Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificialdigestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificialdigestion. As an example, artificialdigestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT ArtificialDigestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
orphan date April 2010 There are two major types of digestion extracellular digestion and intracellular digestion. Intracellular digestion is digestion which takes place within the cytoplasm of the organism, as in many unicellular protozoans. Examples Most organisms that use intracellular digestion belong to Kingdom Protista, such as amoeba and paramecium . Amoeba Amoeba uses pseudopodia to capture food in a process called phagocytosis . Paramecium Paramecium uses cilia in the oral groove to bring food into the mouth pore which goes to the gullet. At the end of the gullet, a food vacuole forms. Undigested food is carried to the anal pore. Euglena Euglena is photosynthetic but also engulfs and digests microorganisms. Category Cell biology ... more details
Image Digestion chambers very high mag cropped.jpg thumb right Micrograph showing digestion chambers. HPS stain . Digestion chambers are a histology histologic finding in nerve s that are undergoing Wallerian degeneration . ref name pmid851236 cite journal author Turner JE, Glaze KA title The early stages of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt Triturus viridescens journal Anat. Rec. volume 187 issue 3 pages 291 310 year 1977 month March pmid 851236 doi 10.1002 ar.1091870303 url ref Appearance Digestion chambers consist of small globular fragments, which represent degenerating myelin sheaths. See also Nerve injury References Reflist 1 External links http missinglink.ucsf.edu lm ids 104 musclenerve path student musclenerve nervepath.html Basic Nerve Pathology ucsf.edu An Introduction to the Pathology of Nerves Category Neurology Category Neurotrauma ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In alchemy , digestion is a process in which gentle heat is applied to a substance over a period of several weeks. This was traditionally performed by sealing a sample of the substance in a flask, and keeping the flask in fresh horse dung or sometimes in direct sunlight. Today, practitioners of alchemy use thermostat controlled incubators. ref http www.alchemywebsite.com reid2 2.html John Reid s Course on Practical Alchemy II Chapter 2 November 1, 2010 ref Digestion is considered one of the 12 core alchemical processes and is ruled , or dominated , by the zodiac al sign of Leo astrology Leo . References Reflist Alchemy DEFAULTSORT Digestion Alchemy Category Alchemical processes ... more details
All carbohydrates absorbed in the small intestine must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides prior to absorption. The digestion of starch begins with the action of salivary alpha amylase ptyalin, although its activity is slight in comparison with that of pancreatic amylase in the small intestine. Amylase hydrolyzes starch to alpha dextrin, which are then digested by gluco amylase alpha dextrinases to maltose and maltotriose. The products of digestion of alpha amylase and alpha dextrinase, along with dietary disaccharides are hydrolyzed to their corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase present in the brush border of small intestine. In the typical Western diet, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is fast and takes place usually in the upper small intestine. However, when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible, digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine. Digestion of food continues while simplest elements are absorbed. The absorption of most digested food occurs in the small intestine through the brush border of the epithelium covering the villi small hair like structure . It is not a simple diffusion of substances, but is active and requires energy use by the epithelial cells. During the phase of carbohydrate absorption, fructose is transported by a transporter of fructose into the intestinal cell s cytosol, glucose and galactose competes with other Na transporter required for operation. From the cytosol, monosaccharides pass into the capillaries by simple or facilitated diffusion. Carbohydrates that are not digested in the small intestine, including resistant starch foods such as potatoes, beans, oats, wheat flour, as well as several non polisacac ridos oligosaccharides and starch, are digested in a variable when they reach the large intestine. The bacterial flora metabolize these compounds in the absence of oxygen. This produces gases hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane ... more details
