Image Meso2mil English.JPG 300px right thumb Mesopotamia in 2nd millennium BC Arrapha Syriac language Syriac big big big big , lang ar , lang tr Arafa was an ancient Assyria n city ref The Cambridge Ancient History Page 17 by John Boardman ref that existed in what is today the Kirkuk Citadel city of Kirkuk , Iraq . Citation needed date February 2012 The city was founded around 2000 BC and derived its name from the old Akkadian language word Arabkha which was later changed to Arrapha . Citation needed date February 2012 In 615 BC, seeing the Assyrians being occupied with the Babylonians , Cyaxares successfully invaded the city, making it one of the last strongholds of the Neo Assyrian empire. ref The Pre Islamic Middle East, Page 68 by Martin Sicker ref In 1948, the Arrapha became the name of the residential area within the city of Kirkuk which was built by the North Oil Company as a settlement for its workers. History Originally the city was founded by Hurrian related Zagros Taurus dwellers who were known as Gutian people by lowland dwellers of Southern Mesopotamia. Under its ancient name Arraphkha, Kirkuk was capital of Kingdom of Gutium which is mentioned in cuneiform records about 2400 BC. The small Hurrian kingdom of Arraphka, of which modern Kirkuk was the capital, was situated along the south eastern edge of the area under Aryan Mittanian domination. From 1500 to 1360 BC all kings of Assyria were vassals of kingdom of Mittani. Assyria s revolt against the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani probably led to fall of the kingdom in the 14th BC century and ultimately contributed to Mittani empires s collapse. The city reached great prominence in the 10th and 11th centuries BC under Assyrian rule. However in the sixth century BC, Assyria was conquered by a union ... Assyrian stub Iraq geo stub ar ca Arrapha de Arrapcha eu Arapha fr Arrapha ko it Arrapha nl Arrapha no Arrapha pl Arrapha ru ... more details
Battles involving Assyria Battle of Arrapha took place in 616 BC between the Assyria n forces and the Babylonian s. ref Reallexikon der Assyriologie, By Bruno Meissner, Erich Ebeling, Ernst Weidner, Wolfram von Soden, Dietz Otto Edzard. Page 14 http books.google.com books?id 3q2DZPc XCMC&pg PA14&ots k5C1V4Vh8z&dq 22arrapha 22 battled&sig m4srIBbYjbQh4ZcIgANVjZvJeiw ref Babylonian king Nabopolassar succeeded by driving the Assyrians back to the Little Zab , in doing so capturing many Assyrian prisoners, horses, and chariots. ref http books.google.com books?id 6kDJ8DBRq9oC&pg PA544&ots uIVQVef5r1&dq 22arrapha 22 616 BC&sig EDComH0HZmfTkwVUatGYpKliln0 PPA544,M1 The Ancient Near East C.3000 330 B.C., By Am lie Kuhrt, page 544 ref Notes references coord 35 28 0 N 44 19 0 E display title DEFAULTSORT Battle Of Arrapha Category 7th century BC conflicts Category Battles involving Assyria Category Battles involving Babylonia battle stub pl Bitwa pod Arraph sh Bitka kod Arraphe ... more details
No footnotes date September 2010 Seleucia on Hedyphon was the name of the ancient Assyria n city of Arrapha during the Hellenistic period 331 129 BCE . It was in eastern Assyria on the bank of the river Hedyphon Greek . Known to the Assyrians and to Claudius Ptolemy as Arrapha and Korkoura, the city flourished during the 11th and 10th centuries BCE. Familiar from tales of the saint s lives in East as Beth Seleucia , it was a city related to many martyrs of the orthodox Christian church. The bishop of the city was John, who was mentioned in the chronicles of king Shapur. In the Hellenistic period the city was renamed Seleucia, for Seleucus I Nicator or one of his successors. The locals called it Karkha D Bet Slokh citadel of the Seleucid dynasty . Today is located in the city of Kirkuk in northeast Iraq . Sources Johann Gustav Droysen Geschichte des Hellenismus . Claudius Ptolemy Geographia . From Wikipedia to lemma Kirkuk . DEFAULTSORT Seleucia On Hedyphon Category Assyria ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Shuttarna II or uttarna was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the early 14th century BC . Shuttarna was a descendant and probably a son of the great Mitannian king Artatama I . He was an ally of the Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III and the diplomatic dealings of the kings are briefly recorded in the Amarna letters . Shuttarna s daughter Kilu Hepa sometimes spelled Gilukhepa was given to Amenhotep III in marriage to seal the alliance between the two royal houses in the Pharaoh s 10th regnal year, taking with her a great dowry. During the reign of Shuttarna the kingdom of Mitanni reached its height of power and prosperity. From Alalakh in the west Mitanni shared its border with Egypt in northern Syria approximately by the river Orontes river Orontes . The heart of the kingdom was in the Khabur River basin where the capital Washshukanni was situated. Assyria as well as Arrapha in the east were vassal kingdoms of Mitanni. The Hittites attempted to invade the northern border lands of Mitanni