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Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors
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Encyclopedia results for Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors

Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors





Encyclopedia results for Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors

  1. Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors

    Image ALEXIS.gif thumb 256px center ALEXIS center The Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ALEXIS X ray astronomy X ray telescope s feature curved mirrors whose multilayer coatings reflect and focus low energy X ray s or extreme ultraviolet light the way optical telescope s focus visible light. The satellite and payloads were funded by the United States Department of Energy and built by Los Alamos National Laboratory in collaboration with Sandia National Laboratories and the University of California Space Sciences Lab. The satellite bus was built by AeroAstro, Inc. of Herndon, VA. The Launch was provided by the United States Air Force Space Test Program on a Pegasus rocket Pegasus Booster on April 25, 1993. ref cite news title ALEXIS satellite marks fifth anniversary of launch url http www.fas.org spp military program masint 98 062.html accessdate 17 August 2011 newspaper Los Alamos National Laboratory date 23 April 1998 ref The mission is entirely controlled from a small groundstation at LANL. Features ALEXIS scans half the sky with its three paired sets of EUV telescopes, although it cannot locate any events with high resolution. Ground based optical astronomers can look for visual counterparts to the EUV transients seen by ALEXIS by comparing observations made at two different times. Large telescopes, with their small fields of view, cannot quickly scan a large enough piece ... Artificial satellites orbiting Earth Category Space telescopes Category X ray telescopes de Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors es Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors gl Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ... aberration limiting resolution to about 0.25 s. Analysis of the pre flight x ray throughput ... X ray band, and Provide synoptic monitoring of variable ultrasoft X ray sources such as cataclysmic ... telescope s mirror is the primary determinant of the telescope s photon energy response function ...   more details



  1. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

    , L et al. ref Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDS or EDX is an analytical technique used ... energy beam of charged particles such as electron s or proton s see Particle Induced X ray Emission ... energy shell may be released in the form of an X ray. The number and energy of the X rays emitted from a specimen can be measured by an energy dispersive spectrometer. As the energy of the X rays .... cn date May 2011 X ray measurement The equipment measures the energy and number of emitted ... electron microscope s STEM . X ray beam excitation is used in X ray fluorescence XRF spectrometers. A detector is used to convert X ray energy into voltage signals this information is sent to a pulse ... do more than emit an X ray. Often, instead of X ray emission, the excess energy is transferred to a third ... in any direction, and so they may not all escape the sample. The likelihood of an X ray escaping the specimen, and thus being available to detect and measure, depends on the energy of the X ray and the amount ... with X ray microanalysis and EDX contents DEFAULTSORT Energy Dispersive X Ray Spectroscopy Category ... of a sample. It relies on the investigation of an interaction of some source of X ray excitation ... that each element has a unique atom atomic structure allowing unique set of peaks on its X ray ..., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X ray Microanalysis, 3rd Ed., Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers ... beam or x ray beam the X ray detector the pulse processor the analyzer. cn date May 2011 Electron beam ... date May 2011 X ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS is another close relative of EDS, utilizing ejected ... with its spectroscopic counterpart, WDS wavelength dispersive X ray spectroscopy . WDS differs ... Si Li detectors at high count rates, Lower dead time time spent on processing X ray event , Faster analytical capabilities and more precise X ray maps or particle data collected in seconds, Ability ..., and a thermistor . The former absorbs X rays emitted from the sample and converts this energy ...   more details



  1. A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey

    File Abrixas.gif thumb upright A Broadband Imaging X ray All sky Survey. A Broadband Imaging X ray All sky Survey , or ABRIXAS was a satellite space based Germany German X ray telescope . It was launched on 28 April 1999 in a Cosmos launch vehicle from Kapustin Yar , Russia , into Earth orbit . The orbit had a periapsis of convert 549.0 km mi , an apoapsis of convert 598.0 km mi , an inclination of 48.0 and an Orbital eccentricity eccentricity of 0.00352, giving it a period of 96 minutes. ref name abrixas2 cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftDisplay.do?id 1999 022A title NASA NSSDC Spacecraft Details ABRIXAS publisher NASA accessdate 2008 02 27 ref ref name abrixas trajectory cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc spacecraftOrbit.do?id 1999 022A title NASA NSSD Spacecraft Trajectory Details ABRIXAS publisher NASA accessdate 2008 02 27 ref The telescope s battery was accidentally overcharged and destroyed three days after the mission started. When attempts to communicate with the satellite when its solar panels were illuminated by sunlight failed, the 20 million project was abandoned. ref name abrixas end cite web url http www.astronautix.com craft abrixas.htm title ABRIXAS publisher Astronautix.com accessdate 2008 02 28 ref References Reflist 1 Space observatories Orbital launches in 1999 DEFAULTSORT Broadband Imaging X Ray All Sky Survey Category Gamma ray telescopes Category Space telescopes Category 1999 in spaceflight Category Germany in space Germany spacecraft stub de ABRIXAS es ABRIXAS gl ABRIXAS ja ABRIXAS pl ABRIXAS ...   more details



