Fulvio Orsini 11 December 1529 18 May 1600 was an Italy Italian humanist, historian, and archaeologist. He was a scion of the Orsini family , one of the oldest, most illustrious, and for centuries most powerful of the Rome Roman princely families, whose origins, when stripped of legend, can be traced back to a certain Ursus de Paro, recorded at Rome in 998. ref cite encyclopedia title Orsini Family encyclopedia Encyclopaedia Britannica date 2002 ref Orsini was the natural son probably of Maerbale Orsini of the line of Mugnano. Cast off by his father at the age of nine, he found a refuge among the choir boys of St. John Lateran, and a protector in Canon Gentile Delfini. He applied himself energetically to the study of the ancient languages, published a new edition of Arnobius and of the Septuagint , and wrote works dealing with the history of Rome. ref cite web title Orsini work Catholic Encyclopedia url http www.newadvent.org cathen 11325b.htm accessdate December 16, 2006 ref Orsini brought together a large collection of antiquities, and built up a costly library of manuscripts and books, which later became part of the Vatican library . Orsini became also a friend and patron of El Greco , while the painter was in Rome 1570 1577 . Orsini s collection would later include seven paintings by the artist View of Mt. Sinai and a portrait of Clovio are among them . ref name Scholz19 M. Scholz Hansel, El Greco , 19 ref The monograph on Orsini by Pierre de Nolhac is still authoritative. References cite encyclopedia title Orsini Family encyclopedia Encyclopaedia Britannica date 2002 cite book last Scholz Hansel first Michael title El Greco year 1986 publisher Taschen isbn 3 8228 3171 9 Footnotes Reflist br Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Orsini, Fulvio ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 11 December 1529 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 18 May 1600 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Orsini, Fulvio Category 1529 births Category 1600 deaths Category People ... more details
In Religion in ancient Greece ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology myth , the epithet Brimo angry ref Obrimos , raging is an aspect of Ares Harrison 1922 552 . ref or terrifying may be applied to any of several goddesses with an inexorable, dreaded and vengeful aspect that is linked to the Greek Underworld land of the Dead to Hecate or Persephone , ref Apollonius of Rhodes , Argonautica , iii.861 and 1211 John Tzetzes , Ad Lycophron 1211. ref to Demeter Demeter Erinyes the angry, bereft Demeter ref Arnobius , v.170. ref or, perhaps, to Cybele . ref Theodoret , Cure of the Greek Maladies i.699. ref Brimo is the furious aspect of the Erinyes Furies . In the solemn moment when Medea picks the dire underworld root for Jason, she calls seven times upon Brimo, she who haunts the night, the Nursing Mother Kourotrophos . In black weed And murky gloom she dwells, Queen of the Dead . ref Harrison 1922 552. The translation is Miss Harrison s the scholiast on the passage identifies Brimo as Hecate they called her Brimo because of the terror and horror of her. ref The Thessalian or Thrace Thracian word Brimo was foreign in Attica. ref Kerenyi 1967 92. ref Brimo Hecate was worshipped at Pherae in Thessaly and has connections with Orphic religion, in which Persephone was prominent. ref R. E. Glanville Downey, The Pure Meadow Classical Philology 26 .1 January 1931, pp. 94 97 , p 95. ref The Alexandra of Lycophron makes clear that when Hecuba is to be transformed into one of the hounds of the triple Hecate, Brimo is an epithet of the Thessaly Thessalian goddess of the Underworld . Clement of Alexandria was of the opinion that Brimo was only a title of Demeter at Eleusis. ref Clement, Protrepticus Clement i.15. ref At the Eleusinian Mysteries , the Christian writer Hippolytus reports, ref Hippolytus of Rome , Philosophoumena v.1 ref the hierophant announced the birth of Brimos The Mistress has given birth to a Holy Boy Brimo has given birth to Brimos that is, the Strong One to ... more details
