Programming paradigms In computer science , arrayprogramming languages also known as vector or multidimensional ... geometric vector s, matrix mathematics matrices , and higher dimensional arrays. Arrayprogramming ... be dramatic in certain cases it is not uncommon to find arrayprogramming language one liner program ... programming language to provide arrayprogramming capabilities. The mnemonic APL refers to the title .... Concepts The fundamental idea behind arrayprogramming is that operations apply at once to an entire ... behind arrayprogramming actually referring to APL as follows quote most programming languages are decidedly ... derive more efficient algorithm. The basis behind arrayprogramming and thinking is to find and exploit ... concept to arrayprogramming languages in general, by analogy to tensor rank in mathematics functions ... collapses the input array by 1 dimension. Uses Arrayprogramming is very well suited to implicit ... or more cores are increasingly common today. Languages maincat Arrayprogramming languages The canonical examples of arrayprogramming languages are APL programming language APL , J programming ... elements as illustrated in the loops above. Within the arrayprogramming paradigm, the previous ... input Enter numbers , s , d source without the need to statically decide the array size. Arrayprogramming ... html RM G 3 1.html G.3.1 Real Vectors and Matrices ref supporting arrayprogramming oriented syntax ... Notice how the operations are sequenced on the arrays. J The J programming language J array language ... of terse arrayprogramming from the coding point of view but also from the computational efficiency perspective, which in several arrayprogramming languages benefits from quite efficient linear ... party libraries providing arrayprogramming support to other languages The use of specialized and efficient ... is explicitly influenced by the arrayprogramming paradigm, as the Armadillo C library Armadillo ... the nd array object to the Python programming language Python programming language . This provides much ... more details
.. last F Sharp programming language F name .slice first , last JavaScript array slice name , first ... text align center font size smaller Programming language Array data type Index origin Default base ... type Multi dimensional arrays Multidimensional Dynamically sized arrayprogramming Vectorized operations ... extension adds array objects with this ability. The standard Python programming language Python array ...ProgLangCompare Syntax Array dimensions The following list contains Syntax examples on how to determine ... nowiki nowiki Last Ada programming language Ada UPB name LWB name 1 or br 2 UPB name 2 LWB name 1 etc ... C Sharp programming language C , Visual Basic .NET , Windows PowerShell , F Sharp programming language F name .length 0 name .length 1 Java programming language Java , JavaScript , D programming language ... refer to this element 1 or name .size 1 name .last will also refer to this element Ruby programming language Ruby len name 0 1 or len name 1 Python programming language Python length name 0 1 or length name 1 S Lang programming library S Lang vector length vector 0 vector length vector 1 Scheme programming language Scheme length name 0 1 length name Common Lisp length name 0 1 length name ISLISP ... Haskell programming language Haskell name count 0 name count 1 Objective C code NSArray code only name 1 name Lua programming language Lua SIZE name LBOUND name UBOUND name Fortran len name 0 len name 1 Go programming language Go Indexing The following list contains Syntax examples on how a single element of an array can be accessed. class wikitable align left Format Languages name index or name index sub 1 sub , index sub 2 sub etc. ALGOL 68 , Pascal programming language Pascal , Object Pascal , C Sharp programming language C , S Lang programming library S Lang sup 1 sub name index C programming language C , C , D programming language D , Go programming language Go , Java programming language Java , ActionScript 3.0, JavaScript , Perl sup 1 sub , PHP , Python programming language Python ... more details
programming In astronomy A telescope array, also called astronomical interferometer , such as the Very ...An array is a systematic arrangement of objects, usually in rows and columns. Specifically, it may refer ... at run time, including Array data structure , an arrangement of items at equally spaced addresses in computer memory Array data type , used in a programming language to specify a variable that can be indexed Associative array , an abstract data structure model that generalizes arrays to arbitrary indices or various kinds of the above, such as Bit array or bit vector Dynamic array , allocated at run time Parallel array of records, with each field stored as a separate array Sparse array , with most elements omitted, to store a sparse matrix Variable length array Jagged array , where the rows have different lengths individually or various related concepts Vector processor Array processor , a computer to process arrays of data not to be confused with a processor arrayArrayprogramming , using matrix algebra notation in programs not the same as array processing Array slicing , the