but were defeated by Shuttarna. He was succeeded by his son Tushratta or possibly Artashumara under dubious circumstances. See also Portal Ancient Near East Mitanni s start s bef before Artatama I s ttl title Mitanni Mitanni king years early 14th century BC s aft after Artashumara end Mitanni kings Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Shuttarna Ii ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Shuttarna Ii Category Hurrian kings Category 14th century BC people AncientNearEast bio stub ca Shuttarna II de utarna II. es Shuttarna II eu Shuttarna II.a gl Shuttarna II ko 2 it Shuttarna II nl Shuttarna II pl Szuttarna II ru II uk II ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 File Kirkuk citadel.jpg thumb Outside Wall at Kirkuk Citadel The Kirkuk Citadel lang ar Qal at Karkuk is located in the centre of the city of Kirkuk in Iraq , and is considered to be the oldest part of the city. The citadel stands on an artificial mound 130 feet high located on a plateau across the Khasa River . The mound, or tell , is believed to have been built by King Ashurnasirpal II between 884 and 858 BCE as a military defence line of Arrapha . Later King Sluks built a strong Defensive wall rampart with 72 towers around the 72 streets and the two entries to the citadel. A jewel of the citadel is the so called Red Church , with traces of pre Muslim mosaics. It is believed that Timur visited the citadel in 1393 during his military expedition. The modern walls go back to the Ottoman Empire Ottoman period. In the 1990s, Saddam Hussein , the former Iraq i president, announced a campaign to beautify the walled citadel. Some believe that the campaign s intention was to remove the 800 900 mostly Iraqi Turkmen Turkmen and Kurdish people Kurdish families living in its ancient houses. The citadel is considered by Iraqi Turkmen Turkmen as an important factor in their history. There are several Iraqi Turkmen Turkmen neighbourhoods within and around the citadel , such as Topkapi, Helvacilar, Hamam, Agalik, Yedi Kizlar, and Zindan. A large number of historical and religious sites still exist there, such as a tomb that is believed to be the prophet Daniel s Tomb . ref http www.koord.com webbook book aras aras1 kerkuk.htm ref See also Tomb of Daniel References Reflist Coord missing Iraq Category Castles in Iraq Category Buildings and structures in Kirkuk Citadel ar fr Citadelle de Kirkouk it Cittadella di Kirkuk ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Parshatatar , or Par atar, the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC. He may be the same individual as king Barattarna. Barattarna , also spelled Parattarna, was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC. None of his own records have yet been found, but his name is mentioned in a record from Nuzi dated to when king Barattarna died and was cremated . More information is included in the biography of Idrimi of Alalakh . Barattarna ruled over the Hurrians and made Idrimi his vassal. Mitanni in his time probably extended as far as Arrapha in the east. Barattarna may have been the Mitannian king the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III encountered by the river Euphrates in his campaign of year 1447 BC. This can however only be deduced by comparing the chronology of ancient Egypt and Mitanni at a later date and working back the figures. See also Portal Ancient Near East Mitanni S start S bef before Shuttarna I S ttl title Mitanni Mitanni king years 15th century BC S aft after Shaushtatar end Mitanni kings Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Parshatatar ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH Category Hurrian kings Category 15th century BC people Category Article Feedback 5 ANE bio stub ko hu Parsatatar nl Parshatatar pl Parshatatar ru uk I ... more details
Infobox Christian leader type Archbishop English name Mar Narsai Toma Assyrian name image imagesize 250px caption Mar Narsai 2003 pseudonym birth name Toma Soro Bobo birth date Birth date and age 1941 07 01 df y birth place Dohuk, Iraq Duhok , Iraq death date death place occupation Archbishop of Kirkuk nationality Assyrian people Assyrian period 20th century, 21st century genre subject spouse movement notableworks awards influences influenced signature website Mar Narsai Toma is the Metropolitan bishop Metropolitan of the Ancient Church of the East of the diocese of Kirkuk , Iraq . ref cite news title His Holiness Mar Dinkha IV Meets with Ancient Church of the East url http news.assyrianchurch.com his holiness mar dinkha iv meets with ancient church of the east 1140 publisher Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East date 10 January 2011 accessdate 25 September 2011 ref Narsai Toma was born on 1 July 1941, in the province of Dohuk Governorate Dohuk Nohadra . He was ordained as a Metropolitan bishop 1968 in Baghdad and he currently resides over the Diocese of Kirkuk in Arrapha district. References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Toma, Mar Narsai ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1 July 1941 PLACE OF BIRTH Dohuk, Iraq Duhok , Iraq DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Toma, Mar Narsai Category 1941 births Category Living people Category 21st century bishops Category Ancient Church of the East Category People from Kirkuk Category People from Dohuk, Iraq bishop stub ar arc ... more details
