The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA is a neutrino telescope located beneath the Amundsen Scott South Pole Station . In 2005, after nine years of operation, AMANDA officially became part of its successor project, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory . AMANDA consists of optical modules, each containing one photomultiplier tube, sunk in Antarctica Antarctic ice cap at a depth of about 1500 to 1900 metres. In its latest development stage, known as AMANDA II, AMANDA is made up of an array of 677 optical modules mounted on 19 separate strings that are spread out in a rough circle with a diameter of 200 metres. Each string has several dozen modules, and was put in place by drilling a hole in the ice using a hot water hose, sinking the cable with attached optical modules in, and then letting the ice freeze around it. File DUMAND.svg thumb right Diagram from the related precursor Project DUMAND illustrating the strings of sensors and detail of one of the sensors AMANDA detects very high energy neutrinos 50 Electronvolt GeV which pass through the Earth from the northern hemisphere and then react just as they are leaving upwards through the Antarctic ice. The neutrino collides with Atomic nucleus nuclei of oxygen or hydrogen atoms contained in the surrounding water ice, producing a muon and a hadron ic shower. The optical modules detect the Cherenkov radiation from these latter particles, and by analysis of the timing of photon hits can approximately determine the direction of the original neutrino with a spatial resolution of approximately 2 degree angle degrees . AMANDA ... DetectorArray fa fr Antarctic Muon and Neutrino DetectorArray it Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray la Antarctica Muona Ac Neutrina Detegens Accommodatio no Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray fi AMANDA ... Neutrino detector Radio Ice Cerenkov Experiment References references cite web url http www.physorg.com ... more details
Telescope Array NuSTAR 4C Array Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA LOFAR ...An array is a systematic arrangement of objects, usually in rows and columns. Specifically, it may refer ... at run time, including Array data structure , an arrangement of items at equally spaced addresses in computer memory Array data type , used in a programming language to specify a variable that can be indexed Associative array , an abstract data structure model that generalizes arrays to arbitrary indices or various kinds of the above, such as Bit array or bit vector Dynamic array , allocated at run time Parallel array of records, with each field stored as a separate array Sparse array , with most elements omitted, to store a sparse matrix Variable length array Jagged array , where the rows have different lengths individually or various related concepts Vector processor Array processor , a computer to process arrays of data not to be confused with a processor arrayArray programming , using matrix algebra notation in programs not the same as array processing Array slicing , the extraction of sub arrays of an array or also Global Arrays , a library for parallel processing Intel Array Visualizer , a piece of scientific graphics software In mathematics and statistics An array or matrix mathematics e.g. a Monge array , a Costas array A standard array in coding theory In statistics, arrays are a name for some kinds of Category Experimental design Intersection array a concept of category theory The thinned array curse or sparse array curse, a theorem about electromagnetic waves ... array, such as a phased array , a tower array , etc. A speaker array, used to produce directional Sound Asynchronous array of simple processors Ball grid array , pin grid array , and land grid array , ways to connect integrated circuits Cache Array Routing Protocol CARP Color filter array , placed over an imaging array Disk array , such as the RAID Field emitter array , an electron ... more details
includes diode arraydetector DAD or PDA . The UV absorption of the effluent is continuously measured ...A chromatography detector is a device used in gas chromatography GC or liquid chromatography LC to visualize ... detector . The column effluent is injected into hydrogen flame and the flame conductivity is measured. Only used in GC. Aerosol based detector NQAD . The column effluent is nebulized, the mobile phase ... phase applications. Flame photometric detector , FPD . Column eluate is burned in hydrogen ... and phosphorus. Atomic emission detector AED . ref Kantor, E. A. Vozhdaeva, M. Y. Tsypysheva, L. G. Kantor ... into plasma and the plasma spectrum is recorded. This detector allows for immediate determination of the elements present in the analyte. MS detector. The column effluent is continuously injected into Mass spectrometry mass spectrometer . This detector allows for immediate determination of the molecular ... about analyte. Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector , used only in GC. Evaporative light scattering detector ELD . ref http www.cyberlipid.org elsd elsd0001.htm Evaporative light scattering detector ref The column ... Commercial UV detectors.html UV detectors ref Thermal conductivity detector , TCD . Measures ... detector . Irradiates the effluent with a light of set wavelength and measure the fluorescence of the effluent at a single or multiple wavelength. Used only in LC Electron Capture Detector , ECD . The most sensitive detector known. Allows for the detection of organic molecules containing halogen .... Used only in LC when conductive eluents water or alcohols are used. Photoionization detector , PID ... index detector RI or RID . Continuously measures the refractive index of the effluent. Used ... concentrations. Radio flow detector. Measures radioactivity of the effluent. This detector can .... Chiral detector. Continuously measures the Optical activity optical angle of rotation of the elutant ... Chromatography Category Detectors technology stub de Flammenphotometrischer Detektor nl Detector chromatografie ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 otheruses Clover disambiguation A clover detector is a gamma spectroscopy gamma ray detector used in many physics laboratories. It consists of 4 coaxial N type semiconductor N type high purity germanium Ge crystals each machined to shape and mounted in a common cryostat to form a structure resembling a four leaf clover . A gamma ray may interact with a single Ge crystal and deposit its full energy. The resulting charge collected will then be proportional to this energy. However, through the process of Compton scattering , a gamma ray may interact with two or possibly more crystals resulting in the energy and thus the liberated charge being shared by the crystals. In this case, a process known as add back, where the charge collected by each of the crystals is summed, can be used to determine the energy of the incident gamma ray. There are a number of advantages offered by using clover detectors as opposed to the more conventional single crystal detectors. Large volume high purity single crystals of Ge can be expensive. By mounting four smaller crystals in a common cryostat a detector of a given volume can be created at a reduced cost. In addition, the individual smaller Ge crystals present a smaller solid angle than a large volume Ge detector thus significantly reducing the effects of Doppler broadening on the resulting spectra. A clover detector can also be used to determine the electric or magnetic nature of the incident photons ref Cite journal last Jones first P.M. journal Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. A title Calibration of the new composite clover detector as a Compton polarimeter for the EUROGAM array month August year 1985 volume 362 issue 2 3 pages 556 doi 10.1016 0168 9002 95 00246 4 bibcode 1995NIMPA.362..556J ref e.g. if the gamma ray is an electric ... is different. See also Germanium detector External links http www.phy.ornl.gov hribf equipment clarion CLover Array for Radioactive ION beams http www.canberra.com products 1112.asp Ge Clover ... more details
wiktionary detector A detector is a device capable of registering a specific substance or physical phenomenon. Detector may also refer to Detector radio , a device that recovers information from a modulated wave Detector film Detector film , a 2000 Norwegian film USS Detector USS Detector , two United States Navy ships USS Detector AMc 75 , was a coastal minesweeper launched 29 May 1941 USS Detector AM 429 , was a minesweeper launched 5 December 1952 disambiguation cs Detektor de Detektor ru uk ... more details
Kamiokande Antarctic Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA Cryogenic Dark Matter Search CMDS References ... accelerators are huge, both in size and in cost. The term counter is often used instead of detector , when the detector counts the particles but does not resolve its energy or ionization. Particle ... are also massless particles, the term particle detector is still correct ref cite journal journal ... gaseous ionization detector s and semiconductor detector s are most typical and scintillation detector ... Geiger M ller tube Spark chamber Solid state detectors semiconductor detector s and variants including Charge coupled device CCD s solid state Solid state nuclear track detector track detector s Cherenkov detector RICH Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Scintillation counter and associated Photomultiplier or Photodiode Avalanche photodiode Lucas cell Time of flight detector Semiconductor detector Silicon Vertex Detector Transition radiation detector Calorimeter particle physics Calorimeters microchannel plate Microchannel plate detector s Neutron detection Neutron detector s Modern detectors main Hermetic detector Modern detectors in particle physics combine several of the above elements in layers ... fermidet.html CDF http www d0.fnal.gov D0 At DESY for Hera particle accelerator HERA H1 particle detector H1 HERA B HERMES experiment HERMES Zeus particle detector ZEUS At Brookhaven National Laboratory ... Cornell for Cornell Electron Storage Ring CESR CLEO particle detector CLEO CUSB At Budker Institute ... of ionizing particles http rd11.web.cern.ch RD11 rkb titleD.html The Particle Detector BriefBook ... z en de Teilchendetektor es Detector de part culas fa fr D tecteur de particules ... more details
USS Detector is a name used more than once by the U.S. Navy USS Detector AMc 75 , was a coastal minesweeper launched 29 May 1941. USS Detector AM 429 , was a minesweeper launched 5 December 1952. Shipindex DEFAULTSORT Detector Category United States Navy ship names pl USS Detector ... more details