extraction of sub arrays of an array or also Global Arrays , a library for parallel processing Intel Array Visualizer , a piece of scientific graphics software In mathematics and statistics An array or matrix mathematics e.g. a Monge array , a Costas array A standard array in coding theory In statistics, arrays are a name for some kinds of Category Experimental design Intersection array a concept of category theory The thinned array curse or sparse array curse, a theorem about electromagnetic waves ... array, such as a phased array , a tower array , etc. A speaker array, used to produce directional Sound Asynchronous array of simple processors Ball grid array , pin grid array , and land grid array , ways to connect integrated circuits Cache Array Routing Protocol CARP Color filter array , placed over an imaging array Disk array , such as the RAID Field emitter array , an electron ... more details
multiple issues confusing January 2010 notability January 2010 unreferenced January 2010 orphan July 2010 wikify January 2011 Control Array mostly used in Visual Basic is the collection of controls that programmer put it in form VB Form . Control array is always a single dimensional Array data structure array . Control array is that you can add or delete array elements at run time. With some controls, it is very useful to define control arrays it depends on the application. Control arrays are a convenient way to handle groups of controls that perform a similar function. All of the events available to the single control are still available to the array of controls, the only difference being an argument indicating the index of the selected array element is passed to the event. Hence, instead of writing individual procedures for each control i.e. not using control arrays , you only have to write one procedure for each array. Category BASIC programming language family ... more details
vector . Depending on the programming language and context, the elements of the new array may be aliasing computing aliased to i.e., share memory with those of the original array. Details For one .... Array slicing facilities have been incorporated in several modern languages, such as Ada programming ... by 10 submatrix source 1998 S Lang programming language S Lang Array slicing was introduced in version ... concise. pre 1999 D programming language D Consider the statically allocated array source lang d static ... J APL programming language APL . Slicing looks as follows source lang d a 3, 1, 5, 7 assign an array ... also Comparison of programming languages array Slicing DEFAULTSORT Array Slicing Category Arrays Category ...About the data structure operation other uses of slicing Slicing disambiguation In computer programming , array slicing is an operation that extracts certain elements from an array and packages them as another array, possibly with different number of indices or dimensions and different index ranges. Two ... elements 2, 5, 7, 3, 8, 6, 4, 1 , and we want to create an array slice from the 3rd to the 6th items, we get 7, 3, 8, 6 . In programming language s that use a 0 based indexing scheme, the slice ... dimensional slices rectangular matrices from a three dimensional array. However, since the range ... to actually eliminate the trivial indices. General array slicing can be implemented whether or not built into the language by referencing every array through a dope vector or descriptor &mdash a record that contains the address of the first array element, and then the range of each index and the corresponding coefficient in the indexing formula. This technique also allows immediate array transpose transposition , index reversal, subsampling, etc. For languages like C programming language C , where the indices always start at zero, the dope vector of an array with d indices has at least 1 2 d parameters. For languages that allow arbitrary lower bounds for indices, like Pascal programming language ... more details
in many modern mainstream programming languages. A dynamic array is not the same thing as a dynamic memory allocation dynamically allocated array , which is a fixed size Array data structure array whose size is fixed when the array is allocated, although a dynamic array may use such a fixed size array ... Python s code list code datatype implementation is a dynamic array. Delphi programming language ...File Dynamic array.svg thumb Several values are inserted at the end of a dynamic array using geometric ... size and capacity of the final array are shown. In computer science , a dynamic array , growable array , resizable array , dynamic table , or array list is a random access , variable size list ... class from OpenJDK 6 . ref Bounded size dynamic arrays and capacity The simplest dynamic array is constructed by allocating a fixed size array and then dividing it into two parts the first stores the elements of the dynamic array and the second is reserved, or unused. We can then add or remove elements at the end of the dynamic array in constant time by using the reserved space, until this space is completely consumed. The number of elements used by the dynamic array contents is its logical size or size , while the size of the underlying array is called the dynamic array s capacity , which ..., the fixed size data structure suffices. This may be short sighted, when problems with the array filling up turn up later. It is best to put resize code into any array, to respond to new conditions ... array is an expensive task, typically involving copying the entire contents of the array. Geometric ..., the capacities form a geometric progression . Expanding the array by any constant proportion ensures ... Array Implementation pages 39 41 . ref ref name clrs Introduction to Algorithms chapter 17.4 Dynamic ... name java util ArrayList and the C implementation of Python programming language Python s list data ... array has performance similar to an array, with the addition of new operations to add and remove ... more details