Leon of Pella Ancient Greek Greek lang grc or Leo the Egyptians Egyptian 4th century BC was a historian, priest and theologian. He wrote the book On the Gods in Egypt lang grc , based on an apocryphal letter of Alexander the Great to his mother Olympias . He was a contemporary of Euhemerus and explained similarly the human origin of the Gods. The early Christian writers, in their controversy with the heathens , refer not infrequently to a Leo or Leon as having admitted that the deities of the antient gentile world had been originally men, agreeing in this respect with Euhemerus , with whom he was contemporary, or perhaps rather earlier. Augustine , who is most explicit in his notice of him, says he was an Egyptian priest of high rank, magnus antistes , and expounded the popular mythology to Alexander the Great, in a manner which, though differing from those, rationalistic explanations received in Greece, accorded with them in making the gods including even the dii majorum gentium to have been originally men. Augustine refers to an account of the statements of Leo contained in a letter of Alexander to his mother. It is to be observed, that although Leon was high in his priestly rank at the time when Alexander was in Egypt b. c. 332 331 , his name is Greek and Arnobius Adv. Gentes, iv. 29 calls him Leo Pellaeus, Leo of Pella , an epithet which Fabricius does not satisfactorily explain. Euhemerus was also at the court of Cassander , the king of Macedon. References http books.google.com books?id Uo1s dz2r5MC&pg PA73&dq Leo Pella Gods Egypt&sig 2ojphjhhKW maGE4UaqAPe3Bi6s Jahrbuch Des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts http books.google.com books?id wJ4YAAAAIAAJ&pg PA742&dq Leo Pella Gods Egypt Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology by William Smith http books.google.com books?id GkCe6oEmN4sC&pg PA178&dq Leo Pella Gods Egypt&sig mAXknQYWmqezDgm uZmY7eWzVmg Roman and European Mythologies by Yves Bonnefoy http book ... more details
The Italian Catholic archdiocese of Brindisi Ostium , in Apulia , has carried its present name since 1986. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Lecce . The historical archdiocese of Brindisi was promoted from a diocese in the tenth century. The territory of the diocese of Ostuni was added to it in 1821. The archdiocese lost its status as metropolitan see in 1980. ref http www.catholic hierarchy.org diocese dbros.html Catholic Hierarchy page ref History According to a local legend, the first Bishop of Brindisi was Leucius of Brindisi St. Leucius , about 165, who later underwent martyrdom. There is no historical proof for early beginnings of Christianity, except the account given by Arnobius of the fall of Simon Magus , who according to him withdrew to Brindisi and cast himself from a high rock into the sea. The Diocese of Brindisi at first embraced the territory comprised within the present diocese of Oria . In the tenth century, after Brindisi had been destroyed by the Saracens , the bishops took up their abode at Oria , on account of its greater security. From 1572 1591, during the tenure of the Spanish Bishop Bernardino de Figueroa movements were made to separate Oria as seat of a new diocese. This occurred in 1591, with Vincenzo del Tufo being appointed the first bishop of Oria in 1596. ref Carmelo Turrisi La diocesi di Oria nell Ottocento. Aspetti socio religiosi di una diocesia p108 ref In the reorganization of the dioceses of the Kingdom of Naples in 1818 Brindisi was combined with the Diocese of Ostuni, formerly its suffragan. Brindisi has been an archiepiscopal see since the tenth century. The ancient cathedral was located outside the city, but in 1140 Roger II of Sicily Roger II, King of Sicily and Naples , built the present cathedral in the centre of the city. Among the bishops of Brindisi were St. Aproculus Proculus , who died in 352 at Ardea, when returning from Rome, and was buried at Anzio St. Cyprian, who died in 364 Andrea, murdered by the Saracen ... more details
Mercury . ref Cicero , De natura Deorum 3.56 also Arnobius , Adversus Nationes 4.14. ref Caelus ... , p. 197M Cicero , Timaeus http www.forumromanum.org literature cicero timaeus.html XI Arnobius ... mythology Jupiter , the other two fathers being Aether and Saturn. ref Arnobius, Adversus Nationes ... was this probably a mere translation of Ouranos from a Greek source. ref Arnobius, Adversus Nationes ... Arnobius, Adversus Nationes 4.24. ref In his work De Natura Deorum On the Nature of the Gods , Cicero ... more details
of Greece i. 4. 5 ref A story somewhat different is given by Arnobius , in which Attis is beloved ... 90 0 412851 4 ref ref Arnobius , Adversus Gentes ix. 5. 4 comp. Mimic. Felix, 21 ref Cult of Agdistis ... more details
