A microphone array is any number of microphone s operating in tandem . There are many applications Systems for extracting voice input from ambient noise level ambient noise notably telephone s, speech recognition systems, hearing aid s Surround sound and related technologies Locating objects by sound acoustic source localization , e.g., military use to locate the source s of artillery fire. Aircraft location and tracking. High fidelity original recordings Typically, an array is made up of omnidirectional microphones distributed about the perimeter of a space, linked to a computer that records and interprets the results into a coherent form. Arrays may also be formed using numbers of very closely spaced microphones. Given a fixed physical relationship in space between the different individual microphone transducer array elements, simultaneous DSP digital signal processor processing of the signals from each of the individual microphone array elements can create one or more virtual microphones. Different algorithms permit the creation of virtual microphones with extremely complex virtual polar patterns and even the possibility to steer the individual lobes of the virtual microphones patterns so as to home in on, or to reject, particular sources of sound. An array of 1020 microphones http cag.csail.mit.edu mic array , the largest in the world, was built by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Csail Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory . Windows Vista computer operating system has built in support for microphone arrays for increasing the accuracy of its speech recognition feature, letting users connect multiple microphones to a single ... established example of the use of a microphone array in professional sound recording. See also Microphone ... providing a simple introduction to http www.labbookpages.co.uk audio beamforming.html microphone array beamforming DEFAULTSORT Microphone Array Category Microphones de Mikrofonarray nl Microfoonarray ... more details
Infobox data structure name Sorted array type Array invented by John von Neumann invented year 1945 space avg O n space worst O n search avg O log n search worst O log n insert avg O n insert worst O n delete avg O n delete worst O n A sorted array is an array data structure in which each element is sorted in numerical, alphabetical, or some other order, and placed at equally spaced addresses in computer memory. It is typically used in computer science to implement static and dynamic data structures static lookup table s to hold multiple values which have the same data type . Sorting an array is useful in organising data in ordered form and recovering them rapidly. Methods There are many well known methods by which an array can be sorted. Some of them are Selection sort , Bubble sort , Insertion sort , Merge sort , Quick sort , Heap sort , and counting sort . Citation needed date November 2011 These sorting techniques have different algorithms. Hence there are different advantages of each ... array are found using a binary search , in O log n thus sorted arrays are suited for cases when ... binary search tree s. In some data structures, an array of structures is used. In such cases, the same ... a sorted dynamic array , then it is possible to insert and delete elements. The insertion and deletion of elements in a sorted array executes at O n , due to the need to shift all the elements ... dynamic array can do this in Amortized analysis amortized O 1 time while a self balancing binary search tree always operates at O log n . Elements in a sorted array can be looked up by their index .... History John von Neumann wrote the first array sorting program merge sort in 1945, when the EDVAC ... according to the highest priority by using sorted array of process ID s. Here, processes got sorted ... priority takes first position in sorted array. Hence priority wise system processes scheduling is done ... P1 3 P2 4 P3 1 P4 8 P5 6 See Also array data structure insertion sort sorting algorithm binary search ... more details
In computer science , a suffix array is an array data structure array of integers giving the starting positions of suffix computer science suffixes of a string computer science string in lexicographical order . Details Consider the string class wikitable border 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 align center ... array is the array of the indices of suffixes sorted in lexicographical order. For the string abracadabra , using 1 based array one based indexing, the suffix array is 12,11,8,1,4,6,9,2,5,7,10,3 ... all of those suffixes can also be useful. Algorithms The easiest way to construct a suffix array is to use ... an algorithm for updating the suffix array of a text that has been edited instead of rebuilding a new suffix array from scratch. Even if the theoretical worst case time complexity is math O n log ... . Applications The suffix array of a string can be used as an index search engine index to quickly ... ordering, these suffixes will be grouped together in the suffix array, and can be found efficiently ... in a suffix array with indices stored in pos, starting with 1 as the first index. pre if W suffixAt ... tree . This began the trend towards compressed suffix array s and BWT based compressed full text ... 2003 . Simple linear work suffix array construction. In Proc. 30th International Colloquium on Automata ... Stoye 2005 . An incomplex algorithm for fast suffix array construction . In Proceedings of the 7th ... 2011 On the number of elements to reorder when updating a suffix array , http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.jda.2011.01.002 ... 12 24 The Suffix Array 1845 Suffix Array Implementation in Ruby http sary.sourceforge.net index.html.en Suffix array library and tools http pizzachili.dcc.uchile.cl Project containing various Suffix Array c c Implementations with a unified interface http code.google.com p libdivsufsort A fast, lightweight, and robust C API library to construct the suffix array http code.google.com p pysuffix Suffix Array implementation in Python Category Arrays Category Substring indices Category String data structures ... more details
