Image Artificial flowers bouquet oldfashioned.jpg thumb right Artificial flowers made from plastic. Artificial flowers are imitations of natural flowering plants, used for commercial or residential decoration. They are sometimes made for scientific purposes the collection of Glass Flowers glass flowers at Harvard University , for example, which illustrates the flora plants flora of the United States. Materials used in their manufacture have included painted linen and shavings of stained horn in Egypt , gold and silver in ancient Rome , rice paper in China , silkworm Pupa Cocoon cocoons in Italy , colored feathers in South America , and also wax and tinted animal shell shells . Modern techniques involve carved or formed soap, nylon netting stretched over wire frames, ground clay, and mass produced injection plastic mouldings. Polyester is the major material for manufacturing of artificial flowers since 1970s. Most artificial flowers in the market nowadays are made of polyester fabrics. Production The industry is now a highly specialized one with several different manufacturing processes. Hundreds of artificial flower factories in the Pearl River delta area of Guangdong province in China have been built since the early 1980s. Thousands of 40 ft containers of polyester flowers and plants are exported to almost all countries every year. Polyester and paper Image Paper flowers in vase.jpg thumb right Paper flowers Five main processes may be distinguished The first step consists .... Paper and cloth flowers are also made with origami . Today the major material used in artificial flower ... which make the flowers and the entire plant look more life like. These days silk flowers make use ... more expensive than typical artificial flowers. Plastic Injection moulding is used for mass ... of artificial plants, and lumped the group into a single family called the Simulacraceae the family ... Artificial cs Um l rostlina de Kunstblume es Flores artificiales he ja ru ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
all of the life impacting complications of diabetes. Thus, the goal of the Artificial Pancreas should be to normalize carbohydrate and lipid metabolism at a minimum. Approaches to an Artificial Pancreas Bioengineering approach Image Bio artificial pancreas with Islet Sheet technology.JPG thumb right 300px The Bio artificial pancreas this diagram shows a cross section of tissue engineering bio ...The artificial pancreas is a technology in development to help people with diabetes automatically control ... the current state of insulin replacement therapy is appreciated for its life saving capability, the task ... of the artificial pancreas is threefold to improve insulin replacement therapy until glycemic control ... of a bio artificial pancreas consisting of a biocompatible material biocompatible sheet ... of an artificial pancreas can be achieved. When the beta cell produces insulin from proinsulin ... as possible, an artificial pancreas might someday replace all of the beneficial endocrine functions ... of its user. While insulin replacement is appreciated as a life saving therapy, its practical ... Function hormones in response to glucose . A biological approach to the artificial pancreas is to implant ... ref One concept of the bio artificial pancreas uses encapsulated islet cells to build an islet sheet which can be surgically implanted to function as an artificial pancreas. ref http www.isletmedical.com ... monitoring supports the mission of the artificial pancreas by automatically providing a blood glucose ... is needed for application to the artificial pancreas continuous sensors require calibration a few ... glucose monitoring continues to advance, so does the promise of the artificial pancreas. Feedback of real time blood glucose data to an insulin pump for basal control Image Artificial Pancreas.jpg thumb right 400px The medical equipment approach to an artificial pancreas automatic control of an insulin ... glucose sensors In France, a human clinical trial of an artificial pancreas is underway. The system ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
File Magdalenenklause 1.jpg thumb Magdalenenklause in Munich Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings. Artificial ruins became fashionable in Germany German interpretations of baroque and english garden s, like the Ruinenberg . The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style. See also Folly External links http www.360cities.net image artificial ruins inside aldara parks Artificial ruins in Riga 360 degree panorama Category Ruins in Germany Category Parks in Germany de K nstliche Ruine Germany struct stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Amor Artificial Type Album Artist Evoluci n Cover Amor Artificial Evoluci n.jpg Background according to table below Released 2007 Recorded 2007 Genre Rock en Espa ol Length Label Producer Reviews Last