Image Vlamdetectie spectrum.jpg thumb right 350px Flame detector type regions There are several types of flame detector. The optical flame detector is a detector that uses optical sensor s to detect flame s. There are also ionisation flame detectors, which use current flow in the flame to detect flame presence, and thermocouple flame detectors. Optical Types Ultraviolet Ultraviolet UV detectors work with wavelength s shorter than 300 nanometre nm . These detectors detect fires and explosions within 3 4 milliseconds due to the UV radiation emitted at the instant of their ignition. False alarms can be triggered by UV sources such as lightning , arc welding , radiation , and sunlight . In order to reduce false alarm a time delay of 2 3 seconds is often included in the UV Flame detector design. Near IR Array Near Infrared IR array flame detectors, also known as visual flame detectors employ flame recognition technology to confirm fire by analyzing near IR radiation via the pixel array of a charge coupled device CCD . Infrared Infrared IR flame detectors work within the infrared spectral band. Hot gases emit a specific spectral pattern in the infrared region, which can be sensed with a thermal imaging camera TIC a type of thermographic camera . False alarms can be caused by other hot surfaces and background thermal radiation in the area as well as blinding from water and solar energy. A typical frequency where single frequency IR flame detector is sensitive is in the 4.4 micrometre range. Typical response time is 3 5 seconds. UV IR UV and IR flame detectors compare the threshold ... the detector to distinguish between non flame IR sources, and flames that emit hot CO sub ... become somewhat less sensitive, and more immune to false alarms. Triple IR, like other IR detector types, is susceptible to blinding by a layer of water on the detector s window. Visible sensors ... systems See also Flame Flame detection Active fire protection Flame ionization detector Gas leak ... more details
when neutrinos interact with the ice. ... Amanda 2 Antarctic Muon and Neutrino DetectorArray ... Muon And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA operated from 1996 to 2004. This detector used photomultiplier ... array of detector modules containing one photomultiplier tube each. This method allows detection ... of being upgraded to the IceCube observatory, eventually increasing the volume of the detectorarray ... And Neutrino DetectorArray AMANDA 1996 2009, superseded by IceCube IceCube 2004 on ref name twsP14 ..., Canada. A neutrino detector is a physics apparatus designed to study neutrino s. Because neutrinos ... built underground to isolate the detector from cosmic ray s and other background radiation. ref name ... a liquid pseudocumene scintillator also watched by phototube s while the proposed NO A detector will use ... W boson weak interaction s. In a neutral current interaction, the neutrino leaves the detector after ... muons, and a few can create taus. A detector which can distinguish among these leptons can reveal the flavor ... detector used similar techniques to study antineutrino oscillations from 53 Japanese nuclear power plants. A smaller, but more pure Borexino detector was able to measure the Beryllium neutrinos from ... are counted based on their electron capture radioactive decays. A chlorine detector in the former ... of the deficit of electron neutrinos from the sun see Solar neutrino problem . A similar detector ... of light in the detector medium though slower than the speed of light in a vacuum . This generates an optical .... The result is a characteristic ring like pattern of activity on the array of photomultiplier tubes ... neutrino. Two water filled detectors of this type Kamiokande and Irvine Michigan Brookhaven detector ... the production of solar neutrinos. The largest such detector is the water filled Super Kamiokande . This detector uses 50,000 tons of pure water surrounded by 11,000 photomultiplier tubes buried 1 ... accessdate 2011 06 16 ref In addition to the neutrino interactions available in a regular water detector ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Image BatDetector.jpg thumb A Bat detector Image Batbox Griffin Time Expansion Bat Detector.png thumb All Digital Bat detector with Heterodyne, Frequency Division and Time ... bat detector 68kb. This is a typical echolocation call with feeding buzzes when it attempts to capture an insect. format Ogg A bat detector is a device used to detect the presence of bat s by converting ... bat detector types other types of detector which record bat calls so that they can be analysed afterwards ... by a constant frequency call as heard on a heterodyne bat detector 190 Kb format Ogg The FM call ... effect as the bat flies past. A heterodyne bat detector exaggerates the Doppler effect. As the bat making the CF calls flies toward the detector, the pitch falls. Several species of bat use a composite ..., giving a hockey stick shape to the graph. This makes the call sound different on a bat detector Listen ... call recorded on a heterodyne bat detector set to near the end frequency 190 Kb format Ogg This gives ... can vary widely. There are three types of real time audio bat detector in common use the heterodyne ... detector types Heterodyne Heterodyne detectors are the most commonly used, and most self build detectors are