In computing , a parallel array is a data structure for representing array data structure array s of Record computer science records . It keeps a separate, homogeneous array for each field of the record, each having the same number of elements. Then, objects located at the same index in each array are implicitly the fields of a single record. Pointers from one object to another are replaced by array indices. This contrasts with the normal approach of storing all fields of each record together in memory. For example, one might declare an array of 100 names, each a string, and 100 ages, each an integer, associating each name with the age that has the same index. An example in C programming language C using parallel arrays source lang c int ages 0, 17, 2, 52, 25 char names None , Mike , Billy , Tom , Stan int parent 0 None , 3 Tom , 1 Mike , 0 None , 3 Tom for i 1 i 4 i printf Name s, Age d ... to each array source lang perl my data first name Joe , Bob , Frank , Hans , last name Smith , Seger ... Programming Language Python source lang python firstName Joe , Bob , Frank , Hans lastName ... issues. For example, one of the fields of the record can be a single bit, and its array would only need ... so that it consumes an entire byte or a word. If the number of items is small, array indices can .... Sequentially examining a single field of each record in the array is very fast on modern machines, since this amounts to a linear traversal of a single array, exhibiting ideal locality of reference ... array . They are expensive to grow or shrink, since each of several arrays must be reallocated ... into groups of fields that are generally accessed together, an array can be constructed for each ... the portions of the structure tied together. An alternative to tying them together using array indexes ... dimensional array by declaring an array of n m size and referring to the r th field in record i as element as array m i r . Some compiler optimization s, particularly for vector processor s, are able ... more details
In computer science , an associative array , map , or dictionary is an abstract data type composed of a Collection ... array. A standard solution to the dictionary problem is a hash table in some cases it is also possible to solve the problem using directly addressed Array data structure array s, binary search tree s, or other ... 252 . ref Many programming languages include associative arrays as primitive data type s, and they are available ... including such fundamental programming pattern s as memoization NOT a misspelling and the decorator ... array, the association between a key and a value is often known as a binding , and the same ... that are usually defined for an associative array are ref name gt ref name ms Add or insert add ... is returned from the operation. If no value is found, some associative array implementations .... A multimap generalizes an associative array by allowing multiple values to be associated with a single ... which books are checked out to which patrons may be represented by an associative array, in which ... programming language Python in which a binding is represented by placing a colon between the key and the value , the current checkouts may be represented by an associative array pre Great Expectations ... Expectations in this array would return the name of the person who checked out that book, John. If John returns his book, that would cause a deletion operation in the associative array, and if Pat ... is no longer present in the array. Implementation For dictionaries with very small numbers of bindings ... range of integers, is direct addressing into an array the value for a given key k is stored at the array cell A k , or if there is no binding for k then the cell stores a special sentinel value ... frequently used general purpose implementation of an associative array is with a hash table an Array data structure array of bindings, together with a hash function that maps each possible key into an array ... at that cell of the array and using the binding found there. However, hash table based dictionaries ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In computer programming , the stride of an array also increment or step size refers to the number of locations in Computer data storage Primary memory memory between beginnings of successive Array data structure array elements, measured in byte s or in units of the size of the array s elements. In another words stride is