album Sentimiento Antisocial 1998 Demo Soundalikes br 2005 This album Amor Artificial br 2007 Next album Amor Artificial English language English Artificial Love is the 6th studio album made by Costa Rica Costa Rican Rock music rock band, Evoluci n . Its first single is No Me Diga . Track listing Quevoasaber On porpose misspelled and join for Que voy a saber nowiki nowiki English language English What I m supposed to know? or What I Know? nowiki nowiki Represi n English language English Repretion Bajo el sol English language English Underneath the sun L grimas English language English Tears No Me Diga English language English Don t Tell Me Escondiendo English language English Hiding Amor Artificial English language English Artificial Love Puro Cari o English language English Pure Care Instinto Reproductor English language English Reproductive Instinct Campo Abierto English language English Open Field Conatminador English language English Contaminator Esas Canciones English language English Those Songs 2000s rock album stub Category 2007 albums Category Evoluci n albums ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date July 2008 Artificial Psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis b. 1963 . The theory states that when the artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions Condition I A Makes all of its decisions autonomously B Is capable of making decisions based on information that is New Abstract Incomplete C The artificial intelligence is capable of reprogramming itself based on the new data D And is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence of incomplete data. This means that the intelligence autonomously makes value based decisions, referring to values that the intelligence has created for itself. Condition II All four criteria are met in situations that are not part of the original operating program When both conditions are met, then the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information. At this point, the criteria is met for intervention which will not necessarily be resolved by simple re coding of processes due to extraordinarily complex nature of the codebase itself but rather a discussion with the intelligence in a format which more closely resembles classical human psychology . If the intelligence cannot be reprogrammed by directly inputting new code, but requires the intelligence ... to function normally, then artificial psychology is by definition, what is required. The level .... The theory of artificial psychology does not address the specifics of what those levels may be, but only ... must go through to address their own dysfunctionalities. Along the same lines, artificial ... or not. The current level of artificial intelligence in 2008 does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology may even be tested, and therefore, for the foreseeable future, artificial psychology will remain a theoretical discipline. Category Artificial ... more details
Artificial lift refers to the use of artificial means to increase the flow of liquids, such as crude oil or water, from a production well. Generally this is achieved by the use of a mechanical device inside the well known as pump or velocity string or by decreasing the weight of the hydrostatic column by injecting gas into the liquid some distance down the well. Artificial lift is needed in wells when there is insufficient pressure in the reservoir to lift the produced fluids to the surface, but often used in naturally flowing wells which do not technically need it to increase the flow rate above what would flow naturally. The produced fluid can be oil, water or a mix of oil and water, typically mixed with some amount of gas. Usage Any liquid producing reservoir will have a reservoir pressure some level of energy or potential that will force fluid liquid, gas or both to areas of lower energy or potential. The concept is similar to that of water pressure in a municipal water system. As soon ... an artificial lift plan to continue or increase production. Most water producing wells, by contrast, will need artificial lift from the very beginning of production because they do not benefit ... looking at full system losses the differences in many installations are negligable. The life cycle cost of these systems is similar to other types of artificial lift when appropriately designed, bearing ... the motor to the surface control panel. ESP is a very versatile artificial lift method and can ... to deploy them in a straight section of casing for optimum run life performance. Although latest .... Gas Lift Gas lift is another widely used artificial lift method. As the name denotes, gas is injected ... content services artificial index.asp Schlumberger Page on Artificial Lift Accessed Jan 24 2007 Petroleum ... www.sensornet.co.uk download.cfm?casestudy id 37&type casestudy Artificial Lift Optimisation Case ... Levantamiento artificial ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics Pump and dump pump and dump strategy and advertising . Synonyms for artificial demand include fake demand and false need . A demand is usually seen as artificial when it Allocative efficiency increases consumer utility very inefficiently for example, a physician proscribing unnecessary surgeries would be creating artificial demand. ref cite journal journal Obesity Surgery title Economic Theory and Physician Behavior in Bariatric Surgery volume 10 publisher Springer doi 10.1381 09608920060674012 page 4 year 2000 month February url http www.springerlink.com content 6245253378812852 fulltext.pdf first1 A. M. C. last1 MacGregor first2 C. C. last2 MacGregor pmid 10715635 issue 1 pages 4 6 ref Fiscal policy Economic effects of fiscal policy Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs rather than deliverying any other end product has been labelled artificial demand . ref cite web title Real Demand is Not Artificial year 2008 url http www.american consensus.org resources econ prereq economics.html publisher American Consensus ref Vehicles of creating artificial demand can include mass media advertising, which can create demand for good economics goods , Service economics services , policy political policies or political platform platforms , and other entities. Another example of artificial demand can be seen in penny stock Spam e mail spam . After purchasing a large number of shares of an extremely low value stock, the spammer attempts to create artificial demand by implementing a spam based guerilla marketing strategy. Notes Reflist See also Pump and dump Category Social psychology Category Microeconomics Category Advertising Category Anti corporate activism Category Ethically disputed business practices social psych stub microeconomics stub ... more details
Artificial consciousness AC , also known as machine consciousness MC or synthetic consciousness , is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which .... Philosophical views of artificial consciousness As there are many designations of consciousness, there are many ... of AC hold that all aspects of consciousness are instantiable in artificial, machine systems. For example ... taught? The debate over the plausibility of artificial consciousness There is considerable debate ... computers. Chalmers argument for artificial consciousness One of the most explicit arguments ... causal organizations could have different experiences in virtue of having different material ... for laying a philosophical foundation for the plausibility of AC. Ethics of artificial consciousness Main Ethics of artificial intelligence If it was certain that a particular machine was conscious ... pleasure or pain , known as sentience . Because artificial consciousness is still largely a theoretical ... for Artificial Consciousness Aleksander 1995 and these are The Brain is a State Machine, Inner Neuron ... worlds, making it possible to demonstrate that it possesses artificial consciousness in the present ... SRT tasks, artificial grammar learning AGL tasks, process control PC tasks, the categorical inference ..., the artificial neuron s, without algorithms or computer program programs . Haikonen believes that, when ... a self aware function, and he then constructed the artificial consciousness system by formulating ... artificial consciousness or clarifying human consciousness is the development of a function ... College , has extensively researched artificial neural network s and claims in his book Impossible ... 1998 review of Impossible Minds . Journal of Consciousness Studies 5 1 , 115 6. ref Testing for artificial ... been proposed as a means to measure and characterize the cognitive development of artificial creatures ... features. Ultimately, then, a test of strong versions of AC may be impossible. Artificial ... more details
Economics sidebar An artificial market or arket is an economic institution proposed mainly by libertarian socialists as a replacement for currently existing markets based on money and private ownership and control of an economy s means of production . The concept of the arket has been articulated in detail by political scientist Takis Fotopoulos within the framework of his Inclusive democracy project although the concept itself precedes it. Concept Socialism sidebar Proposed within heterodox economics as a solution to the problem of maintaining freedom of choice for the consumer within a marketless and moneyless economy, an artificial market operates in much the same way as traditional markets, but uses labour voucher s or personal credit in place of traditional money. Because of the use of a labour voucher system in consumption of goods and services, an economy using an arket would have no actual flow of money and thus the only kind of market that could exist would be a market for commercial goods and services eliminating