, array slicing is an operation that extracts certain elements from an array and packages them as another array, possibly with different number of indices or dimensions and different index ranges. Two ... vector . Depending on the programming language and context, the elements of the new array may be aliasing computing aliased to i.e., share memory with those of the original array. Details For one ... elements 2, 5, 7, 3, 8, 6, 4, 1 , and we want to create an array slice from the 3rd to the 6th ... dimensional slices rectangular matrices from a three dimensional array. However, since the range ... to actually eliminate the trivial indices. General array slicing can be implemented whether or not built into the language by referencing every array through a dope vector or descriptor &mdash a record that contains the address of the first array element, and then the range of each index and the corresponding coefficient in the indexing formula. This technique also allows immediate array transpose ... the indices always start at zero, the dope vector of an array with d indices has at least 1 2 d ... Pascal , the dope vector needs 1 3 d entries. If the array abstraction does not support true negative ... used to specify an offset from the end of the array in that dimension. In 1 based schemes, 1 generally ... indices of an array element or, for that matter, of a procedure call to be omitted when used as an actual ... multi dimensional array slicing, which contributed much to the language s expressive power and popularity. ALGOL 68 1968 introduced comprehensive multi dimension array slicing and trimming features. Array slicing facilities have been incorporated in several modern languages, such as Ada programming ..., in which case they default to the declared array bounds. Neither the stride facility, nor diagonal ... Octave Scilab A round rand 3, 4, 5 10 3x4x5 three dimensional or cubic array A , , 3 3x4 two dimensional array along first and second dimensions ans 8 3 5 7 8 9 1 4 4 4 2 5 A , 2 3, 3 3x2 two dimensional ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In computer programming , the stride of an array also increment or step size refers to the number of locations in Computer data storage Primary memory memory between beginnings of successive Array data structure array elements, measured in byte s or in units of the size of the array s elements. In another words stride is number of bytes one has to move to get from one element to the next or previous one. Stride cannot be smaller than element size it d mean that elements are overlapping but can be larger indicating extra space between elements . An array with stride of exactly same size as the size of one of it s elements is contiguous in memory. Such arrays are sometimes said to have unit stride . Unit stride arrays are generally more efficient than non unit stride arrays, due to the effects of CPU cache caching . This is attributed to the Locality of reference Principle of Locality , specifically spatial locality. Reasons for non unit stride There are at least two reasons arrays may have a stride larger than their elements width in bytes. First, many languages including C programming language C and C allow structures to be Data structure alignment padded to better take advantage of the word length of the machine. For example source lang c struct ThreeBytesWide char a 3 struct ThreeBytesWide myArray 100 source In the above code snippet, code myArray code might well turn out to have a stride of four bytes, rather than three, if the C code were compiled for a 32 bit architecture, and the compiler had optimized as is usually the case for minimum processing time rather than minimum memory usage. Second, some languages allow arrays of structures to be treated as overlapping parallel array s with non unit stride source lang c include stdio.h struct MyRecord int value char text Print the contents of an array of ints with the given stride void print ... 0 source This idiom is a form of type punning . DEFAULTSORT Stride Of An Array Category Arrays Category ... more details
Infobox company company name Array Networks company type Private company Private company slogan Enterprise Secure Application Delivery foundation 2000 location Milpitas, California industry Security and Application Delivery products SPX Series SSL VPN, APV Application Delivery Controllers homepage http www.arraynetworks.net Founded in 2000, and headquartered in Silicon Valley , California , Array Networks ... applications to end users. Array takes a hardware based approach to deliver enterprise applications ... Array Networks SPX2000 , Information Security , June 2008 . ref APV Series Application Delivery ... 2008 033108netop2.html Array Networks on a Green Streak , Network World , April 22 2008 . ref and Net ... platforms Array s SPX series products are enterprise class SSL Virtual private network VPNs that cover ... Array Networks Equipment for Access Control.aspx Polytechnic Institute of NYU Deploys Array Networks ... hotspots. WiFiProtect runs on Array s SPX Universal Access Controller hardware and incorporates ... www.networkcomputing.com showArticle.jhtml?articleID 197004594&cid RSSfeed TechWeb Array Networks ... web browser. ref name ChannelInsider http www.channelinsider.com c a Reviews Array Networks Wants Citrixs GoToMyPC Off the Desktop Array Networks Wants Cytrix s Go ToMyPC Off The Desktop , Channel Insider ...?q cache dX 9vDV4ecgJ www.brockmann.com index.php 200805091299 Mobile VoIP Applications Interop Array Networks Delivers User Defined Terminal Service.html interop array networks delivers user defined terminal service.html&cd 1&hl en&ct clnk&gl us Interop Array Networks Delivers User Defined Terminal ... The Array Networks AppVelocity APV Series consists of Application delivery controller Application ... World http www.networkworld.com newsletters accel 2008 033108netop2.html Array Networks on a Green Streak , Network World , April 22 2008 ref In 2009, Array launched an upgraded application delivery ... http www.networkworld.com newsletters accel 2009 060809netop2.html Array debuts 10Gbps acceleration ... more details