File Puteal b quico M.A.N. Madrid 01.jpg thumb Ornamental wellhead puteal 1st century AD depicting a drunken Hercules as part of a Bacchic revel In Religion in ancient Rome ancient Roman religion , Fontus or Fons plural Fontes , Font or Source was a god of wells and springs. A Roman festivals religious festival called the Fontinalia was held on October 13 in his honor. Throughout the city, fountains and Puteal wellheads were adorned with garlands. ref Stephen L. Dyson, Rome A Living Portrait of an Ancient City Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010 , p. 228. Described by Varro, De lingua latina 6.3 The Fontanalia is named after Fons, because it s his holiday dies Glossary of ancient Roman religion feria feriae on account of him then they toss wreaths into fountains and garland puteal s Fontanalia a Fonte, quod is dies feriae eius ab eo tum et in fontes coronas iaciunt et puteos coronant . Sextus Pompeius Festus Festus also mentions the rites Glossary of ancient Roman religion sacra sacra . ref Fons was the son of Juturna and Janus mythology Janus . ref Arnobius , Adversus Nationes 3.29. ref Numa Pompilius , second king of Rome , was supposed to have been buried near the altar of Fons Glossary of ancient Roman religion ara ara Fontis on the Janiculum . ref Cicero , De legibus 2.56 and De natura deorum 3.52 Samuel Ball Platner , The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome 1904 , p. 488. ref William Warde Fowler observed that between 259 and 241 BC, cults were founded for Juturna, Fons, and the Tempestas Tempestates , all having to do with sources of water. ref William Warde Fowler , The Religious Experience of the Roman People London, 1922 , p. 285, with a speculation that this was a response to the Roman navy naval activity of the First Punic War . ref As a god of pure water, Fons can be placed in opposition to Liber as a god of wine identified with Bacchus . ref As when two characters argue over which holds imperium in Plautus s Stichus , line 696ff. Thomas Habinek, ... more details
Roman myth trade Image TempleOfPortunus ForumBoarium.jpg thumb 200px left Temple of Portunus in the Forum Boarium In Roman mythology , Portunes alternatively spelled Portumnes or Portunus was a god of keys, doors and livestock. He protected the warehouses where grain was stored. Probably because of folk associations between porta gate, door and portus harbor , the gateway to the sea, Portunus later became conflated with Palaemon and evolved into a god primarily of ports and harbors. ref Portunus gives to the sailor perfect safety in traversing the seas but why has the raging sea cast up so many cruelly shattered wrecks? the Christian apologist Arnobius asks, ca 300 CE Seven Books against the Heathen III.23 http www.intratext.com IXT ENG1008 P3.HTM on line text . ref In the Latin adjective importunus his name was applied to untimely waves and weather and contrary winds, and the Latin echoes in English opportune and its old fashioned antonym importune , meaning well timed and badly timed . Hence Portunus is behind both an opportunity and importunate or badly timed solicitations OED . His festival, celebrated on August 16, the seventeenth day before the Kalends of September, was the Portumnalia , a minor occasion in the Roman year. On this day, keys were thrown into a fire for good luck in a very solemn and lugubrious manner. His attribute was a key and his main temple in the city of Rome , the Temple of Portunus , was to be found in the Forum Boarium . Portunus appears to be closely related to the god Janus , with whom he shares many characters, functions and the symbol of the key. ref Paul. p. 161 L2 ref He too was represented as a two headed being, with each head facing opposite directions, on coins and as figurehead of ships. He was considered to be deus portuum et portarumque praeses ref Scholium Veron. on Aeneid V.241 ref The relationship between the two gods is underlined by the fact that the date chosen for the dedication of the rebuilt temple of Janus in the F ... more details
20OR 20titinus&f false online. The fascinum identified by Arnobius with the phallus of Mutunus ... 20titinus&f false online specifically in relation to Mutunus and in general asserting that Arnobius ... more details
s ref Phillips, Approaching Roman Religion, p. 15. ref such as Arnobius ref Arnobius 2.15. ref ... Arnobius s intermediate source for Porphyry philosopher Porphyry , ref Majercik, Chaldean Triads in Neoplatonic ... more details
volumes 1 2 Marcus Minucius Felix 3 Novatian 3 Cyprian 3 4 Arnobius 5 Lactantius 6 7 Gaius Marius ... papa , Novatianus , Pope Stephen I Stephanus I , Cyprian Cyprianus Carthaginensis , ArnobiusArnobius ... 53 Claudianus Mamertus Mamertus Claudianus , Salvian Salvianus Massiliensis , Arnobius the Younger Arnobius junior , Saint Patrick Patricius Hiberniae 54 56 Pope Leo I Leo I 57 Maximus of Turin ... more details