of this type. A heterodyne function is often also built into the other types of detector. A heterodyne bat detector simply shifts all the ultrasound frequencies downwards by a fixed amount so ... are sounded together. A heterodyne bat detector combines the bat call with a constant internal frequency ... quality version of a heterodyne, or direct conversion, bat detector is the super heterodyne detector ... entirely digitally. The tuning issue can be addressed by using a scanning circuit to enable the detector to scan the spectrum automatically and stop scanning when a bat call is heard. One example of such a detector is the http home.earthlink.net bat detector Scanner BatScanner.html Bat Scanner . It is also possible to use a comb spectrum generator as the local oscillator so that the detector is effectively ... more details
Refimprove date August 2007 A radar detectordetector RDD is a device used in areas where radar detector s are declared illegal. Radar detector s are built around a superheterodyne receiver , which has a local oscillator that radiates slightly. It is therefore possible to build a radar detectordetector, which detects such emissions usually the frequency of the radar type being detected, plus about 10 MHz for the intermediate frequency . Some radar gun s are equipped with such a device. History VG 2 Interceptor was lastly the first device developed for this purpose, although more current technology such as the Spectre III Stalcar in Australia is now available. ref http radar.757.org VG2.htm Radar DetectorDetector RDD ref This form of electronic warfare cuts both ways and since detector detectors use a similar superheterodyne receiver, many early stealth radar detectors were equipped with a radar detectordetectordetector circuit, which shuts down the main radar receiver when the detectordetector s signal is sensed, thus preventing detection by such equipment. This technique borrows from ELINT surveillance countermeasures. In the early 1990s, BEL Tronics, Inc. of Ontario, Canada where radar detector use is prohibited found that the local oscillator frequency of the detector could be altered to be out of the range of the VG 2 Interceptor. This resulted in a wave of detector manufacturers changing their local oscillator frequency. Today, practically every radar detector on the market is immune to the VG 2 Interceptor Citation needed date February 2007 . The Spectre III detected almost every radar detector certified for operation in the United States by the Federal Communications ... improved range and reliability over the Spectre III. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Radar DetectorDetector Category Traffic law Category Radar Category Electronic warfare ca Detector de detector de radar es Detector de detector de radar ... more details
A pulse induction metal detector with an array of coils At the same time, developers were looking ... soldier uses a metal detector to search for weapons and ammunition in Iraq A metal detector is a device which responds to metal that may not be readily apparent. The simplest form of a metal detector ... the detector. ref name Grosvenor and Wesson, p. 107 Grosvenor and Wesson 1997, p. 107. ref Modern developments The modern development of the metal detector began in the 1920s. Gerhard Fisher ... frequency. In 1925 he applied for, and was granted, the first patent for a metal detector. Although Gerhard Fisher was the first person granted a patent for a metal detector, the first to apply ... Metal Detector was filed in February 1924, but not patented until July 1928. Herr assisted Italian ... Polish mine detector . ref Cite book title The Polish Contribution to The Ultimate Allied ... the design of the detector, the knowledge that Kosacki created the first practical metal detector ... by building a machine called the Oremaster Geiger Counter. Another leader in detector technology ... and development of the transistor in the 1950s and 1960s, metal detector manufacturers and designers ... of the induction balance detector would ultimately result in the motion detector, which constantly ... as treasure to the Portable Antiquities Scheme or the UK Detector Finds Database is encouraged. Scotland ... artifact found, whether by metal detector survey or from an archaeological excavation, must be reported ... using a metal detector There are six major types of hobbyist activities involving metal detectors ... of aircraft hijacking s led the United States in 1972 to adopt metal detector technology to screen ... 2010 , still housed in a large cylindrical pipe, to make a commercial walk through security detector .... This needs to be done for safety reasons. The industrial metal detector was developed by Bruce ... of the first industrial metal detector. Mars Incorporated was one of the first customers of Goring ... more details