capital markets and labour markets. According to Takis Fotopoulos, an artificial market secures real freedom of choice, without incurring the adverse effects associated with real markets . ref Takis Fotopoulos, http www.inclusivedemocracy.org fotopoulos english brbooks brtid IDBook.pdf Towards an Inclusive Democracy the crisis of the growth economy and the need for a new liberatory project , London & NY Cassell, 1997 , p. 255. ref The idea of an artificial market was first proposed by the anarchist theorists Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin with their respective ... affecting his her own life what work to do, what to consume, etc. . Both the macro economic decisions ... of democratic planning and an artificial market. But, while in the macro decisions the emphasis will be on planning ... will be on the artificial market. ref Takis Fotopoulos, http www.democracynature.org vol3 fotopoulos ... 9 1997 . Explanation of the artificial market within Inclusive democracy . Clarence Lee Swartz ... more details
For enzyme mimic enzyme mimic Unreferenced date January 2010 Image Artificial enzyme.jpg thumb 310px Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase An artificial enzyme is a synthetic, organic molecule prepared to recreate the active site of an enzyme. Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate in a small part of the enzyme macromolecule known as the active site . There, the binding of a substrate biochemistry substrate close to functional group s in the enzyme causes catalysis by so called proximity effects. It is therefore possible to create similar catalysts from small molecule mimics of enzyme active sites by combining, in a small molecule, the ability to bind substrate with catalytic functional groups. Since the artificial enzymes need to bind molecules, they are made based on a host molecule such as a cyclodextrin , crown ethers or calixarene etc. A number of artificial enzymes have been reported catalysing various reactions with rate increases up to 10 sup 3 sup this is nevertheless substantially lower than natural enzymes that typically causes rate increases above 10 sup 6 sup . One of the pioneers in artificial enzyme research is chemist Ronald Breslow . New approaches based on amino acid s or peptide s as characteristic molecular moieties have led to a significant expansion of the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, recent results by the group of Rob Liskamp http www.pharm.uu.nl ffwuk.htm? medchem have shown that scaffolded histidine residues can be used as mimics of certain metalloproteins and enzymes. Especially the structural mimicry of certain copper proteins e.g. hemocyanin , tyrosinase and catechol oxidase , containing so called type 3 copper binding sites, has been shown. This is a significant improvement since the use of scaffolded histidine residues is one step closer to the mimicry of enzymes by biological ... CC article.asp?doi b709400k . Category Enzymes ca Enzim artificial fr Enzyme artificielle he ... more details
Artificial sun may refer to Laser M gajoule National Ignition Facility Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak Znamya space mirror , an orbital space mirror Fusion power Tanning booth fusion experiments Disambig ... more details
Artificial duck may refer to Duck decoy model , an object resembling a duck used in hunting to attract real ducks Mock duck , a gluten based vegetarian food intended to appear and taste like duck meat disambig ... more details
orphan date October 2009 The term Artificial atom is commonly used to describe objects that have bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor quantum dots are the most common example of artificial atoms, and are analogies for real atoms. Artificial atoms, or quantum dots, are really made up of more than one atom, but are like single atoms in one important way when you provide the right amount or quanta of energy, they will give off coloured light. External links See also Programmable matter Category Atoms ... more details
Artificial seawater or ASW is a mixture of dissolved salt chemistry mineral salts and sometimes vitamin s that simulates seawater . Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and marine aquarium marine aquaria , and allows the easy preparation of growth medium media appropriate for marine organism s including algae , bacteria , plant s and animal s . From a scientific method scientific perspective , artificial seawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater. Example The tables below present an example of an artificial seawater preparation devised by Kester, Duedall, Connors and Pytkowicz 1967 . ref Kester, D. R., Duedall, I. W., Connors, D. N. and Pytkowicz, R. M. 1967 . http aslo.org lo toc vol 12 issue 1 0176.pdf Preparation of Artificial Seawater . Limnology & Oceanography 12 , 176 179. ref The recipe consists of two lists of mineral salts, the