number of bytes one has to move to get from one element to the next or previous one. Stride cannot be smaller than element size it d mean that elements are overlapping but can be larger indicating extra space between elements . An array with stride of exactly same size as the size of one of it s elements is contiguous in memory. Such arrays are sometimes said to have unit stride . Unit stride arrays are generally more efficient than non unit stride arrays, due to the effects of CPU cache caching . This is attributed to the Locality of reference Principle of Locality , specifically spatial locality. Reasons for non unit stride There are at least two reasons arrays may have a stride larger than their elements width in bytes. First, many languages including C programming language C and C allow structures to be Data structure alignment padded to better take advantage of the word length of the machine. For example source lang c struct ThreeBytesWide char a 3 struct ThreeBytesWide myArray 100 source In the above code snippet, code myArray code might well turn out to have a stride of four bytes, rather than three, if the C code were compiled for a 32 bit architecture, and the compiler had optimized as is usually the case for minimum processing time rather than minimum memory usage. Second, some languages allow arrays of structures to be treated as overlapping parallel array s with non unit stride source lang c include stdio.h struct MyRecord int value char text Print the contents of an array of ints with the given stride void print ... 0 source This idiom is a form of type punning . DEFAULTSORT Stride Of An Array Category Arrays Category ... more details
Infobox data structure name Sorted array type Array invented by John von Neumann invented year 1945 space avg O n space worst O n search avg O log n search worst O log n insert avg O n insert worst O n delete avg O n delete worst O n A sorted array is an array data structure in which each element is sorted in numerical, alphabetical, or some other order, and placed at equally spaced addresses in computer memory. It is typically used in computer science to implement static and dynamic data structures static lookup table s to hold multiple values which have the same data type . Sorting an array is useful in organising data in ordered form and recovering them rapidly. Methods There are many well known methods by which an array can be sorted. Some of them are Selection sort , Bubble sort , Insertion sort , Merge sort , Quick sort , Heap sort , and counting sort . Citation needed date November ... array are found using a binary search , in O log n thus sorted arrays are suited for cases when ... binary search tree s. In some data structures, an array of structures is used. In such cases, the same ... a sorted dynamic array , then it is possible to insert and delete elements. The insertion and deletion of elements in a sorted array executes at O n , due to the need to shift all the elements ... dynamic array can do this in Amortized analysis amortized O 1 time while a self balancing binary search tree always operates at O log n . Elements in a sorted array can be looked up by their index .... History John von Neumann wrote the first array sorting program merge sort in 1945, when the EDVAC first stored program computer was still being built. ref Donald Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming ... according to the highest priority by using sorted array of process ID s. Here, processes got sorted ... priority takes first position in sorted array. Hence priority wise system processes scheduling is done ... P1 3 P2 4 P3 1 P4 8 P5 6 See Also array data structure insertion sort sorting algorithm binary search ... more details
distinguish Triangular matrix Image BellNumberAnimated.gif right thumb The triangular array whose right hand diagonal sequence consists of Bell numbers In mathematics and computing, a triangular array of numbers, polynomials, or the like, is a doubly indexed sequence in which each row is only as long as the row s own index. Notable particular examples include these Bell numbers the Bell triangle , Aitken s array , or the Peirce triangle Bell polynomials Boustrophedon transform Eulerian number Floyd s triangle Hosoya s triangle Lah number Lozani s triangle Narayana number Pascal s triangle Rencontres numbers Romberg s method Stirling numbers of the first kind Stirling numbers of the second kind Triangular arrays of integers in which each row is symmetric and begins and ends with 1 are sometimes called generalized Pascal triangles examples include Pascal s triangle, the Narayana numbers, and the triangle of Eulerian numbers. ref citation last Barry first P. issue 06.2.4 journal Journal of Integer Sequences pages 1 34 title On integer sequence based constructions of generalized Pascal triangles url http www.emis.ams.org journals JIS VOL9 Barry barry91.pdf volume 9 year 2006 . ref Practical use Apart from the representation of triangular matrix triangular matrices , triangular arrays are used in several algorithm s. One example is the CYK algorithm CKY parsing algorithm for context free grammar s, an example of dynamic programming . See also Triangular number is the number of entries in such an array. References reflist External links mathworld title Number Triangle urlname NumberTriangle math stub computing stub Category Triangles of numbers ... more details
