capable of rapidly accommodating this rapid increase in required computing power at low monetary & temporal cost has a high computational elasticity. Infrastructure that will require significant costs to handle this increase in required computing power has a low computational elasticity. Category Elasticity economics ... more details
Arc elasticity is the Elasticity mathematics elasticity of one variable with respect to another between two given points. Formula The y arc elasticity of x is defined as math E x,y frac mbox change in x mbox change in y math where the percentage change is calculated relative to the midpoint math mbox change in x frac x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 2 math math mbox change in y frac y 2 y 1 y 2 y 1 2 math The midpoint arc elasticity formula was advocated by R. G. D. Allen due to the following properties 1 it is symmetric with respect to the two prices and two quantities, 2 it is independent of the units of measurement, and 3 it yields a value of unity if the total revenues at two points are equal. ref R. G. D. Allen, 1933, The concept of arc elasticity of demand. Review of Economic Studies, 1 3 , pp.226 229 ref Arc elasticity is used when there is not a general function for the relationship of two variables. Therefore, point elasticity may be seen as an estimator of elasticity this is because point elasticity may be ascertained whenever a function is defined. For comparison, the y point elasticity of x is given by math E x,y frac partial ln x partial ln y math Application in economics The P arc elasticity of Q is calculated as math mbox change in Q mbox change in P math The percentage is calculated differently from the normal manner of percent change. This percent change uses the average or midpoint of the points, in lieu of the original point as the base. Example Suppose that you know of two ... the demand curve. Then you obtain the arc elasticity a measure of the price elasticity of demand and an estimate of the elasticity of a differentiable curve at a single point using the formula br math ... elasticity of demand is 40 100 or 40 . It is common to use the absolute value of price elasticity ... fans for hot dogs has 40 elasticity, and is therefore inelastic. See also Elasticity of a function Elasticity economics References references Category Elasticity economics ... more details
Elasticity of complementarity Hamermesh, 1993 is the percentage responsiveness of relative factor prices to a 1 percent change in relative inputs. Mathematical definition Given the production function math f x 1,x 2 math then the elasticity of complementarity is defined as math c frac d ln left displaystyle frac df dx 1 displaystyle frac df dx 2 right d ln x 2 x 1 frac displaystyle frac d frac df dx 1 frac df dx 2 frac df dx 1 frac df dx 2 displaystyle frac d x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 . math The inverse of elasticity of complementarity is elasticity of substitution . References Hamermesh, Daniel S., Labor Demand , Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1993, ISBN 0 691 02587 8 economics stub Category Elasticity economics ... more details
Economics sidebar Confusing date December 2010 In economics , elasticity is the measurement of how changing ... used elasticities include price elasticity of demand , price elasticity of supply , income elasticity of demand , elasticity of substitution between factors of production and elasticity of intertemporal substitution . Elasticity is one of the most important concepts in neoclassical economic ... of goods as they relate to the theory of consumer choice . Elasticity is also crucially important in any ... surplus , or government surplus . In empirical work an elasticity is the estimated coefficient in a linear ... log s. Elasticity is a popular tool among empiricists because it is independent of units and thus ... in response to changes in other parameters. A major study of the price elasticity of supply and the price elasticity of demand for US products was undertaken by Hendrik S. Houthakker and Lester D. Taylor. ref Hendrik S. Houthakker, Lester D. Taylor 1970 . ref Mathematical definition main Elasticity of a function The definition of elasticity is based on the mathematical notion of point elasticity . In general, the x elasticity of y , also called the elasticity of y with respect to x , is math E ..., the sign of the elasticity is understood as being always positive or always negative. However, sometimes the elasticity is defined without the absolute value operator, when the sign may be either positive or negative or may change signs. A context where this use of a signed elasticity is necessary for clarity is the cross price elasticity of demand the responsiveness of the demand for one ... substitutes or Complement good complements , this elasticity could be positive or negative. Specific elasticities Elasticities of demand Price elasticity of demand Main Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded caused by a percent change in price. As such, it measures the extent of movement along the demand curve. This elasticity is almost ... more details