Image Haase Lubeck MBT.JPG right thumbnail Anaerobic digestion and regenerative thermal oxidiser component ... Sustainable energy Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down ... www.nnfcc.co.uk publications nnfcc renewable fuels and energy factsheet anaerobic digestion NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet Anaerobic Digestion , Retrieved on 2011 11 22 ref It is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste and or to release energy. The digestion process ... Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion reference sheet , waste.nl. Retrieved 25.10.07 ... w.php Hydrolysis, Sewage Sludge and Anaerobic Digestion Retrieved 22.02.2010. ref As part of an integrated waste management system, anaerobic digestion reduces the emission of landfill gas into the atmosphere ... energy.com, accessed 08.11.11 ref Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of renewable energy ... in its deployment as a waste treatment technology. Citation needed date February 2012 Anaerobic digestion ... capital costs , anaerobic digestion has in recent years received increased attention among governments ... files anaerobic digestion strat action plan.pdf Anaerobic Digestion Strategy and Action Plan ... p49 Fergusen, T. & Mah, R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 ref In 1808 ... of anaerobic digestion , web.pdx.edu. Retrieved 17.08.07. ref ref name Anaerobic digestion http www.waste.nl content download 472 3779 file WB89 InfoSheet Anaerobic 20Digestion .pdf Anaerobic digestion .... Citation needed date February 2010 Through scientific research, anaerobic digestion gained ... http www.epa.gov agstar pdf conference04 humenik.pdf Anaerobic digestion of animal manure , epa.gov. ... and France , there was an increase in the application of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of manure ... digestion, including acetic acid forming bacteria acetogen s and methane forming archaea methanogen ... discovering anerobic 20digestion 20and 20biogas.pdf Discovering Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas ... more details
refimprove date January 2009 File Toothbrush regurgitated by albatross on Tern Island, Hawaii 20060614.jpg thumb right 220px This bolus from an albatross has several ingested flotsam items, including monofilament from fishing net s and a discarded toothbrush , Tern Island , French Frigate Shoals In digestion , a bolus from Latin bolus, ball is a mass of food that with animals that can chew has been Mastication chewed at the point of swallowing. Under normal circumstances, the bolus then travels to the stomach for further digestion. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary bolus title Bolus Definition and More from the Free Merriam Webster Dictionary publisher Merriam webster.com date accessdate 2012 02 21 ref ref cite web url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 72436 bolus title bolus biology Britannica Online Encyclopedia publisher Britannica.com date accessdate 2012 02 21 ref See also Chyme References reflist Category Digestive system digestive stub ca Bol alimentari bs Zalogaj es Bolo alimenticio no Bolus ru fr Bol alimentaire ... more details
The in gel digestion is part of the sample preparation mass spectrometry sample preparation for the mass ... 13 Granvogl, B et al., Proteomics , 2007, 7 5 , 642 54. ref The in gel digestion primarily comprises ... mass unit Da . In gel digestion Afterwards the eponymous step of the method is performed, the in gel digestion of the proteins. By this procedure, the protein is cut enzyme enzymatically into a limited ... side effect of the use of proteolytic enzymes is the self digestion of the protease. To avoid this, in the past Calcium Ca sup 2 sup ions were added to the digestion buffer. ref name Vajda ... , 2005, 5 9 , 2319 21. ref Other enzymes used for in gel digestion are the endo protease s Lys ... not possible. In those cases the digestion of the target protein in several approaches with different ... Biochem , 2006, 349 2 , 229 41. ref For the digestion the proteins fixed in the matrix of the gel ... swelling in the digestion buffer containing the protease. This procedure relies on the presumption ..., J et al., 2003 Therefore, the improvement of the in gel digestion has to be achieved by the reduction .... Usually, the in gel digestion is run as an overnight process. For the use of trypsin as protease and a temperature ... about the duration of the digestion process showed that after 3 h there is enough material for successful ... for the protease in temperature and pH allows for the completion of the digestion of a sample in 30 ... of proteins in the gel and thereby shorten digestion times and increase protein cleavage and the number ... s. Cleavable detergent s are detergents that are cleaved after digestion, often under acidic conditions ... the digestion the peptides generated in this process have to be extracted from the gel matrix ... and composition of the digestion buffer is used basic peptides are extracted in dependence to the intended ... trends Some major drawbacks of the common protocols for the in gel digestion are the extended time ... The commercial implementations of in gel digestion have to be divided into products for high ... more details