In computer science , a suffix array is an array data structure array of integers giving the starting positions of suffix computer science suffixes of a string computer science string in lexicographical ... array is the array of the indices of suffixes sorted in lexicographical order. For the string abracadabra , using 1 based array one based indexing, the suffix array is 12,11,8,1,4,6,9,2,5,7,10,3 ... all of those suffixes can also be useful. Algorithms The easiest way to construct a suffix array is to use ... an algorithm for updating the suffix array of a text that has been edited instead of rebuilding a new suffix array from scratch. Even if the theoretical worst case time complexity is math O n log ... . Applications The suffix array of a string can be used as an index search engine index to quickly ... ordering, these suffixes will be grouped together in the suffix array, and can be found efficiently ... in a suffix array with indices stored in pos, starting with 1 as the first index. pre if W suffixAt ... tree . This began the trend towards compressed suffix array s and BWT based compressed full text ... 2003 . Simple linear work suffix array construction. In Proc. 30th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming ICALP 03 . LNCS 2719, Springer, 2003, pp. 943 955. M. Farach 1997 ... Stoye 2005 . An incomplex algorithm for fast suffix array construction . In Proceedings of the 7th ... 2011 On the number of elements to reorder when updating a suffix array , http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.jda.2011.01.002 ... 12 24 The Suffix Array 1845 Suffix Array Implementation in Ruby http sary.sourceforge.net index.html.en Suffix array library and tools http pizzachili.dcc.uchile.cl Project containing various Suffix Array c c Implementations with a unified interface http code.google.com p libdivsufsort A fast, lightweight, and robust C API library to construct the suffix array http code.google.com p pysuffix Suffix Array implementation in Python Category Arrays Category Substring indices Category String data structures ... more details
In experiments in which additional factors are not likely to interact with any of the other factors, a saturated array can be used. In a saturated matrix mathematics array , a controllable design of experiments factor is substituted for the interaction of two or more by products. Using a saturated array, a two factor test matrix could be used to test three factors. Using the saturated array allows three factors to be tested in four tests rather than in eight, as would be required by a standard orthogonality orthogonal array. statistics stub Category Design of experiments ... more details
function is dependent on the DOA parameters, nonlinear programming optimization algorithms have usually been employed to find these DOA parameters. The common nonlinear programming optimization approaches ... k 1 text arg min psi lbrack F psi rbrack math DEFAULTSORT Sensor Array Category Sensors ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 A bit array also known as a bitmap , a bitset , or a bitstring is an array ... in hardware to perform operations quickly. A typical bit array stores kw bits, where w is the number ... number of places, as well as bitwise negation if necessary. We can view a bit array as a subset ... array, we can do this efficiently using a doubly nested loop that loops through each word, one at a time ... of 1 bits in a bit array, sometimes called the population count or Hamming weight, there are efficient ..., sorting a bit array is trivial to do in O n time using counting sort &mdash we count the number .... When a priority queue is stored in a bit array, find first one can be used to identify the highest ... base 2 see find first set can also be extended to a bit array in a straightforward manner. Compression ..., compressed bit arrays, Judy array s, trie s, or even Bloom filter s should be considered instead ... access is more common than sequential and the array is relatively small, a byte array may be preferable on a machine with byte addressing. A word array, however, is probably not justified due to the huge ... unary coding , the result is a bit array with a 1 bit in the n th position if and only if n is in the list ... 1 p 1, or roughly the term occurs in at least 38 of documents. Language support The C programming language C programming language s bitfield s , pseudo objects found in structs with size equal to some ... dynamic bitset code class ref name boost whose size is specified at run time. The D programming language ... on most hardware, but instead returns a code bool code . In Java programming language Java , the class Javadoc SE java util BitSet creates a bit array that is then manipulated with functions named after ... operations. Haskell programming language Haskell likewise currently lacks standard support for bitwise ... functions and operators, including shift and rotate operations and an unboxed array over boolean values may be used to model a Bit array, although this lacks support from the former module. In Perl ... more details