In economics , output elasticity is the percentage change of output Gross domestic product GDP or production of a single firm divided by the percentage change of an input. It is sometimes called partial output elasticity to clarify that it refers to the change of only one input. ref A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper, and A. P. Schinnar 1976 , A theorem on homogeneous functions and extended Cobb Douglas forms , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 73, No. 10, pp. 3747 3748. ref As with every Elasticity economics elasticity , this measure is defined locally, i.e. defined at a point. If the production function contains only one input, then the output elasticity is also an indicator of the degree of returns to scale . If the coefficient of output elasticity is greater than 1, then production is experiencing increasing returns to scale. If the coefficient is less than 1, then production is experiencing decreasing returns to scale. If the coefficient is 1, then production is experiencing constant returns to scale. Note that returns to scale may change as the level of production changes. ref name Perloff, Microeconomics Theory 2008 Perloff, Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus Pearson 2008 at 193. ref Output elasticity is defined as the percentage change in output per one percent change in all the inputs. ref Hirschey 2003 p. 238. ref The coefficient of output elasticity can be used to estimate returns to scale. ref Hirschey 2003 p. 238. ref E sub Q sub Q X x X Q where X represents the inputs and Q, the output. ref Hirschey 2003 p. 238. ref See also elasticity economics References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Output Elasticity Category Elasticity economics Econ stub de Produktionselastizit t ... more details
Infobox journal title Journal of Elasticity cover File CoverIssueJElasticity.jpg discipline peer reviewed abbreviation J. Elasticity impact 1.091 impact year 2009 editor Roger Fosdick website http www.springer.com physics classical continuum physics journal 10659 publisher Springer Science Business Media country history 1971 present frequency 7 year formernames ISSN 0374 3535 eISSN 1573 2681 CODEN LCCN 72624248 OCLC 300184711 Journal of Elasticity subtitled The Physical and Mathematical Science of Solids is a peer review peer reviewed scientific journal publishing original research and literature review review articles on all aspects of Elasticity physics elasticity . It is published seven times a year by Springer Science Business Media . The editor in chief of Journal of Elasticity is Roger Fosdick. According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2009 impact factor of 1.091. ref Journal Citation Reports Journal Citation Reports, 2010 ref Article types Journal of Elasticity publishes full research papers, research notes, and historical essays. Abstracting and indexing Journal of Elasticity is abstracted and indexed in the following databases ref name masterList Cite web title Journal of Elasticity work Master Journal List publisher Thomson Reuters date url http science.thomsonreuters.com cgi bin jrnlst jlresults.cgi?PC MASTER&ISSN 0374 3535 format accessdate 2011 03 04 ref Academic OneFile Astrophysics Data System GeoRef INSPEC VINITI Russian Academy of Science Science Citation Index Web of Science Scopus References references External links Official http www.springer.com physics classical continuum physics journal 10659 Category Springer academic journals Category Publications established in 1971 Category English language journals Category Physics journals ... more details
Elasticity Coefficients are used in Physics, Economics, Chemistry, or more generally in mathematics as a definition of point elasticity the article below applies to Chemical Biochemical Elasticity Coefficients ... these factors change the reaction rate is described by the elasticity coefficient . This coefficient ... substrate concentration. The partial derivative in the definition indicates that the elasticity ... of the factor. The elasticity coefficient is an integral part of Metabolic control analysis and was introduced ... in Edinburgh and Heinrich and Rapoport sup 8 sup in Berlin. The elasticity concept has also been described ... which are equivalent to the elasticity coefficients. Bruce Clarke sup 9 sup in the early 1970s developed ... systems. Calculating Elasticity Coefficients Elasticity coefficients can be calculated in various ways, either numerically or algebraically. Algebraic Calculation of Elasticity