Multiple issues wikify November 2010 orphan November 2010 Microwave digestion is a common technique used by elemental scientists to dissolve heavy metals in the presence of organic molecules prior to analysis by inductively coupled plasma , atomic absorption, or atomic emission measurement. This technique is usually accomplished by exposing a sample to a strong acid in a closed vessel, and raising the pressure and temperature through microwave irradiation. This increase in temperature and pressure of the low pH sample medium thereby increases both the speed of thermal decomposition of the sample, and the solubility of heavy metals in solution. Once these heavy metals are in solution, it is possible to quantitate or quantify the sample through elemental techniques. References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist H. M. Kingston and Lois B. Jamie. Introduction to microwave sample preparation Theory and practice ACS Professional Reference Book, ACS, Washington, D.C., 1988. Pages xxii 263. External links http www.milestonesrl.com Milestone Group http www.cem.com cem.com http www.berghof.com Products en Products Laboratory Instruments berghof.com http www.berghof.com multimedia Downloads BPI Dokumente Oeffentlicher Bereich Laborgeraete Theorie MW Theorie Probenvorbereitung PT en.pdf Theorie of Sample preparation DEFAULTSORT Microwave Digestion Category Analytical chemistry ... more details
Merge from Resomation discuss Talk Tissue digestion Merger proposal date March 2011 Refimprove date May 2007 Tissue digestion is a method of disposing bodies. The scientific term is alkaline hydrolysis . It is used at several university universities for the remains of animal cadavers as well as for human remains. In mortuary usage, the process is called water reduction resomation or aquamation . Methods The remains are dissolved in a mixture of heated water and lye or potassium hydroxide. The solid remains are reduced to 2 to three percent of the original body weight. After the process is completed, only remnants of the bones of a body remain, and these can be ground in one s hand. The remaining protein matter of the body has been dissolved by the lye into a sterile liquid. Two main methods have been introduced for human remains, the main difference is in the temperatures the units operate at resomation works at 180 degrees C, and aquamation at 93 degrees C. Invention Alkaline hydrolysis was patented in the US by Amos Herbert in 1888. The process was revisited by retired pathology professor Gordon Kaye and retired biochemistry professor Peter Weber in 1992. It was utilised as a method of disposing of animals remains used in disease research. ref The Mayo Clinic Cite book title Stiff The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers last Roach first Mary authorlink Mary Roach isbn 0 393 32482 6 publisher W. W. Norton & Company pages 252 3 year 2004 ref Advantages For mortuary use, it is ten times cheaper than cremation , since it uses no gas. For disposal of animals, it also destroys prions , which Rendering food processing rendering does not reliably do. It also does not cause air pollution . It is the most environmentally friendly and sanitary method for disposal of cadavers and remains ... usa usa wrusa.html WR , the company that manufactures tissue digestion equipment http www.bioliquidator.com BioLiquidator, mobile tissue digestion equipment for animal carcasses and disease mitigation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Extra cellular digestion is a process where saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food which is in the digestive system spaces. The enzymes catalyse the food into molecules small enough for them to be phagocytosed . Since digestion is done outside the cell, it is said to be extra cellular. Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in all saprobiontic annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichins and chordates, including vertebrates. It takes place within the lumen of the digestive system, and the resulting nutrient molecules are transferred into the blood or body fluids. See also Saprotrophic nutrition DEFAULTSORT Extra Cellular Digestion Category Eating behaviors Biology stub ca Digesti extracel lular hu Sejten k v li em szt s ... more details