  1. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

    Dual Energy X ray Absorptiometry Bone Mineral Densitometry accessdate 20 April 2012 ref is a means of measuring bone mineral density BMD . Two X ray beams with differing energy level s are aimed at the patient ... be determined from the absorption of each beam by bone. Dual energy X ray absorptiometry is the most ... gerona 59.8.B796 title Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry Measured Lean Soft Tissue Mass Differing ... explained Operations and other procedures on the musculoskeletal system Medical imaging DEFAULTSORT Dual Energy X Ray Absorptiometry Category Radiology Category Measuring instruments it Mineralometria ... that DXA results are susceptible. DXA uses X rays to assess bone mineral density. However, the radiation dose is approximately 1 10 that of a standard chest X ray. ref http www.radiologyinfo.org en ... like other radiation based imaging techniques because of its low dosage. Each state has ... 0975 8437 ref ref cite web publisher International Atomic Energy Agency url https rpop.iaea.org RPOP ... the LST and or body cell mass BCM that DXA actually measures. ref cite journal title Very low ... in low carbohydrate dieters as a result of hydration differences when compared to medium and high carbohydrate dieters and electrolyte supplementation, so that low hydration reduces LST mass, further ... by which DXA calculates BMD. In DXA, bone mineral content measured as the attenuation of the X ray by the bones being scanned is divided by the area also measured by the machine of the site being ... and is not yet used in clinical settings. Other imaging technologies such as Peripheral quantitative ... Picaud Furthermore, most of the pharmaceuticals given to adults with low bone mass can be given to children ...   more details



  1. X-ray

    filter , is usually placed over the window of the X ray tube, filtering out the low energy components ... of the produced X ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron, which is equal to the voltage ... applications, the low energy soft X rays are unwanted, since they are totally absorbed by the body ... Very hard X rays overlap with the range of long wavelength lower energy gamma ray s, however the distinction ... effect or even cooler liquid nitrogen , it is possible to directly determine the X ray energy spectrum this method is called energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDX or EDS it is often used in small ... amount of current when placed in an X ray beam. A test device once used by Medical Imaging Service ... imaging File Brain CT scan.jpg thumb Head X ray computed tomography CT scan transverse plane slice ... brain brain or muscle . X rays are also commonly used in dentistry, as X ray imaging ... energy of the X ray can be used to identify the composition of the sample. Industrial radiography ... other uses X ray disambiguation distinguish X wave File Electromagnetic Spectrum.png thumb X rays are part ... Ultraviolet UV rays and longer than gamma ray s. In many languages, X radiation is called R ntgen ... 0674833392. ref Correct spelling of X ray s in the English language includes the variants x ray s and X ray s . ref OED X ray ref XRAY is used as the NATO phonetic alphabet phonetic pronunciation for the letter ... of objects in Diagnosis medical diagnostic radiography and X ray crystallography crystallography . As a result, the term X ray is metonomy metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image ... radiation emitted by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted ... 1961 location USA page 2850 ref However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum X ray sources ... 2003 page 58 url http books.google.com ?id b519e10OPT0C&pg PA58&dq gamma x ray isbn 0124366031 ref .... For X rays it is equal to the Rad unit rad or 10 millijoules of energy deposited per kilogram. 1 ...   more details



  1. Low-energy electron microscopy

    produces a diffraction pattern low energy electron diffraction , LEED at the imaging plane and recorded ... screens, imaging plates, CCDs, among others. Specialized imaging techniques Low energy electron ...Low energy electron microscopy , or LEEM , is an analytical surface science technique invented by Ernst ... to low energies 1 100 eV near the sample surface because the sample is held at a potential near that of the gun. The low energy electrons are now termed surface sensitive and the near surface sampling depth can be varied by tuning the energy of the incident electrons difference between the sample and gun potentials minus the work functions of the sample and system . The low energy elastically backscattered ... studies over a wide temperature range. Image UIUC LEEM.jpg 700px thumb center A low energy ... side of the imaging optics, i.e. through the objective lens, because samples are not transparent to low energy electrons. In order to separate the incident and elastically scattered low energy electrons ... occurs when low energy 1 100 eV electrons impinge on a clean, well ordered crystalline specimen ... secondary electron emission is imaged. main Low energy electron diffraction After a parallel beam of low energy electrons interacts with a specimen, the electrons form a diffraction or LEED pattern ... x ray range. Such application allows scientist to retrieve topographical, elemental, chemical ... backscattering of low energy electrons from surfaces is strong the reflectivity coefficients ... 1998SRL.....5.1275B issue 6 cite journal last Bauer first Ernst title Low energy electron microscopy ... Tromp first R. M. title Low energy electron microscopy journal IBM J. Res. Develop. volume 44 pages ... interactions, and thin crystalline films. In LEEM, high energy electrons 15 20 keV are emitted ... travel away from the condenser optics and into the projector lenses. Imaging of the back focal ... in a typical LEED set up, however, in LEEM, there are complicated electron optics that allow for imaging ...   more details



  1. Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array

    Category Balloon borne experiments fr MAXIMA it Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array ... He 3 cooled the array down to operation temperature. The shielding, together with the properties of the feed ...   more details