This article is about the form of worship in ancient Greek religion. For other uses, see Orgy . File Sarcophagus dyonisos 01 back side pushkin.jpg thumb 400px Dionysian scene on a 3rd century AD sarcophagus In Religion in ancient Greece ancient Greek religion , an orgion , more commonly in the plural orgia was an ecstatic form of worship characteristic of some mystery cults . ref Georg Luck, Arcana Mundi Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985, 2006, 2nd ed. , p. 504. ref The orgion is in particular a cult ceremony of Dionysos , celebrated widely in Arcadia , featuring unrestrained masked dances by torchlight and animal sacrifice by means of random slashing that evoked the god s own rending and suffering at the hands of the Titan mythology Titans . ref Madeleine Jost, Mystery Cults in Arcadia, in Greek Mysteries The Archaeology and Ritual of Ancient Greek Secret Cults Routledge, 2003 , pp. 144 164. ref The orgia that explained the role of the Titans in Dionysos s dismemberment were said to have been composed by Onomacritus . ref Pausanias 8.37.5 Fritz Graf and Sarah Iles Johnston, RItual Texts for the Afterlife Orpheus and the Bacchic Gold Tablets Routledge, 2007 , p. 70. ref Greek art and literature, as well as some Church Fathers patristic texts, indicate that the orgia involved snake handling . ref Jacquelyn Collins Clinton, A Late Antique Shrine of Liber Pater at Cosa Brill, 1976 , pp. 33 34. Among Church Fathers see Arnobius , Adversus Nationes 5.19 Clement of Alexandria , Protrepticus Clement Protrepticus 2.12.2 Firmicus Maternus , De errore profanarum religionum 6. ref Orgia may have been earlier manifestations of cult than the formal mysteries, as suggested by the violently ecstatic rites described in Greek mythology myth as celebrated by Attis in honor of Cybele and reflected in the willing self castration of her priests the Galli in the historical period. The orgia of both Dionysian worship and the cult ... more details
apologist Arnobius , in his extended debunking of traditional Roman deities, connects Inuus and Pales as guardians over flocks and herds. ref Arnobius , Adversus Nationes 3.23. ref The woodland ... more details
File Lactantius, Divinarum institutionum ... liber primus, manuscript, Florence 1420 1430 ca.jpg thumb Beginning of Lactantius Divinae institutiones in a Renaissance manuscript written in Florence ca. 1420 1430 by Guglielmino Tanaglia Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius was an early Christian author ca. 240 &ndash ca. 320 who became an advisor to the first Christian Roman emperor , Constantine I , guiding his religious policy as it developed, ref Lactantius role is examined in detail in Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, The Making of a Christian Empire Lactantius and Rome , 2000. ref and tutor to his son. Biography Lactantius, a Latin speaking native of Africa Roman province North Africa , was a pupil of Arnobius and taught rhetoric in various cities of the Eastern Roman Empire , ending in Constantinople . He wrote apologetic works explaining Christianity in terms that would be palatable to educated people who still practiced the religion in ancient Rome traditional religions of the Empire , while defending Christian beliefs against the criticisms of Hellenistic philosophy Hellene philosophers . His Divinae Institutiones Divine Institutes is an early example of a systematic presentation of Christian thought. He was considered somewhat heresy heretical after his death, but Renaissance Humanism humanist s took a renewed interest in him, more for his elaborately rhetorical Latin style than for his theology . A translator of the Divine Institutes starts his introduction as follows bquote Lactantius has always held a very high place among the Christian Fathers, not only on account of the subject matter of his writings, but also on account of the varied erudition, the sweetness of expression, and the grace and elegance of style, by which they are characterized. ref cite book title The Works of Lactantius author W. Fletcher year 1871 url http www.ccel.org ccel schaff anf07.iii.i.html ref Lactantius was not born into a Christian family. In his early life, he taught rhetoric in h ... more details