Infobox Organization name Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association image ADBA Logo.jpg size caption abbreviation ADBA motto formation 2009 extinction status purpose Promotion of Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas in the United Kingdom location The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association, Room 318, Canterbury Court, Kennington Park, 1 3 Brixton Road, London, SW9 6DE region served UK membership leader title Chairman leader name Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale Rupert, Lord Redesdale main organ parent organization affiliations budget website http www.adbiogas.co.uk ADBA Homepage remarks The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association ADBA is a United Kingdom based trade association for the anaerobic digestion and biogas industries. ADBA was founded in September 2009 by its chairman Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale Lord Redesdale and 10 founder member companies to represent businesses involved in the anaerobic digestion and biogas industries. Its objective is to help remove the barriers to anaerobic digestion that are faced and to support its members to grow their businesses. Its principal aim is to enable and facilitate the development of a mature anaerobic digestion industry in the UK within 10 years. Recognising there was no industry group that exclusively represented the emerging anaerobic digestion industry in the UK previously the Renewable Energy Association ref http www.r ... out groups related to anaerobic digestion ADBA was formed by a number of UK based companies which specialise in anaerobic digestion technologies ref http www.adbiogas.co.uk ta content.asp?id 14 ADBA ... do ecco view item?listid 1&listcatid 32&listitemid 3551 FiT rates fail to support anaerobic digestion, claims ADBA , www.newenergyfocus.com, 10th February 2011, Accessed 21.03.2011 ref for digestion ... Digestion and Biogas Association Website DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Digestion And Biogas Association Category Anaerobic digestion Category Professional associations ... more details
Control Number LCCN 67019834 ref ref http www.anaerobic digestion.com html the anaerobic digestion proces.php What is the anaerobic digestion process? , www.anaerobic digestion.com, retrieved 17.08.07 ..., R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 ref In an aerobic system ... , www.css.cornell.edu, retrieved 2.11.07 ref Due to this fact it is possible, following anaerobic digestion ... http www.foe.co.uk resource briefings anaerobic digestion.pdf Anaerobic digestion briefing , www.foe.co.uk ... digestion performs better the main alternative, composting. ref http www.anaerobic digestion.com html introduction to anaerobic dige.html A comparison of anaeorbic digestion and composting , www.anaerobic digestion.com, retrieved 05.11.07 ref References references Category Anaerobic digestion ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation nl Artificial Paradise ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
The artificial pancreas is a technology in development to help people with diabetes automatically control ... of the artificial pancreas is threefold to improve insulin replacement therapy until glycemic control ... of a bio artificial pancreas consisting of a biocompatible material biocompatible sheet ... blood glucose amylin , which slows digestion and slows the rate of glucose entering the bloodstream .... Upon digestion of carbohydrates, glucose levels in the blood will begin to rise. As the blood and glucose ... of an artificial pancreas can be achieved. When the beta cell produces insulin from proinsulin ... as possible, an artificial pancreas might someday replace all of the beneficial endocrine functions ... all of the life impacting complications of diabetes. Thus, the goal of the Artificial Pancreas should be to normalize carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at a minimum. Approaches to an Artificial Pancreas Bioengineering approach Image Bio artificial pancreas with Islet Sheet technology.JPG thumb right 300px The Bio artificial pancreas this diagram shows a cross section of tissue engineering bio ... Function hormones in response to glucose . A biological approach to the artificial pancreas is to implant ... ref One concept of the bio artificial pancreas uses encapsulated islet cells to build an islet sheet which can be surgically implanted to function as an artificial pancreas. ref http www.isletmedical.com ... monitoring supports the mission of the artificial pancreas by automatically providing a blood glucose ... is needed for application to the artificial pancreas continuous sensors require calibration a few ... glucose monitoring continues to advance, so does the promise of the artificial pancreas. Feedback of real time blood glucose data to an insulin pump for basal control Image Artificial Pancreas.jpg thumb right 400px The medical equipment approach to an artificial pancreas automatic control of an insulin ... glucose sensors In France, a human clinical trial of an artificial pancreas is underway. The system ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. See Also Male Pregnancy Artificial Uterus In Vitro Fertilization Fertilization Pregnancy DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar zh ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