  1. X-ray telescope

    Exosat The two low energy imaging telescopes onboard Exosat used Wolter telescope Wolter I X ray optics ... keV, and 0.95 keV. SIGMA telescope The hard X ray and low energy gamma ray Granat SIGMA SIGMA telescope ... the x ray mirror for the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array NuStar telescope pushed this up to 79 ... extrasolar x ray observatory journal J Brit Interplan Soc Space Chronicle . month Aug year 1983 volume 36 issue 8 pages 363 7 bibcode 1983JBIS...36..363H ref Hard X ray telescope On board OSO 7 was a hard X ray telescope. Its effective energy range 7 550 keV, field of view FOV 6.5 , effective area 64 ... included optical sensors mounted on the outside of the station together with the X ray detectors. The power ... et al., ApJ 230 ,540 1979 . It obtained high resolution X ray images in the energy range from 0.1 ...File IXOFlyby1Small.jpg thumb right center International X ray Observatory IXO concept center An X ray telescope XRT is a telescope that is designed to observe remote objects in the X ray spectrum. In order to get above the Earth s atmosphere, which is opaque to X rays, X ray telescopes must be mounted on high altitude rockets or artificial satellites. Optical design main X ray optics X ray telescopes can use a variety of different designs to image X rays. The most common methods used in X ray telescopes are Wolter telescope grazing incidence mirrors and coded aperture s. The limitations of X ray ... of X ray mirrors for extrasolar X ray astronomy simultaneously requires the ability to determine the location at the arrival of an X ray photon in two dimensions and a reasonable detection efficiency ... grazing angle incidence materials for X ray mirrors are gold and iridium . The critical reflection ... W Silicon Si or Platinum Pt Silicon Carbide SiC . ref name nustar1 Coded apertures Some X ray telescopes ..., which weighs much less than any kind of focusing X ray lens, but requires considerably more post ... content p461k5k336p11568 title A hard X ray sky survey with the SIGMA telescope of the GRANAT ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy satellites

    url http www.astronautix.com chrono 20072.htm ref A soft X ray solar imaging telescope is on board ... calorimeter in space failed on August 8, 2005 after launch on July 10, 2005, the X ray Imaging Spectrometer ... , ROSAT , the Einstein Observatory the first fully imaging X ray telescope , the Advanced Satellite ... Satellite ANS could measure X ray photons in the energy range 2 to 30 keV. Ariel 5 was dedicated to observing the sky in the X ray band. High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 HEAO 1 scanned the X ray sky over 0.2 keV 10 MeV. Hakucho was Japan s first X ray astronomy satellite. Array of low energy X ray imaging sensors The Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ALEXIS featured curved mirrors whose multilayer coatings reflect and focus low energy X rays or extreme ultraviolet light the way ... period of 18 hrs. It gathers multi wavelength imaging including X ray of the aurora astronomy aurora ..., and a suite of instrumentation, including a wide field imaging detector, a hard X ray imaging ... categories Category X ray astronomy Satellites for X ray astronomy Category Astronomical imaging Category ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy satellites study X ray emissions from celestial objects. Satellites, which can detect and transmit data about the X ray emissions are deployed as part of branch of space science known as X ray astronomy . Satellites ... on satellites are able to observe the full range of the Dispersion optics X ray spectrum . Unlike ... instance, the Vela satellite Vela 5B satellite, the X ray detector remained functional for over ten years. Active X ray observatory satellites Satellites in use today include the XMM Newton XMM Newton observatory low to mid energy X rays 0.1 15 keV and the INTEGRAL satellite high energy X rays 15 60 keV . Both were launched by the European Space Agency . NASA has launched the Rossi X ray Timing .... One of the instruments on Swift is the http www.swift.psu.edu xrt Swift X Ray Telescope ...   more details



  1. X-ray filter

    An X ray filter is a device to block or filter out some or all wavelengths in the X ray spectrum. X ray filters are used to block low energy X rays during medical x ray imaging. Low energy X rays are more likely to be absorbed by the patient s soft tissues. This causes non stochasic radioactive effects, and does not contribute to image quality. X ray filters are used in X ray crystallography , where crystalline lattice spacings can be determined using Bragg diffraction . The filters allow only a single X ray wavelength to penetrate through to a target crystal, allowing the resulting scattering to determine the diffraction distance. Various elemental effects Results Using a Mo X Ray generator Zirconium Absorbs Bremsstrahlung & K Beta . br Iron Absorbs the entire spectra. br Molybdenum Absorbs Bremsstrahlung Leaving K Beta & K Alpha . br Aluminium Pinches Bremsstrahlung & Removes 3rd Generation peaks. br Silver Same as Aluminium, But to greater extent. br Indium Same as Iron, But to lesser extent. br Copper Same as Aluminium, Leaving only 1st Generation Peaks. Bremmstrahlung pinching is due to the atomic mass. The denser the atom, the higher the X Ray Absorption. Only the higher energy X Rays pass through the filter, appearing as if the bremmstrahlung continuum had been pinched. In this case, Mo appears to leave K Alpha and K Beta alone while absorbing the Bremsstrahlung. This is due to Mo absorbing all of the spectra s energy, but in doing so produces the same characteristic peaks as generated by the target. See also X ray crystallography X rays Bragg diffraction br br Category X rays Filter physics stub ...   more details