first of anhydrous salts that can be weighed out, the second of hydrate hydrous salts that should be added to the artificial seawater as a solution. center class wikitable style float center margin 1em 1em 1em 1em Gravimetric salts Salt Molecular weight gram unit g kg sup 1 sup solution Sodium chloride NaCl 58.44 23.926 Sodium sulfate Na sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub 142.04 4.008 Potassium chloride KCl 74.56 0.677 Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO sub 3 sub 84.00 0.196 Potassium bromide KBr 119.01 0.098 Boric acid H sub 3 sub BO sub 3 sub 61.83 0.026 Sodium fluoride NaF 41.99 0.003 class wikitable style float center ..., some artificial seawater recipes, such as Goldman and McCarthy 1978 , ref Goldman, J. C. and McCarthy ... References reflist External links http marine.rutgers.edu ebme html docs ASWMEDIA.htm Artificial seawater media , Goldman & McCarthy 1978 http www.ccap.ac.uk media recipes MASM.htm Modified Artificial ... pages full width 78 mixing artificial seawater Mixing artificial seawater , Aquatic Eco Systems, Inc. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Seawater Category Algae Category Aquaria Category Aquatic ecology ... more details
An artificial lung is a prosthesis prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace biological Lung lungs . It is different from a heart lung machine in that it is internal and designed to take over the functions of the lungs for long periods of time rather than on a temporary basis. Recent developments include a device that uses small hollow fibers and the heart s own pumping power to oxygenate blood. It may be necessary for a person to receive artificial lungs if theirs become diseased or damaged beyond repair. ref http web.archive.org web 20070614112000 http www.med.umich.edu opm newspage 2002 artificiallung.htm UMHS News Release Bot generated title ref ref http blog.case.edu think 2011 07 25 artificial lung mimics real organas design and efficiency ref References reflist See also Heart lung machine Lung transplantation Medical ventilator medical equipment stub Category Artificial organs ... more details
Infobox Company company name Artificial Studios company logo company type Video game developer genre foundation 2001 founder location city location country location Gainesville, Florida Gainesville , Florida , United States U.S. origins key people Tim Johnson Founder, Technical Director , Jeremy Stieglitz Founder, Project Director area served industry Computer and video game industry Video games products services revenue operating income net income num employees parent divisions subsid owner company slogan homepage http artificialstudios.com index.php dissolved footnotes Artificial Studios is a computer game developer computer game development and Game Engine engine development company founded in 2001. Artificial Studios first came to attention with their Reality Engine , unveiled in 2004, a solution for games using next generation DirectX9 powered graphics. This is one of several next gen engines, see Game Engine s. All of the Reality Engine intellectual property was purchased by Epic Games in 2005 and Artificial Studios co founder and lead engine programmer, Tim Johnson, was also hired by Epic as part of the deal ref http www.epicgames.com press releases press reality.html Epic Games Purchases Reality Engine And Hires Tim Johnson ref . All development on Reality Engine has ceased and all Reality Engine licensees are encouraged to upgrade to Unreal Engine 3. In 2006, Artificial ... physics acceleration chipset. The game used Artificial Studio s own Reality Engine technology. The full .... In 2007, Artificial Studios released Monster Madness Battle for Suburbia Monster Madness Battle ..., Artificial Studios acquired funding for their unannounced title, codename R6 , from publisher ... Ignition Entertainment and Artificial Studios ref . The studio has approximately 70 employees ... ref References reflist External links http www.artificialstudios.com Artificial Studios official ... ca Artificial Studios ru Artificial Studios ... more details
or colloquially the kiss of life . Artificial respiration is a part of most protocols for performing ... web url http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761562617 Artificial Respiration.html title Artificial ..., artificial respiration is also performed separately, for instance in near drowning and opiate overdoses. The performance of artificial respiration in its own is now limited in most protocols to health ... in the exhalatory breath. ref cite web title Physical Intervention Life Support Rescue Breathing url ... in progress with a BVM in use The efficiency of artificial respiration can be greatly ... artificial cs Um l d ch n de Atemspende es Respiraci n artificial eo Artefarita spirado fr Ventilation ... more details
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