In computer science , an associative array , map , or dictionary is an abstract data type composed of a Collection ... array. A standard solution to the dictionary problem is a hash table in some cases it is also possible to solve the problem using directly addressed Array data structure array s, binary search tree s, or other ... array, the association between a key and a value is often known as a binding , and the same ... that are usually defined for an associative array are ref name gt ref name ms Add or insert add ... is returned from the operation. If no value is found, some associative array implementations .... A multimap generalizes an associative array by allowing multiple values to be associated with a single ... which books are checked out to which patrons may be represented by an associative array, in which ... , the current checkouts may be represented by an associative array pre Great Expectations ... Expectations in this array would return the name of the person who checked out that book, John. If John returns his book, that would cause a deletion operation in the associative array, and if Pat ... is no longer present in the array. Implementation For dictionaries with very small numbers of bindings ... range of integers, is direct addressing into an array the value for a given key k is stored at the array cell A k , or if there is no binding for k then the cell stores a special sentinel value ... frequently used general purpose implementation of an associative array is with a hash table an Array data structure array of bindings, together with a hash function that maps each possible key into an array ... at that cell of the array and using the binding found there. However, hash table based dictionaries ... of keys such as radix tree s, trie s, Judy array s, or van Emde Boas tree s, but these implementation ... to handle operations beyond the basic ones of an associative array, such as finding the binding whose ... syntax, often using array like subscripting. Built in syntactic support for associative arrays ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2011 File Arraymbiraplayed.jpg thumb right 300px Patrick Hadley playing an array mbira The Array mbira is a hand crafted modern musical instrument with a unique harp or bell like sound. It is made in the United States by its inventor Bill Wesley and manufactured by Wesley with Patrick Hadley in San Diego, California, United States. It is a radical redesign of the African mbira and is part of the lamellaphone family. The metal tines are grouped into multiple octaves. Sounding ... runs through the chromatic scale . Usually, the Array mbira contains two and a half repetitions of the entire ... octave Array mbira uses 5 30 150 tines. The arrangement of the tines allows music to be played with relative ease in any key. Description Generally, the Array mbira is large enough to allow two ... than other mbiras and kalimbas. Two types of Array mbiras are available, a hollow body and a solid ... of the Array System The notes are arranged according to the array system, developed by musicologist, performer, and author Bill Wesley. The Array system of organizing the notes is similar to the Wicki ... of the same note with one finger. The Array system is a specific pattern of arranging musical tones ... available on a lead instrument at this time, and that is the system used for organizing the Array mbira. Because the Array system is isomorphic, any given chord, scale, or song, no matter how complex .... The Array system can be thought of not only as being based on the circle of fifths, but as being based ... of playing an Array mbira is that less shifting around of movement is required for playing a given ... octave of every note , complex rhythms and fast melodies are easier to play. The Array system allows ..., playing a melody on an Array Mbira is unfamiliar for musicians who have trained on other instruments ... dissonant intervals. The Array mbira is played by a number of notable musicians, including ... ArrayPlayers DEFAULTSORT Array Mbira Category Custom made instruments Category Lamellophones ... more details
infobox telescope name Keck Array background Yellow image e.g. File Astrophotography.jpg 250px caption organization location South Pole coords altitude weather wavelength 150 GHz built first light website http www.astro.caltech.edu lgg keck keck front.htm astro.caltech.edu lgg keck style Radio telescope diameter diameter2 diameter3 angular resolution area focal length mounting dome commons Page or category name at Commons The Keck Array is a CMB polarization experiment, part of a CMB polarization project including BICEP2 . The experiment will consist of several microwave polarimeter s located at the South Pole . The purpose of the experiment is to measure the B modes Curl mathematics curl component of the Polarization waves polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation . ref name CaltechPressRelease http media.caltech.edu press releases 13201 , Caltech press release W.M. Keck Foundation Gift to Enable Caltech and JPL Scientists to Research the Universe s Violent Origin ref Members of the scientific collaboration working on the Keck Array include Caltech , JPL , the University of Minnesota , Harvard University , the University of Chicago , Stanford University , Case Western Reserve , the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST , the University of Toronto , and Cardiff University . Development Three polarimeters will be deployed to the South Pole in December 2010, and two more a year later. References reflist CMB experiments Category Physics experiments Category Radio astronomy Category Cosmic microwave background experiments Category Astronomy in the Antarctic ... more details