  1. Low-energy electron diffraction

    Low energy electron diffraction LEED is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of crystalline materials by bombardment with a collimated beam of low energy electrons 20 200eV ref name ..., C. M. Chan title Low Energy Electron Diffraction publisher Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg ... fired low energy electrons at a crystalline nickel target and observed that the angular dependence ... consistent with the diffraction theory for X ray s developed by Bragg and Laue earlier. Before the acceptance ... as a tool in surface science Though discovered in 1927, Low Energy Electron Diffraction did not become ... single scattering theory, which had been successfully used to explain X ray diffraction experiments ... environment math 10 9 math mbar . Image Low energy electron diffraction.png thumbnail 600px Figure ... alignment of the crystal can be achieved with the help of x ray methods and should be within math 1 circ math of the desired angle ref name PendryLEED cite book author Pendry title Low Energy ... to block low energy electrons, it is called the suppressor or the gate . To make the retarding ... surface sensitivity of LEED is the fact that for low energy electrons the interaction between ... to be minimal 5 10 in the energy range of low energy electrons 20 200 eV . ref name Oura This effective ... is considered. Since the mean free path of low energy electrons in a crystal is only a few angstroms ... calculations The term dynamical stems from the studies of X ray diffraction and describes the situation ... of Low Energy Electron Diffraction journal Surface Science volume 8 issue 1 2 pages 14 ... title Tensor LEED I A Technuique for high speed surface structure determination by low energy electron ... roughness, terrace sizes or surface steps. ref name HenzlerSPALEED Spin Polarized Low Energy Electron Diffraction Inelastic Low Energy Electron Diffraction Very Low Energy Electron Diffraction See also List of surface analysis methods X ray diffraction RHEED References references Further ...   more details



  1. X-ray nanoprobe

    imaging can be sensitive to internal structure even when absorption is low and can be enhanced by tuning the X ray energy. Diffraction . By measuring X rays diffracted from the sample, one can ..., the primary X ray beam s energy is scanned across the absorption edge of an element, providing information ...The hard X ray nanoprobe at the Center for Nanoscale Materials CNM , Argonne National Lab advanced the state of the art by providing a hard X ray microscopy beamline with the highest spatial resolution in the world. It provides for fluorescence, diffraction, and transmission imaging with hard X rays .... Current hard X ray microprobes based on Fresnel zone plate optics have demonstrated a spatial resolution of 150  nm at a photon energy of 8 10 keV. With advances in the fabrication ... shift of the X ray beam by the sample can be measured. Absorption contrast can be used to map the sample ... 100 times higher than with standard electron diffraction . Fluorescence . Induced X ray fluorescence reveals the spatial distribution of individual elements in a sample. Because an X ray probe ... signals and imaging magnetic domain structure by using techniques such as linear and circular dichroism and magnetic diffraction. Tomography . In X ray tomography, one of these modes is combined ... the morphology of complex nanostructures. In summary, a hard X ray nanoprobe provides advantages ... advantages. Activities Hard X ray nanoprobe Large numerical aperture optics for hard X rays Time resolved, stroboscopic measurements Full field imaging In situ studies of nanomaterials growth ... microscopy phase contrast imaging Polarization dependent scattering General nanomaterials characterization with X rays, including small angle scattering SAXS DEFAULTSORT X Ray Nanoprobe Category ... samples. Polarization waves Polarization . Both linearly and circularly polarized X rays will be available ... charged particle probes is that X rays do not interact with applied electric or magnetic fields, which ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy detector

    altitude by balloon s, sounding rocket s, and satellite s. X ray astronomy is part of space science . X ray astronomy detectors have been designed and configured primarily for energy and occasionally ... by an incoming particle, such as an X ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit ... Energy X ray Experiment, which employed a Phoswich Detector phoswich of sodium iodide and caesium ... sources available, prior to the launch of X ray imaging telescopes. ref name Cominsky cite web author ... Crystal X ray Spectrometer, with energy range of 2 8 keV, FOV 3 . The Granat Granat ART S ART S X ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy detectors are instruments that detect X rays for use in the study of X ray astronomy . X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray emission from celestial objects. X radiation .... Detection and imaging of X rays File Saturn comp.jpg thumb 350px Chandra s image of Saturn left and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar ... , frequency 50 PHz 50 EHz and energy 0.12 120 keV . In terms of temperature, 1 eV 11,604 K. Thus X rays ... 5 page 1852 doi 10.1063 1.323938 title 0.1 10 keV X ray induced electron emissions from solids Models ... by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic nucleus nuclei ... continuous spectrum X ray sources such as linear accelerator s and longer wavelength gamma ray ... year 2005 page 109 isbn 3540253122 ref Although the more energetic X rays, photon s with an energy greater ... outer space all the way to the Earth s surface they would have been detected and medical X ray machines ... of air. To detect X rays from the sky, X ray detectors must be flown above most of the Earth s atmosphere ... voltage . All X ray proportional counters consist of a windowed gas cell. ref name PropCount cite ... the two chambers. ref name Hoff cite journal author Hoff HA title Exosat the new extrasolar X ray ...   more details