Leak detector may refer to Leak noise correlator Helium mass spectrometer Water detector Gas detector disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Infobox laboratory equipment name Daly detector image Daly Detector.jpg alt See Wikipedia Alternative text for images caption Schematic of a Daly detector acronym other names uses inventor Norman Richard Daly manufacturer model related Microchannel plate detector br Electron multiplier A Daly detector is a gas phase ion detector that consists of a metal doorknob , a scintillator phosphor screen and a photomultiplier . ref N. R. Daly, http link.aip.org link ?RSINAK 31 264 1 Scintillation Type Mass Spectrometer ion Detector . Rev. Sci. Instr. 3 , 31 , 264 267 1960 . ref It was named after its inventor Norman Richard Daly. Daly detectors are typically used in mass spectrometer s. How it works Ions that hit the doorknob release secondary electrons. A high voltage ca. 20,000 V between the doorknob and the scintillator accelerates the electrons onto the phosphor screen where they are converted to photons. These photons are detected by the photomultiplier . The advantage of the Daly detector is that the photomultiplier can be separated by a window, which lets the photons through from the high vacuum of the mass spectrometer, which an otherwise possible contamination prevented and which extends detector life span. The Daly detector also allows for a higher acceleration after the field free region of a time of flight mass spectrometer flight tube, which can improve the sensitivity for high mass ions. References reflist Mass spectrometry Category Mass spectrometry Category Measuring instruments Category Photochemistry Category Particle detectors Category Phosphors and scintillators de Daly Detektor it Rivelatore Daly zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A product detector is a type of demodulator used for amplitude modulation AM and Single sideband modulation SSB signals. Rather than converting the envelope of the signal into the decoded waveform like an envelope detector , the product detector takes the product of the modulated signal and a local oscillator , hence the name. A product detector is a frequency mixer . Product detectors can be designed to accept either Intermediate frequency IF or Radio frequency RF frequency inputs. A product detector which accepts an IF signal would be used as a demodulator block in a superheterodyne receiver , and a detector designed for RF can be combined with an RF amplifier and a low pass filter into a Direct conversion receiver direct conversion receiver . A simple product detector The simplest form of product detector mixes or hetrodynes the RF or IF signal with a locally derived carrier the Beat Frequency Oscillator, or BFO to produce an audio frequency copy of the original audio signal and a mixer product at twice the original RF or IF frequency. This high frequency component can then be filtered out, leaving the original audio frequency signal. Mathematical model of the simple product detector If m t is the original message, the AM signal can be shown to be math ... will be recovered. Drawbacks of the simple product detector Although this simple detector works ... out, leaving the original signal. Mathematical model of the detector If m t is the original ... sophisticated product detector A more sophisticated product detector can be constructed in a way ... The product demodulator has several advantages over an envelope detector. The product ... to regular AM A signal demodulated with a product detector will have a higher signal to noise ratio than the same signal demodulated with an envelope detector. The only real disadvantage of a product demodulator is the increased complexity. DEFAULTSORT Product Detector Category Communication ... more details
. This type of heat detector can operate at a lower temperature fire condition than would be possible .... Detector responds when first s temperature increases relative to the other. Rate of rise detectors ... temperature element reaches the design threshold. Heat detector selection Heat detectors commonly ... to replace smoke detectors in the bedrooms or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector ... type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type of heat detector should always be used instead of another. If you were to place a rate of rise heat detector above a large ... heat transient. In this circumstance the fixed threshold detector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector then a fast flaming ... detector may be preferred. See also Fire alarm Flame detector Aspirated smoke detector Smoke detector Carbon monoxide detector Passive infrared sensor Manual call point or Break glass alarm Fire sprinkler ... Detector Category Active fire protection Category Safety equipment Category Fire detection and alarm ... more details
. The detectorarray is then hybridized or bonded to the ROIC, typically using indium bump bonding, and the resulting ...A staring array , staring plane array , Focal Plane Arrays focal plane array FPA , or focal plane is an image sensing device consisting of an array typically rectangular of light sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens. FPAs are used most commonly for imaging purposes e.g. taking pictures or video imagery , but can also be used for non imaging purposes such as spectrometry , LIDAR , and wave front sensing . In radio astronomy the term FPA refers to an array at the focus of a radio telescope see full article on Focal Plane Arrays . At optical and infrared wavelengths it can refer to a variety of imaging device types, but in common usage it refers to two dimensional devices that are sensitive in the infrared spectrum. Devices sensitive in other spectra are usually referred to by other terms, such as CCD charge coupled device and CMOS image sensor in the