Coefficients Given the definition of the elasticity in terms of a Partial derivative it is possible for example to determine the elasticity of an arbitrary rate law by differentiating the rate law by the independent variable and scaling. For example the elasticity coefficient for a Law of mass action mass action rate ... and math n i math the ith reaction order, then the elasticity, math varepsilon v S 1 math can ... math That is the elasticity for a mass action rate law is equal to the reaction order Order of reaction .... In this case the elasticity approaches unity at low reactant concentration S and zero at high ... math the reverse math K m math , two elasticity coefficients can be calculated, one with respect to S and another ... Menten rate law , then the elasticity coefficient is given by math varepsilon v S frac n 1 S K s n math Note that at low S the elasticity approaches n. At high S the elasticity approaches zero. This means the elasticity is bounded between zero and the Hill coefficient. Differentiating in Log ... is to differentiate in log space. Since the elasticity can be defined logarithmically, that is math ... more details
Elasticity of substitution is the elasticity economics elasticity of the ratio of two inputs to a production or utility function with respect to the ratio of their marginal products or utilities . ref name sydsaeter Knut Syds ter Sydsaeter, Knut and Hammond, Peter, Mathematics for Economic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1995, pages 561 562. ref It measures the curvature of an isoquant and thus, the substitutability between inputs or goods , i.e. how easy it is to substitute one input or good for the other. Mathematical definition Let the utility over consumption be given by math U c 1,c 2 math . Then the elasticity of substitution is math E 21 frac d ln c 2 c 1 d ln MRS 12 frac d ln c 2 c 1 d ln U c 1 U c 2 frac frac d c 2 c 1 c 2 c 1 frac d U c 1 U c 2 U c 1 U c 2 frac frac d c 2 c 1 c 2 c 1 frac d p 1 p 2 p 1 p 2 math where math MRS math is the marginal rate of substitution . The last equality ... x 2 x 1 x 2 math an equivalent way to define the elasticity of substitution is math sigma frac d c 1 ... time models, the elasticity of substitution of consumption in periods math t math and math t 1 math is known as elasticity of intertemporal substitution . Similarly, if the production function is math f x 1,x 2 math then the elasticity of substitution is math sigma 21 frac d ln x 2 x 1 d ln MRTS 12 ... of elasticity of substitution is elasticity of complementarity . Example Consider Cobb Douglas ... Then the elasticity of substitution is math sigma 21 frac d ln frac x 2 x 1 d ln MRTS 12 frac d ln ... the magnitude of the elasticity of substitution the marginal rate of substitution elasticity of the relative ... we are talking about the receiver, since the elasticity of preference is that of the receiver. Notes references See also Constant elasticity of substitution Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution References ... , 89, 1, 183 192. External links http cepa.newschool.edu het essays product elastic.htm The Elasticity ... Consumer theory Category Elasticity economics de Substitutionselastizit t fr lasticit de substitution ... more details
In mathematics , elasticity of a positive differentiable function f of a positive variable positive input, positive output at point x is defined as ref name sydsaeter Knut Syds ter Sydsaeter, Knut and Hammond, Peter, Mathematics for Economic Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1995, pages 173 175. ref math Ef x frac x f x f x math or, in terms of percentage change math Ef x frac d log f x d log x math Intuitively, it is the percentage change in output for a percentage change in input percentages only making sense if the quantities are all positive. ref More generally, the elasticity can be defined if the input ..., but in practice the elasticity is used for positive quantities. ref Formally, it is the ratio ... of the argument. This definition of elasticity is also called point elasticity , and is the limit of arc elasticity between two points. Elasticity is widely used in economics see elasticity economics for details. Rules Rules for finding the elasticity of products and quotients are simpler ... can be expressed in terms of elasticity as math D f x frac E f x cdot f x x math Let a and b be constants ... that you are deriving the reciprocal of elasticity. Therefore opposite rules would apply. The tangency ... curve drawn through the origin has unitary elasticity if you use the method the marginal function is identical ... that the dependent variable is drawn on the Y axis. Semi elasticity A semi elasticity or semielasticity ..., the semi elasticity S of a function f at point x is ref cite book title Introductory Econometrics ... x frac 1 f x f x frac d ln f x d x math An example of semi elasticity is modified duration in bond trading. The terms Semi elasticity is also sometimes used for the change if f x in terms of a percentage ... d f x dx x math See also Arc elasticityElasticity economics Homogeneous function References Reflist Yves Nievergelt, The Concept of Elasticity in Economics, SIAM Review , Vol. 25, No. 2 Apr., 1983 , pp. 261 265 DEFAULTSORT Elasticity Of A Function Category Functions and mappings Category Mathematical ... more details