  1. X-ray generator

    to attract customers, rather than a fitting aid. Overview An X ray imaging system consists of an X ray source or generator X ray tube , an image detection system which can be either a film analog technology or a digital capture system, and a picture archiving and communication system PACS . X ray sources ... beam is converted to heat, but around 1 of the energy is converted into X ray photons ... tissue tomography x ray imaging in sections Radiotherapy the use of x ray radiation to treat malignant ... to an electrical field has been fashioned into an X ray device. An array of these emitters can ... a conventional X ray device. The carbon nanotube emitters also use less energy than conventional ...Refimprove date July 2008 Image X ray table.JPG thumb 250px A Radiology room table. The X ray housing is turned by 90 for a chest radiography on the wall bucky. An X ray generator is a device used to generate X rays. These devices are commonly used by radiographer s to acquire an x ray image of the inside ... microbiology sterilization or fluorescence . Mechanism The heart of an X ray generator is the X ray tube . Like any vacuum tube , the X ray tube contains a cathode , which directs a stream of electrons into a vacuum, and an anode , which collects the electrons. The anode in an X ray tube is made of tungsten ... is emitted as X ray s, with the remaining 99 released as heat. A cooling system is necessary to cool the anode many X ray generators use water or oil recirculating systems. ref name ntd http www.ndt ... formulated mathematical equations for X rays. Physicist Johann Hittorf observed tubes with energy rays ... X rays while experimenting with vacuum tubes. On January 18, 1896 an X ray machine was formally displayed by H.L. Smith . One of the first X ray photographs was made of the hand of R ntgen s wife. The image displayed both her wedding ring and bones. In the 1940s and 1950s, X ray machines were used ... of X ray radiation were properly considered, they finally fell out of use. Shoe fitting use of the device ...   more details



  1. History of X-ray astronomy

    Array, the High Energy X ray Timing Experiment HEXTE , and one instrument called the All Sky Monitor .... ref name nrspcr Herbert Friedman began X ray solar studies in 1949 and soon reported that the energy of the solar X ray spectrum ... is adequate to account for all of E layer ionization. Thus one ... PCA Proportional Counter Array on the current RXTE Rossi X ray Timing Explorer mission genuinely ... camera on Ariel 5 1974 1980 was the first X ray astronomy experiment to use imaging proportional counters ... the energy range 7 550 keV. OSO 7 performed an X ray All sky survey and discovered the 9 day periodicity ... with information from two visible star sensors which formed part of the experiment. Galactic X ray ... of the 1980s pioneered hard X ray imaging of solar flares. ref name Hudson cite web author ... spectra of the diffuse soft X ray background in the energy band from 0.15 to 0.28 keV 4.3 8.4 ... catalogue of X ray sources I. Sources at low galactic latitude absolute value of b 10 journal Mon Not R ... a number of X ray sources 1210 . From this the EXOSAT Medium Energy Slew Survey catalog was created ...File Saturn comp.jpg thumb 280px Chandra X ray Observatory Chandra s image of Saturn left and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar to that of X rays from the Sun . 14 April 2003 History of X ray astronomy begins in the 1920s with interest in short ... able to detect ultraviolet solar ultraviolet radiation occurred in 1946. X ray solar ... doi accessdate 2011 09 13 ref In 1965 the Goddard Space Flight Center program in X ray astronomy ... goddard The first rocket flight to successfully detect a cosmic source of Astronomical object X ray ... X ray wavelengths reveal information about the bodies sources that emit them. ref name Keller 1920s ... included the inference of an X ray corona by optical methods and, in 1949, more direct evidence by detecting X ray photons. ref name Gudel cite journal author G del M pages 74 and 75 Introduction title ...   more details



  1. Low-energy house

    of the windows and walls of two buildings sustainable low energy passive house right and conventional leaking house left Seealso Passive house A low energy house is any type of house that from design ... contemporary house. In the practice of sustainable design , sustainable architecture , low energy building , energy efficient landscaping low energy houses often use active solar and passive solar ... of the term low energy house has changed over time, but in Europe it generally refers to a house that uses around half of the German or Swiss low energy standards referred to below for space heating ... this the term Ultra low energy building is often used. The term can also refer to any dwelling whose ... vary considerably around the world, low energy developments in one country may not meet normal practice ... solar building design gives an international look at one form of low energy building development and standards. Europe In Germany a low energy house Niedrigenergiehaus has a limit equivalent to 7 ... ultra low energy standard, currently undergoing adoption in some other Europe an countries, has a maximum ... distort the lifecycle CO sub 2 sub emissions associated with even low energy use houses. North America In the United States, the Energy Star ENERGY STAR program is the largest program defining low ... 7 March 2008. ref Zero energy and energy plus buildings Beyond ultra low energy buildings are those ... low levels of imported energy, even in winter, approaching the concept of an autonomous building ... PlusEnergy Low energy technology Introduction Main List of low energy building techniques For history and further detail Zero energy building Passivhaus Low energy buildings typically use high levels of Building insulation insulation , energy efficient Insulated glazing window s, low levels of air ... testing by certified testers is used to prove compliance. A significant feature of ultra low energy ... efficient landscaping support the low energy house in conservation and can integrate them into a neighborhood ...   more details