Infobox Military Conflict image caption conflict Fall of Harran partof date 608 BC place Harran result Medo Babylonian victory combatant1 Babylonians , Medians combatant2 Assyria commander1 Nabopolassar , Cyaxares commander2 Ashur uballit II strength1 Unknown strength2 Unknown casualties1 Unknown casualties2 Unknown Battles involving Assyria The Fall of Harran refers to the Babylonia n siege and capture of the Assyria n city of Harran in 608 BC. Background The Assyrians from 639 BC had been suffering a decline in their power, culminating in Neo Babylonian and Median invasions of their lands. Arrapha fell in 615 BC, followed by Assur in 614 BC and finally Nineveh in 612 BC, the newest capital of Assyria. Despite the brutal massacres that followed, the Assyrians survived as a political entity and escaped to Harran under their new King Ashur uballit II ref name Bertman1 cite book last Bertman first Stephen title Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia location New York publisher Oxford UP year 2005 pages 80 ref . Establishing Harran as a capital for the Assyrians caught the attention of the Babylonian King Nabopolassar ref name Bertman1 and Median king Cyaxares, who where determined to destroy forever the threat of Assyrian resurgence. Siege Assyrian annals record no more after 610 BC ref name Bertman1 the presumed date of the siege. The siege lasted for another two years before the city finally fell in 608 BC ref name Grant1 cite book last Grant first R.G. title Battle a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat location London publisher Dorling Kindersley year 2005 pages 18 ref . Not much is known of the siege it is presumed that Nabopolassar killed Ashur uballit II. Aftermath Despite yet another reverse, the Assyrians did not give up remnants of the Assyrian army met up with the Egyptian forces that had won at Battle of Megiddo 609 BC Megiddo . In 605 BC, the Babylonians would be more successful as they did battle at Battle of Carchemish Carchemish . References re ... more details
of the American Oriental Society 80, 301 317 1960 . ref Arrapha Another Hurrian kingdom also benefited ... northeast of river Tigris , around the modern Kirkuk. This was the kingdom of Arrapha . Excavations ... the Hurrians. Hurrian kings such as Ithi Teshup and Ithiya ruled over Arrapha, yet by the mid fifteenth century BCE they had become vassals of the Great King of Mitanni. Arrapha itself was destroyed ... millennium BCE we know a number of Hurrian cities, such as Arrapha, Harran, Kahat , Nuzi, Taidu and Washukanni ... more details
Balawat lang syc , transl syc be labat is a historical location in Ninawa Governorate , Iraq , convert 25 km mi abbr on southeast from the city of Mosul and convert 4 km mi abbr on to the south of the modern Assyrian people Assyrian town of Bakhdida . It was the site of the ancient Neo Assyria n city of Imgur Enlil. The meaning of Imgur Enlil is Enlil agreed . Note that there was also a wall in ancient Babylon named Imgur Enlil. ref Farouk N. H. Al Rawi, Nabopolassar s Restoration Work on the Wall Imgur Enlil at Babylon, Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 1 13,1985 ref Infobox settlement pushpin map Iraq the name of a location map as per http en.wikipedia.org wiki Template Location map pushpin label position bottom pushpin mapsize 200 pushpin map caption Location in Iraq latd 36 latm 13 lats 00 latNS N longd 43 longm 25 longs 00 longEW E official name Balawat The city of Imgur Enlil The city of Imgur Enlil was founded by the Neo Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II 884 859 BC . It lay convert 10 km mi abbr on up the Derrah river from the Tigris , where the city of Kalhu see Nimrud was situated. Imgur Enlil lay between the city of Nineveh and the province of Arrapha in the southeast along the royal Assyrian road. Ashurnasirpal II had already transferred the capital from Assur to Kalhu, and the foundation of Imgur Enlil may have been a further step to knit up the Neo Assyrian empire. Construction at the site continued under Ashurnasirpal II s son Shalmaneser III . The city existed for about two centuries but was, like all Assyrian cities, sacked and destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians at the fall of the Assyrian empire 614 609 BC. Image Balawat Salmanassar.jpg thumb 500px Bronze door band from the Temple of Mamu at Imgur Enlil Archaeology The city was excavated in 1878 by archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam . ref Hormuzd Rassam, Excavations and discoveries in Assyria, In Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, vol. 7, , pp. 37 58, 1882 ref ref Hormuzd Rassam and Robert Wi ... more details