array is an Array data structure array in which most of the elements have the same value known ... array is inefficient for both computation and storage. An array in which there are a large number ... from an empty array position. If we do this, then for array of numbers, it should return zero, and for array of objects, it should return null. A naive implementation of an array may allocate space for the entire array, but in the case where there are few non default values, this implementation is inefficient. Typically the algorithm used instead of an ordinary array is determined by other known features or statistical features of the array for instance, if the sparsity is known in advance, or if the elements ... storing all of the allocated regions in, say a bit array . so what? blank space is not an indexed array sparse or not , indeed Representation Sparse Array can be represented as Sparse Array pos1 val1, pos2 val2,... or br Sparse Array pos1, pos2,... val1, val2,... which yields a sparse array in which values math val i math appear at positions math pos i math . Sparse Array as Linked List An obvious question that might be asked is why we need a linked list to represent a sparse array if we can represent it easily using a normal array. The answer to this question lies in the fact that while representing a sparse array as a normal array, a lot of space is allocated for zero or null elements. For example, consider the following array declaration br double arr 1000 1000 br When we define this array as enough space of 1,000,000 doubles is allocated. As each double requires 8 bytes of memory, this array will require 8 million bytes of memory. Because this is a sparse array, most of its elements will have a value of zero or null . Hence, defining this array will soak up all this space which will result in wastage of memory. An effective way to overcome this problem is to represent the array ..., when a linked list is used, the array elements can be accessed through fewer iterations than in a normal ... more details
orphan date December 2008 For the DVD magazine, see Array DVD magazine Deleted image removed Image ARRAY magazine.jpg right 150px ARRAY Magazine is a New York based interior design, lifestyle and culture quarterly magazine sponsored by the New York Design Center . It has been published since the winter of 2003 2004. With 40,000 readers, ARRAY is geared toward interior design professionals and their clients. External links http www.arrayny.com ARRAY Homepage Category Interior design Category Quarterly magazines Category Media in New York City Category Publications established in 2003 Category Magazines published in New York art mag stub hu ARRAY Magazine ... more details
File Aerial antenna.JPG thumb right 250px A multiband US television reception antenna Antenna array may refer to Antenna array electromagnetic a group of isotropic radiators such that the currents running through them are of different amplitudes and phases Interferometry Interferometric array of radio telescopes used in radio astronomy Phased array , also known as a smart antenna , an electronically steerable directional antenna typically used in Radar and in wireless communication systems, in view to achieve beamforming , multiple input and multiple output MIMO communication or space time coding Directional array refers to multiple antennas arranged such that the superposition of the electromagnetic waves produce a predictable electromagnetic field. Direction finding Watson Watt .2F Adcock antenna array Watson Watt Adcock antenna array the Watson Watt technique uses two Adcock antenna pairs to perform an amplitude comparison on the incoming signal. References reflist disambig ... more details
In computer architecture , a systolic array is a pipe network arrangement of processing units called ... array is composed of matrix like rows of data processing units called cells. Data processing units ... of a program counter , ref The Paracel GeneMatcher series of systolic array processors do have a program ... immediately after processing. The systolic array is often rectangular where data flows across the array ... streams entering and leaving the ports of the array are generated by auto sequencing memory units, ASMs ... . One matrix math matrix is fed in a row at a time from the top of the array and is passed down the array, the other matrix is fed in a column at a time from the left hand side of the array ... whole row and one whole column. At this point, the result of the multiplication is stored in the array and can now be output a row or a column at a time, flowing down or across the array. ref http web.cecs.pdx.edu mperkows temp May22 0020.Matrix multiplication systolic.pdf Systolic Array Matrix Multiplication ... them. Because the traditional systolic array synthesis methods have been practiced by algebraic ... with asynchronous handshake between DPUs are called wavefront arrays . One well known systolic array ... system has a linear array processor connected by data buses going in both directions. History The systolic array paradigm, data stream driven by data counters, is the counterpart of the von Neumann architecture ... array usually sends and receives multiple data streams, and multiple data counters are needed to generate ... 2 x a n 3 x ... a 1 x a 0 math A linear systolic array in which the processors are arranged in pairs ... Highly specialized for particular applications Difficult to build Super Systolic Array The super systolic array is a generalization of the systolic array. Because the classical synthesis methods ... array the super systolic array. Its application is not restricted to applications with regular ... array. More information about the background may be obtained from the articles about Systolic array ... more details