  1. Low-energy ion scattering

    spectroscopy AES , low energy electron diffraction LEED , and x ray photoelectron spectroscopy ... Engineering and Science ACSES . Low energy ion scattering spectroscopy LEIS , sometimes referred ... emission electron and or x ray sources where applicable. Physics of ion surface interactions Image ... v sub 0 sub , and energy given as math E 0 tfrac 1 2 m x v 0 2 , math impacting another particle ... well controlled experiment the energy and mass of the primary ions E sub 0 sub and m sub x sub , respectively ... RIS utilizes a stream of very low energy 1 100 eV caesium Cs sup sup ions to probe molecules ... method and is generally does not give crystal structure structural information. X ray photoelectron ... hydrogen or helium atoms in a sample. Low energy electron diffraction LEED is often used in combination ..., velocity velocities , and energy energies of the ions that have interacted with the surface ... of those atoms. LEIS is closely related to both medium energy ion scattering MEIS and rutherford backscattering high energy ion scattering HEIS, known in practice as Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, or RBS , differing primarily in the energy range of the ion beam used to probe the surface ... keV. In order to attain good experimental sensor resolution it is important to have a narrow energy ... of an electrostatic analyzer in the hemispherical geometry. Only ions of a selected energy pass through to the detector. As opposed to TOF analyzers, electrostatic analyzers achieve ion energy resolution using electrostatic deflectors to direct only ions of a particular energy range into a collector, while all other ions are redirected. This type of analyzer can give good energy resolution and thus ... that it only detects ions of a certain energy range and ignores neutral species altogether. Two types ... a cascade of secondary electron emission processes initiated by ion or fast neutral energy ... with scattering phenomena. Elemental composition and two body collision model Due to the energy range ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy

    hole itself does not. The energy source for the X ray emission is gravity . Gas is heated by the fall in the strong gravitational field of these and other celestial objects. Many thousands of X ray sources ... S, Pfahl E title Evolutionary Binary Sequences for Low and Intermediate Mass X ray Binaries year 2001 ... X ray binaries although it falls on the borderline, 2 M sub sub , between high and low mass X ray ... the low energy X rays and defined a conical FOV of 75 half angle . These detectors were passively ... can be constructed. For example, with Scorpius X 1 the X ray spectrum steeply drops off as X ray energy ... for soft X ray emission in the energy range 0.14 0.284 keV from stellar coronae. ref name Mewe1 ... . X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray observation ... , so instruments to detect X rays must be taken to high altitude by Balloons for X ray astronomy balloons , Sounding rocket X ray astronomy sounding rockets , and X ray astronomy satellites satellite s. X ray astronomy is part of space science . X ray generation X ray emission is expected from astronomical ... the 1940s, the discovery in 1962 of the first cosmic X ray source was a surprise. This source is called Scorpius X 1 Sco X 1 , the first X ray source found in the constellation Scorpius constellation Scorpius . The X ray emission of Scorpius X 1 is 10,000 times greater than its visual emission, whereas that of the Sun is about a million times less. In addition, the energy output in X rays is 100,000 ... field of X ray astronomy, starting with Scorpius X 1, Riccardo Giacconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. It is now known that such X ray sources as Sco X 1 are compact star s, such as neutron ... Sounding rocket X ray astronomy A detector is placed in the nose cone section of a sounding rocket ... author Giacconi R title Nobel Lecture The dawn of x ray astronomy journal Rev Mod Phys year 2003 volume ... to see sources in the northern sky. X ray Quantum Calorimeter XQC project Image Black Brant ...   more details



  1. Bluetooth low energy

    , sports sensors and other devices. Bluetooth low energy technology will enhance existing use cases ...Bluetooth low energy BLE is a feature of Bluetooth 4.0 wireless radio technology, aimed at new, principally .... Lower power consumption Devices using Bluetooth low energy wireless technology are expected to consume .... A Bluetooth low energy device used for continuous data transfer would not have a lower power ... released Bluetooth low energy chips. Other semiconductor companies are expected to release Bluetooth low energy chips in 2011. Some of these offered chip designs include the entire protocol suite implementation ... change of protocol suite even outside the Bluetooth technology Bluetooth low energy standard ... Broadcom.com BCM20702 Single Chip Bluetooth 4.0 HCI Solution with Bluetooth low energy Support publisher ... Cell Battery Bluetooth low energy Controller for Single Mode Applications, emmicroelectronic.com ... eng Products Bluetooth R low energy nRF8001 title Nordicsemi.com publisher Nordic Semiconductor ... exhibit peak currents in the tens of milliamps mA range in both Bluetooth low energy technology ... low energy scope col NFC scope col RFID mode active active ISO 18000 3 scope row Standardisation ... low energy technology set up time has been designed to be faster than Classic Bluetooth technology ..., now known as Bluetooth Bluetooth low energy Bluetooth low energy technology . ref http www.wibree.com ... 2008 09 09 ref In December 2009, the Bluetooth SIG announced the adoption of Bluetooth low energy ... are anticipated to follow closely behind. Integration of Bluetooth low energy technology with the Core Specification will be completed in early 2010 and the first Bluetooth low energy enabled ... manufacturers may enhance their Bluetooth product offerings with support for Bluetooth low energy ..., via Bluetooth low power through Bluetooth Low Energy the latest issue from Bluetooth SIG is the new ... platform The Bluetooth low energy specification is available to the general public as part of Bluetooth ...   more details