technical date February 2012 Curtain arrays are a class of radio transmission Antenna radio antenna originally developed during the 1920s and 1930s when there was a lot of experimentation with long distance shortwave broadcasting. The underlying concept is to achieve improvements in gain and or directionality over the simple dipole , possibly by folding one or more dipoles into a smaller physical space, or to arrange multiple dipoles such that their radiation patterns reinforce each other, thus concentrating more signal into a given target area. The first curtain arrays to achieve popularity were the Sterba antenna Sterba curtain , patented by Ernest J. Sterba in 1929 ref Sterba, E.J. November 1, 1932 . http www.aktuellum.com circuits antenna patent patents 1885151.pdf Directive Antenna System . Accessed February 2012. ref and the Bruce array invented by Edmond Bruce sometime in the late 1920 s. The Bruce array produces a vertically polarised signal, Sterba arrays and HRS antennas produce a horizontally polarised signal. The Sterba array was used by Bell Labs and others during the 1930 s and 1940 s. The Sterba curtain is however a narrowband design and is only steerable by mechanical means. However, as far back as the mid 1930s, Radio Netherlands was using a rotatable HRS antenna for global coverage. Since the 1950 s the HRS design has become more or less the standard for long distance high power shortwave broadcasting 1000 km . References Reflist Category Amateur radio Category Radio ... more details
File Wenner electrode array.svg thumb 250px The Wenner electrode array consists of a line of four equally spaced electrodes. Current is injected through the outer electrodes and potential is measured between the inner electrodes. An electrode array is a configuration of electrode s used for measuring either an electric current or voltage . Some electrode arrays can operate in a bidirectional fashion, in that they can also be used to provide a stimulating pattern of electric current or voltage . Common arrays include Schlumberger Wenner Wenner alpha Wenner beta Wenner gamma Pole pole Dipole dipole Pole dipole Equatorial dipole dipole Resistivity Resistivity measurement of bulk materials is a frequent application of electrode arrays. The figure shows a Wenner array, one of the possible ways of achieving this. ref Milsom, pp.98 99. ref Injecting the current through electrodes separate from those being used for measurement of potential has the advantage of eliminating any innacuracies caused by the injecting circuit resistance, particularly the contact resistance between the probe and the surface, which can be high. Assuming the material is homogenous, the resistivity is given by, math rho 2 pi a frac V I math Electrode arrays are widely used to measure resistivity in geophysics applications. ref Milsom, p.98. ref It is also used in the semiconductor industry to measure the bulk resistivity of silicon wafers, which in turn can be taken as a measure of the doping semiconductor doping that has been applied to the wafer, before further manufacturing processes are undertaken. ref Lark Horovitz & Johnson, p.54. ref See also Four terminal sensing Multielectrode array Electrical resistivity measurement of concrete References reflist Karl Lark Horovitz, Vivian Annabelle Johnson, Methods of experimental physics Solid state physics , Academic Press, 1959 ISBN 0124759467. cite book last Loke first M.H. title Tutorial 2 D and 3 D electrical imaging surveys year 2004 url http www.geoelectrical.com ... more details
distinguish Triangular matrix Image BellNumberAnimated.gif right thumb The triangular array whose right hand diagonal sequence consists of Bell numbers In mathematics and computing, a triangular array of numbers, polynomials, or the like, is a doubly indexed sequence in which each row is only as long as the row s own index. Notable particular examples include these Bell numbers the Bell triangle , Aitken s array , or the Peirce triangle Bell polynomials Boustrophedon transform Eulerian number Floyd s triangle Hosoya s triangle Lah number Lozani s triangle Narayana number Pascal s triangle Rencontres numbers Romberg s method Stirling numbers of the first kind Stirling numbers of the second kind Triangular arrays of integers in which each row is symmetric and begins and ends with 1 are sometimes called generalized Pascal triangles examples include Pascal s triangle, the Narayana numbers, and the triangle of Eulerian numbers. ref citation last Barry first P. issue 06.2.4 journal Journal of Integer Sequences pages 1 34 title On integer sequence based constructions of generalized Pascal triangles url http www.emis.ams.org journals JIS VOL9 Barry barry91.pdf volume 9 year 2006 . ref Practical use Apart from the representation of triangular matrix triangular matrices , triangular arrays are used in several algorithm s. One example is the CYK algorithm CKY parsing algorithm for context free grammar s, an example of dynamic programming . See also Triangular number is the number of entries in such an array. References reflist External links mathworld title Number Triangle urlname NumberTriangle math stub computing stub Category Triangles of numbers ... more details