In MIMO communication systems, array gain means a power gain of transmitted signals that is achieved by using multiple antennas at transmitter and or receiver, with respect to Single Input and Single Output SISO case. It can be simply called power gain . In a broadside array, the array gain is almost exactly proportional to the length of the array. This is the almost always the case provided that the elements of the antenna are not spaced to a point at which large radiation side lobs form in other directions and that the array length exceeds one or two wavelengths. The power gain of a broadside array is nearly independent of the number of broadside elements as long as both of these conditions are met. ref http www.smeter.net daily facts 12 fact5.php ref The two main types of array gain when combining signals are average power of combined signals relative to the individual average power and the diversity gain related to the probability level of outage. The diversity gain is dependent on spacial correlation coefficients between antenna signals. ref Andersen, J.B. , Array gain and capacity for known random channels with multiple element arrays at both ends, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on , vol.18, no.11, pp.2172 2178, Nov 2000 doi 10.1109 49.895022 ref Applications In radio astronomy because of background noise from modern communications it is difficult to achieve a good signal to noise ratio. Even for strong astronomical radio emission it is typical for SNR levels to be below 0 decibel. To counter this problem exposure of the antenna to the source over large periods of time are needed just as in visible sky viewing. Array gain is done by using multiple, even dozens of radio receivers to collect as much signal as possible. Robots equipped with antenna arrays have better communication using array gain to eradicate dead spots and reduce interferences. ref Hambling, David. Robots fall into line with the help of sparse array antenna. New Scientist 207 2010 ... more details
Array processing is signal processing of the outputs of an array of sensor s to Enhance the SINR signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR compared to that of a single sensor using conventional or adaptive beamforming . Determine the number of emitting sources, the locations of these sources, their waveforms , and other signal parameters. Track multiple moving sources. Array processing is used in radar ... of using array processing along with an array of sensors is a smaller foot print. The problems associated with array processing include the number of sources used, their direction of arrival s, and their signal ... 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing . Signal and Image Processing Seminar. University of Texas at Austin. ref There are four assumptions in array processing. The first ... medium. The second assumption is that for far field array processing, the radius of propagation is much greater than size of the array and that there is plane wave propagation. The third assumption is that there is a zero ... bevans courses ee381k lectures 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing ... of time are needed just as in visible sky viewing. Array gain is done by using multiple, even dozens ... research facility that was founded in Norway in 1968. NORSAR has been working with array processing ... seismic stations around the world. NORSAR has ongoing work to improve array processing to improve ... 83 Improving IMS array processing.aspx ref See also Phased Array Space Time Adaptive Processing References reflist cite book title Array Signal Processing last1 Johnson first1 D. H. last2 Dudgeon first2 D. E. year 1993 publisher Prentice Hall cite book first1 H. L. last1 Van Trees title Optimum Array .... last2 Viberg url http www.vissta.ncsu.edu publications ahk spm1996.pdf title Two Decades of Array ... accessdate 8 December 2010 S. Haykin and K.J.R. Liu Editors , Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor ... Smart Antennas slides proj sem.pdf array processing courseware DEFAULTSORT Array Processing Category ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date October 2009 A processor array is like a storage array but contains and manages Process computing processing elements instead of storage elements. The processor array should have the following characteristics Should support forty or more processing elements blades per chassis The chassis should support the use of commodity motherboard s The chassis should only backplane power and management capabilities to extend the life of the chassis and reduce chassis change costs Will