  1. X-ray optics

    X ray to an inner shell electron exciting it to a higher energy level . Such inelastic scattering ... title X ray Imaging Systems publisher NASA ref ref cite journal title Glancing Incidence Mirror Systems ... for X ray Imaging author Wolter, H. journal Ann. Physik volume 10 pages 286 year 1952 ref or a Kirkpatrick ... high resolution, large field, monochromatic X ray backlighting imaging for wide range of Bragg angles ... imaging, or Modulation collimator s. Most X ray optical elements with the exception of grazing .... Hard X ray mirrors An X ray mirror optic for Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array NuStar space telescope ...X ray optics is the branch of optics which manipulates X ray s instead of visible light . While lenses ... ref cite journal title X Ray Optics author Spiller, E journal Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering Taylor & Francis year 2003 doi 10.1081 E EOE 120009497 unused data X Ray ref . The principal methods ... wave propagation interference . Examples of applications include X ray microscope s and X ray telescope s. Refraction is the basis for the compound refractive lens , many small X ray lenses in series ... Several designs have been used in X ray telescopes based on grazing incidence reflection the Kirkpatrick ... reflect a beam of X ray s from a surface and to measure the intensity of X rays reflected in the specular ... rays. ref name Petre The ratio of reflected intensity to incident intensity is the X ray reflectivity ..., X ray reflectivity may show oscillations with wavelength, analogous to the Fabry P rot interferometer ..., 2 d sin , equals an integer multiple of the wavelength In X ray diffraction a beam strikes a crystal ... a reflection spot in the diffraction pattern . X ray diffraction is a form of elastic scattering the outgoing X rays have the same energy, and thus same wavelength, as the incoming X rays, only with altered ... from atomic nuclei. clr Interference X ray Interference wave propagation interference is the addition Superposition principle superposition of two or more X ray wave s that results in a new ...   more details



  1. High energy X-rays

    number of the material and the X ray energy. Several centimeter thick volumes can be accessed ... high energy X ray diffraction , Acta Materialia, 2006 , 54 14 p 3721 3735. doi 10.1016 j.actamat.2006.04.004 footer templates DEFAULTSORT High Energy X Rays categories Category Applied and interdisciplinary ...High energy X rays or HEX rays are very hard X rays , with typical energies of 80 keV 1000 keV 1 MeV , about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X rays and well into gamma ray energies over ... for simple detector setups. Advantages High Energy X Rays HEX rays between 100 and 300 keV bear unique advantage over conventional hard X rays, which lie in the range of 5 20 keV or 12 to 120 keV . Citation ... ten times smaller than in the low energy case and allows whole regions to be mapped in a reciprocal ... diffraction setup for high energy X rays . HEX Rays entering from the left are diffracted in forward ... journal author Liss KD, Bartels A, Schreyer A, Clemens H title High energy X rays A tool for advanced ... light source Synchrotron radiation X radiation X ray fluorescence X ray generation X ray generator X ray tube Div col end References reflist 2 Further reading cite book author Eberhard Haug & Werner ... http dx.doi.org 10.1080 07303300310001634952 High energy X rays A tool for advanced bulk investigations ... limited at low energies while volume enhancement takes place at high energies. Complete .... Special non resonant magnetic scattering. LLL interferometry . Access to high energy spectroscopic ... for light metals. A casting setup can be set up on a beamline and probed with the HEX ray beam in real ... of conventional X rays. It has been found and confirmed in almost all studies, that critical ... and HEX ray investigations on the same sample, such as contrast variations due to the different scattering ... of the valence electron shells. Imaging and tomography with high energies. Dedicated sources can be strong enough to obtain 3D tomograms in a few seconds. Combination of imaging and diffraction ...   more details



  1. Low Energy Antiproton Ring

    The Low Energy Anti Proton Ring LEAR was an experiment at CERN designed to decelerate and store antimatter , to study the properties of antimatter and to create atoms of antihydrogen . The experiment was constructed in 1982 and operated until 1996, when it was converted into the Low Energy Ion Ring , which will be used in the lead ion injection process for the Large Hadron Collider . Antimatter for the ring was created by the CERN Proton Synchrotron . The creation of at least 9 atoms of antihydrogen were confirmed by the PS210 experiment in 1995. Low energy antiproton research continues at CERN using the Antiproton Decelerator . It was built as a successor for LEAR and started operation in 2000. References http livefromcern.web.cern.ch livefromcern antimatter history AM history02 c.html The History of Antimatter CERN particle stub Category Particle experiments Category CERN sv Low Energy Antiproton Ring ...   more details