A staring array , staring plane array , Focal Plane Arrays focal plane array FPA , or focal plane is an image sensing device consisting of an array typically rectangular of light sensing pixels at the focal plane of a lens. FPAs are used most commonly for imaging purposes e.g. taking pictures or video imagery , but can also be used for non imaging purposes such as spectrometry , LIDAR , and wave front sensing . In radio astronomy the term FPA refers to an array at the focus of a radio telescope see full article on Focal Plane Arrays . At optical and infrared wavelengths it can refer to a variety of imaging device types, but in common usage it refers to two dimensional devices that are sensitive in the infrared spectrum. Devices sensitive in other spectra are usually referred to by other terms, such as CCD charge coupled device and CMOS image sensor in the visible spectrum. FPAs operate by detecting photons at particular wavelengths and then generating an electrical charge, voltage, or resistance in relation to the number of photons detected at each pixel. This charge, voltage, or resistance is then measured, digitized, and used to construct an image of the object, scene, or phenomenon that emitted the photons. Applications for infrared FPAs include guided missile missile or related weapons guidance sensors, infrared astronomy, manufacturing inspection, thermal imaging for firefighting, medical imaging, and infrared phenomenology such as observing combustion, weapon impact, rocket ... array Staring arrays are distinct from scanning array and TDI time domain integration imagers ... fashion to a scanning array except that it images perpendicularly to the motion of the camera. A staring array is analogous to the film in a typical camera it directly captures a 2 D image projected by the lens at the image plane. A scanning array is analogous to piecing together a 2D image with photos .... The detector array is then hybridized or bonded to the ROIC, typically using indium bump bonding, and the resulting ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2007 In the mathematical field of graph theory , given a distance regular graph G of diameter d , by definition there are integers b sub i sub and c sub i sub such that given any two vertices x and y in G at distance i , y has b sub i sub neighbours at distance i 1 from x and c sub i sub neighbours at distance i &minus 1 from x . The sequence b sub 0 sub , ..., b sub d &minus 1 sub c sub 1 sub , ..., c sub d sub is called the intersection array of G . External links mathworld title Intersection Array urlname IntersectionArray Category Graph theory objects Combin stub ... more details
In computer science and software engineering , a Judy array is a data structure that has high performance, low memory usage and implements an associative array . Unlike normal arrays, Judy arrays may be sparse, that is, they may have large ranges of unassigned indices. They can be used for storing and looking up values using integer or string keys. The key benefits of using Judy is its scalability, high performance, memory efficiency and ease of use. ref http packages.debian.org lenny libjudy dev ref Judy arrays are both speed and memory efficient, with no tuning or configuration required and therefore they can replace common data structures skiplists, linked lists , binary, ternary, b trees, hash function hashing and work better with very large data sets. Roughly speaking, it is similar to a highly optimised 256 ary trie data structure. ref Alan Silverstein, http judy.sourceforge.net application shop interm.pdf Judy IV Shop Manual , 2002 ref To make memory consumption small, Judy arrays use over 20 different compression techniques to compress trie nodes. The Judy array was invented by Douglas Baskins and named after his sister. ref http judy.sourceforge.net ref Terminology Expanse, population and density are commonly used when it comes to Judy. As they are not commonly used in tree search literature, it is important to define them Expanse is a range of possible keys. ex 200, 300, etc. Population is the count of keys contained in an expanse. ex 200, 360, 400, 512, 720 5 Density is used to describe the sparseness of an expanse of keys Density Population Expanse Benefits Memory allocation Judy arrays are designed to be unbounded arrays and therefore their sizes are not pre allocated ... of the array and can scale to a large number of elements. Since it allocates memory dynamically as it grows ... population in the Judy array. Speed Judy arrays are designed to keep the number of processor ... being a type of trie , they consume much less memory than hash tables. Also because a Judy array is a trie ... more details