visible spectrum. FPAs operate by detecting photons at particular wavelengths and then generating an electrical charge, voltage, or resistance in relation to the number of photons detected at each pixel. This charge, voltage, or resistance is then measured, digitized, and used to construct an image of the object, scene, or phenomenon that emitted the photons. Applications for infrared FPAs include guided missile missile or related weapons guidance sensors, infrared astronomy, manufacturing inspection, thermal imaging for firefighting ... array Staring arrays are distinct from scanning array and TDI time domain integration imagers ... fashion to a scanning array except that it images perpendicularly to the motion of the camera. A staring array is analogous to the film in a typical camera it directly captures a 2 D image projected by the lens at the image plane. A scanning array is analogous to piecing together a 2D image with photos ... materials commonly used in IR detector arrays include mercury cadmium telluride HgCdTe , MerCad , or MerCadTel ... more details
The electrolytic detector , or the bare point electrolytic detector as it was also called, was a type of wet demodulator used in early radio receiver s. This form of detector radio detector was in extensive use between the years 1902 and 1913, after which the superior vacuum tube diode became available. It was considered very sensitive and reliable compared to other detectors available at the time such as the magnetic detector and the coherer . ref cite web url http www.ieee.ca millennium radio radio differences.html title Receiver Technology last Belrose first John S. date 5 7 September 1995 work International Conference on 100 Years of Radio publisher IEEE accessdate 28 July 2010 ref History While working to develop voice transmission, Reginald Fessenden realised that the radio detectors available would not be suitable for his purpose. Although they worked well for receiving the on off keying on off signals of spark gap transmitter s, the coherer and related types of detectors were not, in today s terms, fast enough for receiving audio frequency audio signals . In 1902 Fessenden developed what he called a barretter detector that would work to receive amplitude modulation AM signals ... nearby, and could be used as new type of detector. This story was disputed at the time, with credit ... Image Electroldetc.jpg thumb 333px right The Bare Point Electrolytic Detector The action of this detector ... use a series circuit is made of the detector, headphone s, and a Battery electricity battery with a potentiometer ... the noise just ceases, at which point the detector is in its most sensitive state. It was found that strong ... be bias rebiased after each strong burst of static interference. Sealed point detector Another form of electrolytic detector, the sealed point electrolytic detector , which could stand considerable rough usage, was commercially known as the Radioson Detector it had the cell sealed in a glass envelope. The operation was the same as in the bare point electrolytic detector, the advantage being that the acid ... more details
Refimprove auto yes date December 2009 A photoionization detector or PID is a type of gas detector . Typical photoionization detectors measure volatile organic compound s and other gases in concentrations from sub Parts per notation parts per billion to 10 000 Parts per notation parts per million ppm . The photoionizaton detector is an efficient and inexpensive detector for many gas and vapor analytes. A PID may produce instantaneous readings and operate continuously. These hand held, battery operated detectors are widely used in military, industrial, and confined working facilities for safety. PIDs are used as monitoring solutions for Lower explosive limit measurements Ammonia detection Hazardous material s handling Arson investigation Industrial hygiene and safety Indoor air quality Environmental ... The first application of photoionization detection was as a gas chromatography GC GC ion detector ion detector ref Driscoll, J.N., and J.B. Clarici Ein neuer Photoionisationsdetektor f r die Gas Chromatographie. Chromatographia, 9 567 570 1976 . ref . In a photoionization detector high energy ... is the signal information theory signal output of the counter detector . The greater the concentration ... the detector to reform their original molecules, however only a small portion of the airborne analytes .... Application As a stand alone detector PIDs are broad band detectors and are not selective, as these may ... similar to or lower than the energy of the photons produced by the PID lamp used in the detector ..., but hexane vapor is measured instead, the lower relative detector response higher ... before other detectors in multiple detector configurations. The signal produced by a PID may be quenched ..., Norman, L.A., and R.B. Gammage Decreased sensitivity of photoionization detector total organic ... DEFAULTSORT Photoionization Detector Category Measuring instruments Category Gas chromatography de Photoionisationsdetektor es Detector de fotoionizaci n fr D tecteur par photoionisation it Rivelatore ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A Cherenkov erenkov detector is a particle detector using the mass dependent threshold energy of Cherenkov radiation . This allows a discrimination