More footnotes date February 2012 Continuum mechanics cTopic Solid mechanics In physics , elasticity is a physical property of materials which return to their original shape after the stress mechanics stress that caused their deformation is no longer applied. Hooke s law Main linear elasticity For small deformations, most elastic materials, such as Spring device spring s, exhibit linear elasticity. This means that they are characterized by a linear relationship between stress and Deformation mechanics strain the relative amount of deformation engineering deformation . This idea was first formulated by Robert Hooke in 1675 as a Latin anagram , ceiiinossssttuv . He published the answer in 1678 Ut tensio, sic vis meaning As the extension, so the force , ref cite book last Atanackovic first Teodor M. first2 Ard shir last2 Guran title Theory of elasticity for scientists and engineers year 2000 publisher Birkh user location Boston, Mass. isbn 978 0 8176 4072 9 chapter Hooke s law page 85 ref ref cite web url http www.lindahall.org events exhib exhibit exhibits civil design.shtml title Strength and Design work Centuries of Civil Engineering A Rare Book Exhibition Celebrating the Heritage of Civil Engineering publisher Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology ref a linear relationship commonly referred to as Hooke s law . Although the general proportionality constant between stress and strain in three dimensions is a 4th order tensor , systems that exhibit symmetry , such as a one ... exhibit elasticity. Some non Newtonian fluid s, such as Viscoelasticity viscoelastic fluids , will also exhibit elasticity in certain conditions. In response to a small, rapidly applied and removed ... liquid. See also Ductility Elastic modulus Linear elasticity Pseudoelasticity Resilience Stiffness References Reflist Physics footer Category Elasticity physics ar az Elastiklik bg ... Elasticidade ru si simple Elasticity physics sk Te ria pru nosti fi Kimmoisuus ... more details
Energy elasticity is a term used with reference to the energy intensity of Gross Domestic Product . It is the percentage change in energy consumption to achieve one per cent change in national GDP . This term has been used when describing sustainable growth in the developing world, while being aware of the need to maintain the security of energy supply and constrain the emission of additional greenhouse gas es. Energy elasticity is a top line measure, as the commercial energy sources used by the country in question are normally further itemised as fossil, renewable, etc. For example, India s national Integrated Energy policy Energy Policy of 2005 noted current elasticity at 0.80, while planning for 7 8 GDP growth. It expected to be able to reduce this to 0.75 from 2011 and to 0.67 from 2021 22. ref http www.thehindubusinessline.com 2006 05 09 stories 2006050900491000.htm To power 7 8 GDP growth N. R. Krishan, The Hindu ref By 2007, India s Ambassador was able to inform the United Nations Security Council that its GDP was growing by 8 , with only 3.7 growth in its total primary energy consumption, ref http www.un.int india 2007 ind1328.htm Statement by Nirupam Sen to UN Security Council UN 17 April 2007 ref suggesting it had effectively de linked energy consumption from economic growth. ref http www.expressindia.com news fullstory.php?newsid 85040 India s energy consumption, growth de linked Express India, 18 April, 2007 ref China has shown the opposite relationship, as, after 2000, it has consumed proportionately more energy to achieve its high double digit growth rate. Although there are problems with the quality of the estimates of both GDP and energy consumption, by 2003 4 observers placed Chinese energy elasticity at approximately 1.5. ref http www.iea.org textbase speech 2005 jl china.pdf Energy Outlook for China EIA testimony U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural ... and petroleum . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Energy Elasticity Category Energy economics Category ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Rubber elasticity , a well known example of Hyperelastic material hyperelasticity , describes the mechanical behavior of many polymers, especially those with crosslinking. Invoking the theory of rubber elasticity, one considers a polymer chain in a crosslinked network as an entropic spring. When the chain is stretched, the entropy is reduced by a large margin because there are fewer conformations available. Therefore, there is a restoring force, which causes the polymer chain to return to its equilibrium or unstretched state, such as a high entropy random coil configuration, once the external force is removed. This is the reason why rubber bands return to their original state. Two common models for rubber elasticity are the freely jointed chain model and the worm like chain model. Freely Jointed Chain Model Polymers can be modeled as freely jointed chains with one fixed end and one free end FJC model Image FJCpolymersmall.JPG frame right Model of the freely jointed chain where math b , math is the length of a rigid segment, math n , math is the number of segments of length math b , math , math r , math is the distance between the fixed and free ends, and math L c , math is the contour length or math nb , math . Above the glass transition temperature, the polymer chain oscillates and math r , math changes over time. The probability of finding the chain ends a distance math r , math apart is given by the following Gaussian distribution math P r,n dr 4 pi r 2 left frac 2 n b 2 pi 3 right 3 2 exp left frac 3r 2 2nb 2 right dr , math Note that the movement could be backwards or forwards, so the net time average math langle r rangle math will be zero. However, one can use the root mean square as a useful measure of that distance. math langle r rangle 0 , math math langle r 2 rangle nb 2 , math math langle r 2 rangle 1 2 sqrt n b , math Ideally ... length approaches math L c , math See also Elasticity physics Hyperelastic material Polymers Thermodynamics ... more details
system, these governing equations are ref name Slau Slaughter, W. S., 2002 , The linearized theory of elasticity ... equations of linear elasticity are ref name Slau Momentum Linear momentum for a system Equation ... Elastostatics is the study of linear elasticity under the conditions of equilibrium, in which ... & Lifshitz. ref name LL cite book title Theory of Elasticity edition 3rd last Landau first L.D. authorlink ... explanation to each type of wave discuss Talk Linear elasticity New section needed date September 2010 Elastodynamics is the study of elastic waves and involves linear elasticity with variation in time ... materials. The elasticity of the material provides the restoring force of the wave. When ... With this notation, one can write the elasticity matrix for any linearly elastic medium as math C ... s theorem elasticity Contact mechanics Deformation mechanics Deformation Elasticity physics Hooke ... Stress mechanics Stress functions div References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Linear Elasticity Category Elasticity ... more details
File Armington & Sims Engine.jpg thumb An Armington & Sims double disk engine Armington & Sims Engine Company was a manufacturer of steam engine s located in Providence, Rhode Island . It was established in 1883 by Pardon Armington and Gardner C. Sims. The factory was located at the corner of High Street near Knight in Providence. ref http books.google.com books?id rL0QAQAAMAAJ&dq the 20providence 20plantations 20for 20250 20years&pg PA260 v onepage&q&f false The Providence plantations for two hundred and fifty years, Welcome Arnold, 1886, p 260 ref The company produced an innovative line of high speed stationary steam engine s designed to be more compact, simpler and less expensive than other engines of its day. This included a single disk engine ranging from seventy to seven hundred horsepower and a double disk engine ranging from ten to one hundred and fifty horsepower. By 1886, the Edison Illuminating Company had purchased about three hundred Armington & Sims engines, including the ones at Pearl Street Station in New York City . ref name GreenfieldVill The company received numerous awards for its engine designs throughout the 1880s, including the Cincinnati Exposition in 1883, and International Inventions Exposition in London in 1885. Armington & Sims produced one of three high speed steam engines of standard design which were used for stationary service at the outset of the last decade of the 19th century. The other two were the Corliss steam engine Corliss and Greene engines. All were made and developed in Providence. ref A Remarkable Engine , New York Times , November 9, 1890, pg. 16. ref The USS Adirondack ID 1270 Adirondack , a Hudson River Steamer or side wheel paddle steamer , in 1896 had an electric light plant. It consisted of three Armington & Simms engines ... bankrupt in 1903. ref name steam The New England Wireless and Steam Museum website ref In 1929, the Armington ... been around 1900. ref name GreenfieldVill cite web title Armington & Sims Machine Shop & Foundry url ... more details