Infobox power station name Atlantic Array Offshore Wind Farm image image caption location map England location map text Location of Atlantic Array within England locale Bristol Channel, off the coast of North Devon and South Wales , UK owner RWE Npower lat d 51 lat m 16 lat s 19 lat NS N long d 3 long m 39 long s 43 long EW W coordinates type region GB scale 50000 coordinates display title status primary fuel Wind conveyance combined cycle generation units 250 350 turbines installed capacity max planned cap 1500 MW commissioned 2015 expected decommissioned Atlantic Array is a proposed offshore wind farm development by RWE npower , planned for the Bristol Channel , off the coast of North Devon and South Wales . With a planned 1.5 gigawatt capacity, it would be one of the world s largest offshore wind farms. ref http www.renewableenergymagazine.com paginas Contenidosecciones.asp?ID 991&Tipo &Nombre Renewable 20energy 20news Meet the world s largest offshore windfarm ref A site within the UK s third round of offshore wind developments, it is located convert 9 mi off of the coast of north Devon, and convert 10 mi off the coast of South Wales. Covering an area the size of the Isle of Wight , the turbines will be visible from the North Devon , Gower , and Pembrokeshire coastlines. ref name BBC14998944 Originally proposed by Farm Energy2, now part of RWE npower, the company won the lease development rights from Crown Estate s owners of the UK seabed . ref http www.rwe.com web cms en 354738 rwe npower renewables sites projects in development wind atlantic array RWE npower atlantic array ref The current proposal would cost 3bn to create between 350 and 417 wind turbine s, which RWE npower say is enough to power more than a million homes. ref cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi england devon 6664005.stm title Largest offshore windfarm planned publisher BBC News date ... news uk wales 14998944 title Atlantic Array wind farm Exhibitions open in Porthcawl publisher BBC Wales ... more details
Programming paradigms In computer science , array programming languages also known as vector or multidimensional ... geometric vector s, matrix mathematics matrices , and higher dimensional arrays. Array programming ... be dramatic in certain cases it is not uncommon to find array programming language one liner program ... programming language to provide array programming capabilities. The mnemonic APL refers to the title .... Concepts The fundamental idea behind array programming is that operations apply at once to an entire ... behind array programming actually referring to APL as follows quote most programming languages are decidedly ... derive more efficient algorithm. The basis behind array programming and thinking is to find and exploit ... , array orientation looks to group data and apply a uniform handling. Function rank is an important concept to array programming languages in general, by analogy to tensor rank in mathematics functions ... the dimensionality of an input data array by one or more dimensions. For example, summing over elements collapses the input array by 1 dimension. Uses Array programming is very well suited to implicit ... set MMX and continuing through SSSE3 and 3DNow , which include rudimentary SIMD array capabilities. Array ... or more cores are increasingly common today. Languages maincat Array programming languages The canonical examples of array programming languages are APL programming language APL , J programming ... Program static void Main string args int numbers Array declaration Console.WriteLine Please enter the array size int n int.Parse Console.ReadLine Getting the Array size from user numbers new int n Array Creation for int i 0 i numbers.Length i Reading the Array Elements from user Console.WriteLine ... operations on arrays is both tedious and error prone. In array languages, operations are generalized ... elements as illustrated in the loops above. Within the array programming paradigm, the previous ... input Enter numbers , s , d source without the need to statically decide the array size. Array programming ... more details
File Smithsonian Submillimeter Array.jpg thumb 300px The Submillimeter Array File Mk submm array.jpg thumb 300px The Array under construction in 2002 The Submillimeter Array SMA consists of eight convert 6 m adj on diameter radio telescope s arranged as an interferometer for submillimetre astronomy submillimeter wavelength observations. It is the first purpose built submillimeter interferometer, constructed after successful interferometry experiments using the pre existing convert 15 m 0 adj on James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and convert 10.4 m 1 adj on Caltech Submillimeter Observatory as an interferometer. All three of these observatories are located at Mauna Kea Observatory on Mauna Kea , Hawaii , and can be operated together as a ten element interferometer in the 230 and 345 GHz bands eSMA, for e xtended S ub m illimeter A rray . The baseline lengths presently in use range from convert 16 to 508 m 0 , and up to convert 783 m 0 for eSMA operations. The radio frequencies accessible to this telescope range from 180 to 700 GHz which includes rotational transitions of dozens of molecular species as well as continuum emission from interstellar dust grains. Although the array is capable of operating both day and night, most of the observations take place at nighttime when the atmospheric phase stability is best. The SMA is jointly operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Science with the SMA The SMA is a multi purpose instrument which can be used to observe diverse celestial phenomena. The SMA excels at observations of dust and gas with temperatures only a few tens of kelvin s above absolute ... event horizon . See also Atacama Large Millimeter Array , under construction in Chile References reflist External links http www.cfa.harvard.edu sma Submillimeter Array website http www.cfa.harvard.edu ... and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii de Submillimeter Array ko ja uk ... more details