Ninurta tukult A ur , inscribed sup md sup Ninurta sub 2 sub tukul ti A ur , was briefly king of Assyria during 1133 BC , the 84 sup th sup to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist, marked as holding the throne for his uppi u , his tablet, a period thought to correspond just to the inauguration year. He succeeded his father, the long reigning Ashur dan I A ur d n I , but the throne was very quickly usurped by his brother, Mutakkil Nusku and he was driven from Assur and sought refuge in the city of Si il, on the Babylonia n border, the scene of the final d nouement. Biography There is some conjecture that he may have ruled jointly with A ur dan I during his declining years or perhaps shared some regnal duties as there is a significant archive of administrative texts ref group i Such as tablet KAJ 188. ref concerning agricultural products from cities such as Arrapha, food distribution and ritual offerings in the royal palace referencing him and his wife Rimeni on seals, one of which provides an early Assyrian chariot scene, but only three of these texts call him king. ref cite journal title The History of the Middle Assyrian Empire author David Kertai journal Talanta proceedings of the Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society volume 60 61 year 2008 9 page 39 ref Among these there is a reference to the partial demolition of a number of buildings in Kar Tukulti Ninurta during his reign ref cite book title The Routledge Handbook of The People and Places of Ancient Western Asia author Trevor Bryce publisher Routledge year 2009 pages 67, 373 ref and a harem list. The Chronicle P ref group i Chronicle P ABC 22 , iv 12 13 ref which names him sup m sup Tukul ti A ur , relates that during his reign the statue of Marduk was returned to Babylon having languished in Assyria for sixty ? six years, something of an underestimate if the reading of this number is correct and a reconciliatory move likely to test his subjects loyalty. ref cite book title Assyrian and Babylonian chr ... more details
Refimprove date November 2007 Infobox oilfield name Baba Gurgur country Iraq image p3110004.jpg caption The Eternal Fire at Baba Gurgur region location map Iraq location map width location map text lat d 35.532870 lat m lat s lat NS N long d 44.335740 long m long s long EW E coordinates type type landmark source eowiki region IQ coordinates display inline,title coordinates ref block offonshore coordinates operator Iraq Petroleum Company operators partners discovery 1927 start development start production peak year abandonment oil production bbl d oil production tpy production year oil production gas mmcuft d production gas mmscm d production gas bcm y production year gas est oil bbl est oil t est gas bft est gas bcm formations Baba Gurgur Kurdish language Kurdish , Turkish language Turkish Babe gurgur is a large Petroleum oil field near the city of Kirkuk which was the first to be discovered in Northern Iraq in 1927. It was considered the largest oil field in the world until the discovery of the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia in 1948. Baba Gurgur is located 16 kilometers northwest of Arrapha and is famous for its Eternal Fire lang ar located at the middle of its oil fields. Eternal Fire The Eternal Fire of Baba Gurgur father of fire in Kurdish, Arabic is a name used to describe the flames of the Baba Gurgur oil field. It is estimated that the burning flames have been around for more than 4,000 years. The Eternal Fire was first described by Herodotus Citation needed date February 2007 and also has been described by other ancient Greek authors such as Plutarch . Many believe the Eternal Fire to be the same Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego Fiery furnace Fiery furnace in the Book of Daniel , chapter 3 in the Tanakh Old Testament into which Nebuchadrezzar II King Nebuchadnezzar ca. 630 562 BC , King of Babylon throws 3 Jews for refusing to worship his golden idolatry idol . ref cite book last Yergin first Daniel authorlink Daniel Yergin ti ... more details
google maps distance calculator.htm ref It stands on the site of the ancient Assyria n capital of Arrapha ... River on the ruins of a 5,000 year old settlement Kirkuk Citadel . Arrapha reached great importance ... of Kirkuk. Other sources consider Erekha to have been simply one part of the larger Arrapha metropolis ... more details
to besiege Assur and Arrapha , but was defeated on this occasion. Nabopolassar made alliances ... . In 615 and 614 BC attacks were made on Assur and Arrapha and both fell. During 613 BC the Assyrians ... more details
also shifted its allegiance to Mitanni and Arrapha and Assyria in the east had become Mitannian ... , and Arrapha seem to have been incorporated into Mitanni under Shaushtatar as well. The palace of the Crown Prince crown prince , the governor of Arrapha has been excavated. A letter from Shaushtatar ... more details
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