provide end to end redundant power Each processing element should support two or more redundant virtualized I O connections See also Computer cluster Distributed computing Massively parallel processor array Blade server Category Concurrent computing Category Fault tolerant computer systems tech stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 In broadcast engineering , directional array refers to an Antenna array electromagnetic antenna array arranged such that the Superposition principle superposition of the electromagnetic wave s produce a predictable electromagnetic field . By spacing 2 or more antenna elements apart, changing the length of the transmission line from the transmitter , varying the power output, and shifting the Phase waves phase , radio Broadcasting broadcasters can shape the area of signal coverage. Geographically close Co channel interference co channel or adjacent channel stations employ directional arrays or a single directional antenna so that other broadcasters may utilize the same or adjacent frequency . In the United States , the Federal Communications Commission offers a first come, first served approach, meaning licenses granted on co channel or adjacent channels must protect the service contour of the previously licensed facility, thus, a directional array may be used to shape the station around existing facilities. DEFAULTSORT Directional Array Category Broadcast engineering Category Radio frequency antenna types pl Szyki kierunkowe Telecomm stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A macrocell array is an approach to the design and manufacture of Application specific integrated circuit ASIC s. Essentially, it is a small step up from the otherwise similar gate array , but rather than being a prefabricated array of simple logic gates, the macrocell array is a prefabricated array of higher level logic functions such as Flip flop electronics flip flop s, Arithmetic logic unit ALU functions, Hardware register register s, and the like. These logic functions are simply placed at regular predefined positions and manufactured on a wafer electronics wafer , usually called master slice . Creation of a circuit with a specified function is accomplished by adding metal interconnects to the chips on the master slice late in the manufacturing process, allowing the function of the chip to be customised as desired. Macrocell array master slices are usually prefabricated and stockpiled in large quantities regardless of customer orders. The fabrication according to the individual customer specifications may be finished in a shorter time compared with standard cell or full custom design. The macrocell array approach reduces the Photomask mask costs since fewer custom masks need to be produced. In addition manufacturing test tooling lead time and costs are reduced since the same test fixtures may be used for all macrocell array products manufactured on the same die manufacturing die size. Drawbacks are somewhat low density and performance than other approaches to ASIC design. However this style is often a viable approach for low production volumes. DEFAULTSORT Macrocell Array Category Gate arrays es Matriz de macroc lulas ru ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 An extrachromosomal array is a method for mosaic analysis in genetics . It is a cosmid , and contains two functioning wild type closely linked genes a gene of interest and a mosaic marker . Such an array is injected into germ line cells, which already contain mutant specifically, loss of function alleles of all three genes in their chromosome chromosomal DNA . The cosmid, which is not packed correctly during mitosis , is occasionally present in only one daughter cell following cell division. The daughter cell containing the array expresses the gene of interest the cell lacking the array does not. The mosaic marker is a gene which exhibits a visible phenotype change between the functioning and non functioning alleles. For example, ncl 1 , located in chromosomal DNA, exhibits a larger nucleolus than the wild type allele, which is in the array. Thus, cells which exhibit larger nucleoli have usually not retained the extrachromosomal array. The gene of interest is the target of the mosaic analysis. Cells lacking the extrachromosomal array also lack the functional gene of interest. Cells which develop normally without the array do not require the gene of interest for normal function. Cells which do not develop normally are said to require the gene. In this way, those cell lineages which require a specific gene can be identified. Extrachromosomal arrays replace an earlier technique involving a duplicated piece of chromosome called a free duplication . The latter technique required that the gene of interest and the mosaic marker be closely linked on the duplication the former allows free choice of mosaic marker and target gene. References Miller LM, Waring DA, Kim SK 1996 . Mosaic analysis using a ncl 1 extrachromosomal array reveals that lin 31 acts in the Pn.p cells during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development. Genetics 143 3 1181 1191. Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
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