In mathematics, a Costas array can be regarded geometry geometrically as a set of n points lying on the Square geometry square s of a n × n checkerboard , such that each row or column contains only one point, and that all of the n n &minus 1 2 displacement vector displacement vector geometric vector s between each pair of dots are distinct. This results in an ideal thumbtack auto ambiguity function , making the arrays useful in applications such as sonar and radar . Costas arrays can be regarded as two dimensional cousins of the one dimensional Golomb ruler construction, and, as well as being of mathematical interest, have similar applications in experimental design and phased array radar engineering. Costas arrays are named after John P. Costas engineer John P. Costas , who first wrote about them in a 1965 technical report. Independently, Edgar Gilbert also wrote about them ... A Costas array may be represented numerically as an n × n array of numbers, where ... it is given that any column has only one point, it is possible to represent an array one dimensionally. For instance, the following is a valid Costas Array of order N 4 class wikitable ... in the set would then be the x coordinate. Observe 2,1,3,4 would describe the aforementioned array ... array , or just Welch array, is a Costas array generated using the following method, first discovered by Edgar Gilbert in 1965 and rediscovered in 1982 by Lloyd R. Welch . The Welch Costas array is constructed ... the array A by math A i,j 1 math if math i equiv g j bmod p math , otherwise 0. The result is a Costas array of size p &minus 1. Example 3 is a primitive element of 5. 3 1 3 3 2 9 4 mod 5 ... Welch array. The transposition of the array is a logarithmic Welch array. The number ... alpha i beta j 1 math , otherwise 0. The result is a Costas array of size q &minus 2. If 1 then the first row and column may be deleted to form another Costas array ... more details
Citation style date September 2009 The parametric array is a nonlinear transducer transduction mechanism that generates narrow, nearly sidelobe free beams of low frequency sound, through the mixing and interaction of high frequency sound wave s, effectively overcoming the diffraction limit a kind of spatial uncertainty principle associated with linear acoustics. ref cite book last Beyer first Robert T title Nonlinear Acoustics chapter Preface to the Original Edition url http asa.aip.org books nonlinear.html Preface1 ref Parametric arrays can be formed in water, ref name nonlinear underwater acoustics book cite book last1 Novikov first1 B. K. last2 Rudenko first O. V. last3 Timoshenko first3 V. I. others Translated by Robert T. Beyer title Nonlinear Underwater Acoustics url http asa.aip.org books nonuw.html ref air, ref http dx.doi.org 10.1121 1.384959 Experimental study of a saturated parametric array in air ref and earth materials rock. ref http dx.doi.org 10.1121 1.403453 Finite amplitude wave studies in earth materials ref ref http www.lanl.gov orgs ees ees11 geophysics nonlinear pubs ... of the parametric array owes to Peter Westervelt Peter J. Westervelt , ref http scitation.aip.org ... Peter Westervelt and the parametric array ref winner of the Lord Rayleigh Medal ref http www.ioa.org.uk ... 554 and Albers 17 , the concept for the parametric array occurred to Dr. Westervelt while he was stationed ... by Captain H.J. Round British pioneer of the superheterodyne receiver via the parametric array mechanism. The phenomenon of the parametric array,seen first experimentally by Westervelt in the 1950s ... Lemelson MIT Prize MIT Lemelson Prize for his application of the parametric array to commercial ... 2 , 179 186. 2 Peter J. Westervelt, Parametric Acoustic Array , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America ... Imaging Computed Tomography by Parametric Acoustic Array Y. Nakagawa M. Nakagawa M. Yoneyama M. Kikuchi IEEE 1984 Ultrasonics Symposium Volume , Issue , 1984 Page s 673 676 DEFAULTSORT Parametric Array ... more details
Image Halbach array.png framed A Halbach array, showing the orientation of each piece s magnetic field. This array would give a strong field underneath, while the field above would cancel. File Halbach array field.jpg thumb The flux diagram of a Halbach array A Halbach array is a special arrangement of permanent magnet s that augments the magnetic field on one side of the array while cancelling the field to near zero on the other side. ref name Halbach1980 In the diagram, the magnetic field is enhanced ... National Laboratory , also independently invented the Halbach array to focus accelerator particle beams ... thumb right The magnetic field around an infinite halbach array of cube magnets. The field doesn t perfectly ..., continuously varying, infinite array is of the form ref http www.uta.edu physics main resources ... of the field at the surface of the array math scriptstyle k math is the spatial wavenumber ... vector. Variable Halbach array A series of magnetic rods, magnetized perpendicular to their axes, can be arranged into a Halbach array. If each rod is then rotated alternately through 90 the resultant ... below. Image HalbachArraySchematic1.png frame center Schematic of a Halbach array consisting of a series ... gearing arrangement for a variable Halbach array. Halbach cylinder A Halbach cylinder is a magnetized .... Uniform fields Image Halbach array by Zureks.png thumb right Uniform field inside Halbach cylinder ... field inside a cavity within an array of permanent magnets. Other classes of design include wedge ... experiments. ref Raich, H., Bl mler, P., Design and construction of a dipolar Halbach array with a homogeneous ... dependent, refrigeration of the entire magnet array can increase the field within the working .... McMurry title An adjustable linear Halbach array journal Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ... December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Halbach Array Category Levitation Category Magnetic devices ca Matriu Halbach de Halbach Array es Matriz Halbach it Array Halbach he ru ... more details