The Mother of the Lares Mater Larum has been identified with any of several minor Ancient Roman religion Roman deities . She appears twice in the records of the Arval Brethren as Mater Larum , elsewhere as Mania and Larunda . Ovid calls her Lara mythology Lara , Muta deity Muta the speechless one and Larunda Tacita the silent one . ref Taylor, 301 citing Mania in Varro, Lingua Latina , 9, 61 Larunda in Arnobius, 3, 41 Lara in Ovid, Fasti II, 571 ff Macrobius, Saturnalia , 1, 7, 34 5 Festus, p115 L. ref Cult to Matres Larum is known through the fragmentary Arval Brethren Arval rites to Dea Dia , a goddess of fruitfulness. The Arvals address Dia herself as Juno Dea Dia , which identifies her with the supreme female principle. The mother of the Lares is addressed only as Matres Larum she is given a sacrificial meal cena matri Larum of Pulse legume puls porridge contained in a sacred, Olla Roman pot sun dried earthenware pot olla . Prayers are recited over the pot, which is then thrown from the temple doorway, down the slope on which the temple stands thus, remarks Lily Ross Taylor , ref Taylor, Lilly Ross, The Mother of the Lares , American Journal of Archaeology , 29 .3, July September 1925 , pp 299 313. ref towards the earth as a typically chthonic offering. On another occasion, the Arvals offer sacrificial recompense to various deities for a necessary pollution of Dia s sacred grove the Mater Larum is given two sheep. ref Beard et al , vol. 2, 151 section 6.2 CIL VI.2107, 2 13 ILS 5048. The grove was polluted by the use of iron tools when clearing up after a storm and lightning strike. Iron was strictly forbidden in the sacred area. ref The Arvals also invoke her children, in the opening lines of the Carmen Arvale Arval Hymn to Dia, which begins enos Lases iuvate Help us, Lares . ref Taylor, 299. ref The Mater Larum may have been offered cult with her Lares during the festival of Larentalia as she was, according to Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius floruit 39 ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove December 2010 onesource December 2010 update December 2010 Christian views on the classics have varied widely throughout history. Early period When Christianity at first appeared in Rome , introduced by Paul the Apostle Apostle Paul , the instruction of youth was largely confined to the study of poets and historians, chief among whom was Horace and Virgil . Until the peace of the Church , early in the fourth century, the value and use of classical studies were unquestioned. Converts to Christianity brought with them such mental cultivation as they had received while paganism pagans . They used their knowledge of mythology and ancient traditions as a means of attacking paganism. Tertullian forbade Christians to teach, but admitted that school attendance by Christian pupils was unavoidable. ref Tertullian, De idolatria , 10 ref Arnobius , ref Arnobius, Adversus nationes , II, 4 ref Lactantius , and Cassianus ref Prudentius, Liber Peristephanon , 9 ref were classical Christian teachers. ref De Rossi, Roma Sotterranea , II, 810 ref During the fourth century secular literature was questioned by Bible Biblical scholars . This opposition is condensed in the accepted translation, dating from Jerome from Psalm 70 15 16 Quoniam non cognovi litteraturam, introibo in potentias Domini Domine memorabor justitiae tuae solius . Because I have not known learning I will enter into the powers of the LORD O LORD I will be mindful of thy justice alone. Douay Rheims 1899 The opposition between Divine Justice and literature became gradually an accepted Christian idea. Later persecution under Julian led Christian writers to express more definitely their views on the subject. It produced little effect in the West. However, Marius Victorinus , one of the most distinguished professors in Rome, chose to give up the idle talk of the school rather than the Word of God. ref Augustine, Confessions , VIII, 5 ref Thenceforth, Christians studied more closely and more apprec ... more details
, p381 for the much later date of c.205 BC0, based on the Christian polemicist Arnobius, Adversus Nationes , 2.73 according to Cornell, Arnobius is a highly unreliable source for argument on the nature ... more details
softened, and has begun to withhold hostile hands from the blood of a fellow creature. Arnobius , Adversus Gentes I VI ref Arnobius , http www.ccel.org ccel schaff anf06.xii.iii.i.vi.html Adversus Gentes ... more details
Kerenyi observed. ref Kerenyi, Gods of the Greeks , 1951, p. 154, also pp. 175 77. . ref Arnobius is aware ... among the goddesses, virgin and matron, those parts ever prepared for encounter. Arnobius, Seven Books ... more details
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