  1. X-ray microscope

    between a vacuum chamber and an X ray microscope. Beryllium, due to its low Z number is highly ...An X ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X ray band to produce images of very small ... to the human eye. Therefore the basic process of an X ray microscope is to expose film or use a charge coupled device CCD detector to detect X rays that pass through the specimen. It is a contrast imaging technology using the difference in absorption of soft x ray in the water window region wavelength ... the living cell and the oxygen atom main element for water . Early X ray microscopes by Paul Kirkpatrick ... on a silicon dioxide substrate. Sir Lawrence Bragg produced some of the first usable X ray images ... intensity X rays. The highest energy X rays which penetrate the hohlraum can be visualized using an X ray microscope such as here, where X radiation is represented in orange red. In the 1950s Sterling Newberry Newberry produced a shadow X ray microscope which placed the specimen between the source and a target plate, this became the basis for the first commercial X ray microscopes from the General ... 1 http www.cxro.lbl.gov BL612 , a full field soft X ray microscope operated by the Center for X ... materials, environmental and materials sciences and biology. XM 1 uses an X ray lens ... home to the world s first soft x ray microscope designed for biological and biomedical research. This new instrument, XM 2 was designed and built by scientists from the National Center for X ray ... of soft X rays suitable for microscopy, such as synchrotron radiation sources, have fairly low brightness ... soft X ray microscopy. Here the X rays are focused to a point and the sample is mechanically ... X ray Microscope STXM was first developed by researchers at Stony Brook University and was employed ..., a process used in X ray crystallography . By analyzing the internal reflections of a diffraction ... down to the placement of individual atoms within its molecules. X ray microscopes are sometimes ...   more details



  1. X-ray spectroscopy

    beam excites X rays there are two main techniques for analysis of spectrum of characteristic X ray radiation Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy and Wavelength dispersive X ray spectroscopy . Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDS In an energy dispersive X ray spectrometer semiconductor detector .... WDS is widely used in microprobe s where X ray microanalysis is the main task and in XRF. X ray emission spectroscopy William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg , who were the 1915 Nobel Prize Winners, were the original pioneers in developing X ray emission spectroscopy . He measured the X ray wavelengths of many elements to high precision, using high energy electrons as excitation ... soft X ray region below about 1 k Electronvolt eV , crystal field excitations give rise to the energy loss. The photon in photon out process may be thought of as a scattering event. When the x ray ...unreferenced date September 2008 Condensed matter experiments X ray spectroscopy is a gathering name for several Spectroscopy spectroscopic techniques for characterization of materials by using x ray excitation. Characteristic X ray Spectroscopy When an electron from the inner shell of an atom is lost ... is emitted as an X ray photon of characteristic for the element wavelength there could be several ... , or a beam of X rays see X ray fluorescence , or XRF . These methods enable elements from the entire ... X ray spectroscopy WDS In a wavelength dispersive X ray spectrometer the single crystal diffracts ..., the X rays may suffer an energy loss compared to the incoming beam. This energy loss of the re emerging beam reflects an internal excitation of the atomic system, an X ray analogue to the well known Raman spectroscopy that is widely used in the optical region. In the X ray region there is sufficient ... enhanced by many orders of magnitude. This type of X ray emission spectroscopy is often referred to as resonant inelastic X ray scattering RIXS . Due to the wide separation of orbital energies of the core ...   more details



  1. Low-energy vehicle

    Cleanup rewrite date May 2009 A Low energy vehicle is any type of vehicle that uses less energy than ... its powertrain. Energy consumption as low as 5 12.5 kWh 100  km 180 450 kJ km ... low by lower parasitic masses compared to the average load causing low energy demand in transitional ... . The crash protection is certainly a problem in current traffic conditions, but the low energy ... type tires and 0.010 to 0.015 for car tires. Technological support for low energy operation may ... and minimising the part load losses. Purely electric vehicles use up to 10 x less energy 0,3 to 0,5MJ ... occupants than a 3000  lb 1350  kg vehicle. Fleet Management and Low Energy Consumption ... to manage low energy consumption in fleets. This starts with energy aware procurement, and includes ... Low Energy Vehicle Category Green vehicles Category Electric vehicles de Niedrigenergiefahrzeug fr V hicule ... efficiency for Europe is about 40 , ref http themes.eea.europa.eu Sectors and activities energy indicators ... energy consumption of electric cars lies in the range 0.45 to 1.1 MJ km. Average energy efficiency ... Reducing CO2 Emissions 20Aug 2005.pdf p.5 feasible targets for fuel consumption ref The energy consumption ... MJ km, excluding distribution energy. At 20  km h it would take 50 hours to travel 1000  km ... Greenfleet Image TwikeFreiburg.jpg thumb 200px LEV Twike Reducing global energy demand might help ... two seater on the market the smart automobile Smart MHD consumes two or three times more energy ... 100  km electricity. Available electric LEVs already use substantially less energy than available ... four seater . Energy Efficiency in MJ per km or kWh per 100  km It is more straightforward to express energy efficiency in MJ Mega Joule per km because terms like MPG Miles Per Gallon and litres ... consumed go up drastically when converting a gasoline car to LPG. This does not mean that the energy consumption goes up it only means that there is less energy in a litre of LPG. Ethanol also contains ...   more details




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