between a lighter particle which does radiate and a heavier particle which does not radiate . It is a more advanced form of scintillation counter . A particle passing through a material at a velocity greater than that at which light can travel through the material emits light. This is similar to the production of a sonic boom when an airplane is traveling through the air faster than sound waves can move through the air. This light is emitted in a cone about the direction in which the particle is moving. The angle of the cone, math theta c math , is a direct measure of the particle s velocity through the formula math cos theta c frac c nv math , where math c math is the speed of light , and math n math is the refractive index of the medium. Alternatively, if the momentum of the particle is known from magnetic bending the Cherenkov s information on the particle s velocity enables the mass to be deduced so that the particle can be identified. See also Ring imaging Cherenkov detector Super Kamiokande Cherenkov radiation DEFAULTSORT Cherenkov Detector Category Particle detectors Category Russian inventions Category Soviet inventions Particle stub ar cs erenkov v detektor es Detector Cherenkov fr D tecteur Tcherenkov ru ... more details
An infrared detector is a detector that reacts to infrared IR radiation . The two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic photodetector s . The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many temperature dependent phenomena. Bolometer s and microbolometer s are based on changes in resistance. Thermocouple s and thermopile s use the thermoelectric effect . Golay cells follow thermal expansion. In IR spectrometer s the pyroelectric detector s are the most widespread. The response time and sensitivity of photonic detectors can be much higher, but usually these have to be cooled to cut thermal noise . The materials in these are semiconductors with narrow band gaps. Incident IR photons can cause electronic excitations. In photoconductive detectors, the resistivity of the detector element is monitored. Photovoltaic detectors contain a p n junction on which photoelectric current appears upon illumination. A few detector materials Types type Spectral range m Wavenumber cm 1 Indium gallium arsenide InGaAs photodiode 0.7 2.6 14300 3800 Germanium photodiode 0.8 1.7 12500 5900 Lead sulfide PbS photoconductive 1 3.2 10000 3100 Lead selenide PbSe photoconductive 1.5 5.2 6700 1900 Indium antimonide InSb photoconductive 1 6.7 10000 1500 Indium arsenide InAs photovoltaic 1 3.8 10000 2600 Platinum silicide PtSi photovoltaic 1 5 10000 2000 Indium antimonide InSb photodiode 1 5.5 10000 1800 Mercury cadmium telluride MCT, HgCdTe photoconductive 0.8 25 12500 400 Mercury zinc telluride MZT, HgZnTe photoconductive Lithium tantalate LiTaO sub 3 sub pyroelectric triglycine sulfate TGS and DTGS pyroelectric The range of pyroelectric detector is determined by the window materials used in their construction. Vanadium pentoxide is frequently used as a detector material in uncooled microbolometer arrays. External links http sales.hamamatsu.com assets applications SSD Characteristics and use of infrared detectors.pdf Characteristics and Use of Infrared Detectors ... more details
merge from Phase detector characteristic discuss Talk Phase detector Merge phase detector characteristic ... NAND gate produces a time frequency detector. The delay line avoids a dead band. On the right is a charge pump with a filter at its output. A phase detector or phase comparator is a frequency mixer ... ISBN 0 521 37095 7 pg. 644 ref A Type I detector is designed to be driven by analog signals or square wave digital signals and produces an output pulse at the difference frequency. The Type I detector ... controlled oscillator VCO . A type II detector is sensitive only to the relative timing of the edges ... voltage of the VCO. Analog phase detector The phase detector needs to compute the phase difference .... The actual input signals to the phase detector, however, are not and , but rather sinusoids such as sin ... detector can be made by summing the outputs of two multipliers. The quadrature signals may be formed ... common phase detector uses a single multiplier and a different trigonometric identity math sin ... detector output is described with phase detector characteristic A mixer based detector e.g., a Schottky ... sensitivity. since it does not create finite pulse widths at the phase detector output. ref ... are normalized. Digital phase detector Image Pass PFD.png thumb right 500px An Example CMOS Digital Phase Frequency Detector Transistor Variety . Inputs are R and V while the outputs UP and DN feed to a charge pump. A phase detector suitable for square wave signals can be made from an XOR exclusive ..., and vice versa the XOR gate s output remains high throughout each cycle. The XOR detector compares ... consisting of Flip flop electronics flip flops see figure . When a phase detector that s based on logic ... small phase differences between the two signals being compared. This is because a digital phase detector has a nearly infinite pull in range in comparison to an XOR detector. Phase frequency detector A Phase Frequency Detector phase frequency detector is an asynchronous sequential logic circuit originally ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In particle