In economics , Constant elasticity of substitution CES is a property of some production function s and utility function s. More precisely, it refers to a particular type of aggregator function which combines two or more types of consumption, or two or more types of productive inputs into an aggregate quantity. This aggregator function exhibits constant elasticity of substitution . CES production function The CES production function is a type of production function that displays constant elasticity of substitution . In other words, the production technology has a constant percentage change in factor e.g. Manual labour labour and Capital economics capital proportions due to a percentage change in marginal rate of technical substitution . The two factor Capital, Labor CES production function introduced by Robert Solow Solow ref name Solow1956 cite journal last Solow first R.M year 1956 month title A contribution to the theory of economic growth journal The Quarterly Journal of Economics volume 70 pages 65 94 ref and later made popular by Kenneth Arrow Arrow , Hollis B. Chenery Chenery , Bagicha ... s math math frac 1 1 r math Elasticity of substitution. As its name suggests, the CES production function exhibits constant elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. Leontief production function ... math a math Share parameter math X math Production factors i 1,2...n math s math Elasticity ... elasticity of substitution among all factors. Nested CES functions are commonly found in partial ... elasticity of substitution. The CES is a neoclassical production function . CES utility function see ..., and math s math is the elasticity of substitution. Therefore the consumption goods math c i math are perfect ... approaches zero. The CES aggregator is also sometimes called the Armington aggregator , which was discussed by Paul ArmingtonArmington 1969 . ref cite journal last Armington first P. S. authorlink coauthors ... Consumer theory Category Econometrics Category Elasticity economics Category Utility de CES Produktionsfunktion ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Yield elasticity of bond value is the percentage change in bond value divided by a one per percentage change in the yield to maturity of the bond. This is equivalent to saying the derivative of value with respect to yield times the interest rate value . This is equal to the MacAulay Bond Duration times the discount rate , or the modified bond duration times the interest rate . If elasticity is below 1, or above 1 if the absolute number is used, it means that the product of the two measures, Value times yield or the interest income for the period will go down DEFAULTSORT Yield Elasticity Of Bond Value Category Elasticity economics ... more details
Economics sidebar In economics , the cross elasticity of demand or cross price elasticity of demand measures ... , the cross elasticity of demand would be math frac 20 10 2 math . A negative cross elasticity denotes two products that are complements, while a positive cross elasticity denotes two substitute products ... value for the cross elasticity of demand. The exact opposite reasoning holds for substitutes. Formula The formula used to calculate the coefficient cross elasticity of demand is math E A,B frac rm .... In these cases the cross elasticity of demand will be negative , as shown by the decrease ... elasticity of demand is equal to positive infinity. Where the two goods are Independent goods independent ... elasticity of demand will be zero as the price of one good changes, there will be no change in demand for the other good. Image Cross elasticity of demand complements.svg thumb upright 200px Two goods that complement each other show a negative cross elasticity of demand as the price of good Y rises, the demand for good X falls Image Cross elasticity of demand substitutes.svg thumb upright 200px Two goods that are substitutes have a positive cross elasticity of demand as the price of good Y rises, the demand for good X rises Image Cross elasticity of demand independent.svg thumb upright 200px Two goods that are independent have a zero cross elasticity of demand as the price of good Y rises ... of the cross elasticity to the own elasticity multiplied by the ratio of product i s demand to product ... to product i can be written as the product of the ratio of the cross elasticity to the own elasticity ... price elasticity of demand XED for various goods ref Frank 2008 p.186. ref class wikitable Good Good ... Supply and demand Elasticity economics Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of supply Income elasticity of demand Arc elasticity Yield elasticity of bond value References reflist Category Consumer theory Category Elasticity economics Category Demand bg ko it Elasticit ... more details
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