In molecular biology and bioinformatics , a SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect Polymorphism biology polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism SNP , a variation at a single site in DNA , is the most frequent type of variation in the genome. For example, there are around 10 million SNPs that have been identified in the human genome . ref Sherry ST, Ward MH, Kholodov M, Baker J, Phan L, Smigielski EM, Sirotkin K. dbSNP the NCBI database of genetic variation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001 29 308 311. doi 10.1093 nar 29.1.308 . PubMed Link http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 11125122 ref As SNPs are highly conserved throughout evolution Citation needed date May 2011 and within a population , the map of SNPs serves as an excellent genotypic marker for research. Principles The basic principles of SNP array are the same as the DNA microarray. These are the convergence of DNA hybridization , fluorescence microscope fluorescence microscopy , and solid surface DNA capture. The three mandatory components of the SNP arrays are The array that contains immobilized nucleic acid sequences or target One or more labeled allele specific oligonucleotide ASO probes A detection system that records and interprets the DNA DNA hybridization hybridization signal. To achieve relative concentration independence and minimal cross hybridization, raw sequences and SNPs of multiple databases are scanned to design the probes. Each SNP on the array is interrogated with different probes. Depending on the purpose of experiments, the amount of SNPs present on an array is considered. Applications A SNP array is a useful tool for studying slight variations between whole ... array can also be used to generate a virtual karyotype using software to determine the copy number of each SNP on the array and then align the SNPs in chromosomal order. SNPs can also be used to study ... array studies have shown that solid tumor s such as gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma liver ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 A bit array also known as a bitmap , a bitset , or a bitstring is an array data structure that compactly stores individual bits boolean value s . It implements a simple set data structure storing a subset of 1,2,..., n and is effective at exploiting bit level parallelism in hardware to perform operations quickly. A typical bit array stores kw bits, where w is the number of bits in the unit of storage, such as a byte or Word data type word , and k is some nonnegative integer. If w does not divide the number of bits to be stored, some space is wasted due to Fragmentation ... number of places, as well as bitwise negation if necessary. We can view a bit array as a subset ... array, we can do this efficiently using a doubly nested loop that loops through each word, one at a time ... of 1 bits in a bit array, sometimes called the population count or Hamming weight, there are efficient ..., sorting a bit array is trivial to do in O n time using counting sort &mdash we count the number .... When a priority queue is stored in a bit array, find first one can be used to identify the highest ... base 2 see find first set can also be extended to a bit array in a straightforward manner. Compression ..., compressed bit arrays, Judy array s, trie s, or even Bloom filter s should be considered instead ... access is more common than sequential and the array is relatively small, a byte array may be preferable on a machine with byte addressing. A word array, however, is probably not justified due to the huge ... unary coding , the result is a bit array with a 1 bit in the n th position if and only if n is in the list ... Javadoc SE java util BitSet creates a bit array that is then manipulated with functions named after ... functions and operators, including shift and rotate operations and an unboxed array over boolean values may be used to model a Bit array, although this lacks support from the former module. In Perl ... or code Bignum code using the bracket operator code code , as if it were an array of bits. Apple s Core ... more details
Chip , in addition to other uses e.g. array CGH . ref cite journal last Yazaki first J coauthors Gregory, BD, Ecker, JR title Mapping the genome landscape using tiling array technology. journal Current ... arrays within an array unit called a feature, with anywhere from 10,000 to more than 6,000,000 different features per array. ref name Moc05 cite journal last Mockler first TC coauthors Chan ..., each of which contains millions of copies of one probe. The other way of synthesizing tiling array ... chip procedure. MeDIP chip Methyl DNA immunoprecipitation followed by tiling array allows DNA methylation ... place for applying the technique to a genome wide scale. Comparative Genomic Hybridization CGH Array ... cells vs. cancer cells. There are two types of tiling arrays commonly used for array CGH ... copy number variations with high resolution. On the other hand, the fine tiled array CGH would produce ..., A, M nsson, W, H glund, M title Tiling resolution array CGH and high density expression profiling ... Workflow of tiling array procedure. There are several different methods for conducting a tiling ... is then fragmented and labeled. Finally, the samples are hybridized to the tiling array chip. The signals ... for data analysis and vary in benefits depending on the manufacturer of the array chip. For Affymetrix chips, the model based analysis of tiling array MAT is the most effective peak seeking ... advantages of tiling array are that they provide an unbiased tool to investigate protein binding, gene ... is the issue of expense. Although the cost of purchasing tiling array kits have reduced in price in the last ..., as there is no clearly defined start or stop to your region of interest once identified on the array ... more details
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