physics , a hermetic detector also called a 4 detector is a particle detector designed to observe all possible decay products of an interaction between subatomic particle s in a collider by covering as large an area around the interaction point as possible and incorporating multiple types of sub detectors. They are typically roughly cyllindrical, with different types of detectors wrapped around each other each detector type specializes in particular particles so that almost any particle will be detected and identified. Such detectors are called wiktionary hermetic hermetic because they are constructed so as the motion of particles are ceased at the Hermes Hermai Herms boundaries of the chamber without any moving beyond due to the Hermetic seal seals ref R. Sube 2001 http books.google.co.uk books?id vai7wiq5HIYC&pg PA601&lpg PA601&dq Hermetic particle detector&source bl&ots Iu789KiV3&sig agFx7CGPhB4clQrkE2dmzVzrVEs&hl en&sa X&ei Vw44T fbFILG0QWH18iqAg ... the name 4 detector comes from the fact that such detectors are designed to cover nearly all of the 4 steradian s of solid angle around the interaction point. The first such detector was the Mark I detector Mark I at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center , and the basic design has been used for all ... 300 px A schematic of the basic components of a hermetic detector I.P. refers to the region containing ... design. There are three main components of a hermetic detector. From the inside out, the first ... nuclear force . A hadronic detector is required in particular to detect heavy neutral particle s. Muon ... unique combinations of signals left in each detector sub system, allowing different particles to be identified ... without leaving a track. See also ATLAS experiment , for a detailed description of such a detector. Compact Muon Solenoid , for a well illustrated description of another such detector. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Hermetic Detector Category Particle detectors ... more details
Modulation techniques A detector is a device that recovers information of interest contained in a modulated ... , but detector has a history of many decades of use, even if it is a misnomer. File Tapping coherer.jpg thumb right A coherer detector, useful only for Morse code signals. Amplitude modulation detectors Envelope detector File C Simple envelope detector.gif thumb right A simple envelope detector One major technique is known as envelope detection. The simplest form of envelope detector is the diode detector that consists of a diode connected between the input and output of the circuit, with a resistor ... signal. An early form of envelope detector was the cat s whisker detector cat s whisker , which was used in the crystal set radio receiver. Product detector A product detector is a type ... than converting the envelope of the signal into the decoded waveform like an envelope detector, the product detector takes the product of the modulated signal and a local oscillator , hence the name. At least ... curve gives the amplified signal a corresponding local amplitude variation, to which the AM detector ... dedicated FM detectors that are normally used. Phase detector A phase detector is a nonlinear device ... volume 25 number 3 pages 289&ndash 313 date March 1937 doi , part 1. ref is a widely used FM detector. The detector consists of a special center tapped transformer feeding two diodes in a full wave DC ... voltage proportional to the frequency deviation. Ratio detector File Ratio detector.png thumb right A ratio detector using solid state diodes The ratio detector ref Citation inventor first Stuart William inventor last Seeley inventorlink Stuart William Seeley title Angle Modulation Detector issue ... first2 Jack last2 Avins title The ratio detector journal RCA Review volume 8 number 2 pages 201 ... eliminates AM noise in the ratio detector output. While distinct from the Foster Seeley discriminator, the ratio detector will similarly not respond to Amplitude modulation AM signals , however the output ... more details
measure the envelope anyway for received signal strength indication . Diode detector The simplest form of envelope detector is the diode detector which is shown above. A diode detector is simply a diode .... A simple filter can then be applied to filter out the DC component. Precision detector An envelope detector can also be constructed to use a precision rectifier feeding into a low pass filter . Drawbacks The envelope detector has several drawbacks The input to the detector must be band pass filter ed around the desired signal, or else the detector will simultaneously demodulate several signals ... susceptible to noise than a product detector If the signal is overmodulation overmodulated ... for the simplicity and low cost of using an envelope detector. Demodulation of signals An envelope detector can be used to demodulate a previously modulated signal by removing all high frequency ... signal is equivalent to the baseband signal. Audio An envelope detector is sometimes referred ... SSOL RADAR prjpln99 detector3.html Envelope detector http www.ele.uri.edu Courses ... Category Communication circuits Category Detectors ca Detector d envolupant cs Detektor ob lky de H llkurvendemodulator es Detector de envolvente ja ... more details
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