infobox journal title Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids abbreviation Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids frequency Monthly country England editor John A. Secrist III publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Healthcare language English ISSN 1525 7770 eISSN 1532 2335 LCCN sn 99004347 website http www.informaworld.com openurl?genre journal&issn 1525 7770 link1 http www.is3na.org link1 name International Society on Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids link2 http www.ppsociety.org link2 name The Purine and Pyrimidine Society history 2000 present discipline Biochemistry OCLC 41669733 impact 0.768 impact year 2009 Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids is a monthly academic journal published by Taylor & Francis since 2000, continuing the earlier Nucleosides and Nucleotides in series. It discusses topics relating to the biochemisty of molecules in these classes. med journal stub Category Biochemistry journals Category Publications established in 2000 Category English language journals ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation nl Artificial Paradise ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. See Also Male Pregnancy Artificial Uterus In Vitro Fertilization Fertilization Pregnancy DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar zh ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Artificial digestion is a laboratory technique that reduces digestible material for analytical purposes. Naturally occurring digestive agents such as pepsin and hydrochloric acid are typically used to accomplish artificial digestion. As an example, artificial digestion is used to detect the presence of encysted trichinella larvae in suspected muscle tissue. The meat sample is dissolved by a digestive solution and the remains are examined for the presence of larvae. See also digestion DEFAULTSORT Artificial Digestion Category Parasitology Med stub Parasite stub ar ... more details
File Magdalenenklause 1.jpg thumb Magdalenenklause in Munich Artificial ruins or imitation ruins are edifice fragments built to resemble real remnants of historic buildings. Artificial ruins became fashionable in Germany German interpretations of baroque and english garden s, like the Ruinenberg . The ruins are mostly of gothic or ancient style. See also Folly External links http www.360cities.net image artificial ruins inside aldara parks Artificial ruins in Riga 360 degree panorama Category Ruins in Germany Category Parks in Germany de K nstliche Ruine Germany struct stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Amor Artificial Type Album Artist Evoluci n Cover Amor Artificial Evoluci n.jpg Background according to table below Released 2007 Recorded 2007 Genre Rock en Espa ol Length Label Producer Reviews Last album Sentimiento Antisocial 1998 Demo Soundalikes br 2005 This album Amor Artificial br 2007 Next album Amor Artificial English language English Artificial Love is the 6th studio album made by Costa Rica Costa Rican Rock music rock band, Evoluci n . Its first single is No Me Diga . Track listing Quevoasaber On porpose misspelled and join for Que voy a saber nowiki nowiki English language English What I m supposed to know? or What I Know? nowiki nowiki Represi n English language English Repretion Bajo el sol English language English Underneath the sun L grimas English language English Tears No Me Diga English language English Don t Tell Me Escondiendo English language English Hiding Amor Artificial English language English Artificial Love Puro Cari o English language English Pure Care Instinto Reproductor English language English Reproductive Instinct Campo Abierto English language English Open Field Conatminador English language English Contaminator Esas Canciones English language English Those Songs 2000s rock album stub Category 2007 albums Category Evoluci n albums ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date July 2008 Artificial Psychology is a theoretical discipline proposed by Dan Curtis b. 1963 . The theory states that when the artificial intelligence approaches the level of complexity where the intelligence meets two conditions Condition I A Makes all of its decisions autonomously B Is capable of making decisions based on information that is New Abstract Incomplete C The artificial intelligence is capable of reprogramming itself based on the new data D And is capable of resolving its own programming conflicts, even in the presence of incomplete data. This means that the intelligence autonomously makes value based decisions, referring to values that the intelligence has created for itself. Condition II All four criteria are met in situations that are not part of the original operating program When both conditions are met, then the possibility exists that the intelligence will reach irrational conclusions based on real or created information. At this point, the criteria is met for intervention which will not necessarily be resolved by simple re coding of processes due to extraordinarily complex nature of the codebase itself but rather a discussion with the intelligence in a format which more closely resembles classical human psychology . If the intelligence cannot be reprogrammed by directly inputting new code, but requires the intelligence ... to function normally, then artificial psychology is by definition, what is required. The level .... The theory of artificial psychology does not address the specifics of what those levels may be, but only ... must go through to address their own dysfunctionalities. Along the same lines, artificial ... or not. The current level of artificial intelligence in 2008 does not approach any threshold where any of the theories or principles of artificial psychology may even be tested, and therefore, for the foreseeable future, artificial psychology will remain a theoretical discipline. Category Artificial ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Artificial Creation is a field of research that studies the primary synthesis of complex life like structures from primordial lifeless origins. The field bears some similarity to artificial life , but unlike artificial life, artificial creation focuses on the primary emergence of complex structures. Artificial creation does not rely exclusively on the application of evolutionary computation and genetic algorithms to optimize artificial creatures or grow synthetic life forms. Artificial creation instead studies systems of rules of interaction, initial conditions and primordial building blocks that can generate complex life like structures, based exclusively on repeated application of rules of interaction. An essential difference that distinguishes artificial creation ... s rules of interaction. Artificial creation studies the way in which complex emergent properties can arise to form a self organizing system . Origins Although concepts and elements of artificial creation ... , mathematics , engineering and other fields. Artificial creation differs from these in that it focuses ... complexity of living systems. One of the primary impetuses for the exploration of artificial creation comes from the realization in the artificial life and evolutionary computing fields that some basic ... all artificial life research is not a fundamental property of self organizing systems . Issues The concept of a fitness function or objective function is central to artificial life systems. The fitness function is used to drive a given artificial evolution process to create synthetic organisms capable ... consistency. However, when trying to model the universe, or create artificial organisms by mimicking ... problems related to generations, offspring and populations that occur in artificial life ...? the artificial creation of life and what it means for the future of the human race publisher Dell ... 2007 07 19 format html work ABC News date 2007 02 05 Conferences Category Artificial life Category ... more details
Refimprove date January 2009 Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics Pump and dump pump and dump strategy and advertising . Synonyms for artificial demand include fake demand and false need . A demand is usually seen as artificial when it Allocative efficiency increases consumer utility very inefficiently for example, a physician proscribing unnecessary surgeries would be creating artificial demand. ref cite journal journal Obesity Surgery title Economic Theory and Physician Behavior in Bariatric Surgery volume 10 publisher Springer doi 10.1381 09608920060674012 page 4 year 2000 month February url http www.springerlink.com content 6245253378812852 fulltext.pdf first1 A. M. C. last1 MacGregor first2 C. C. last2 MacGregor pmid 10715635 issue 1 pages 4 6 ref Fiscal policy Economic effects of fiscal policy Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs rather than deliverying any other end product has been labelled artificial demand . ref cite web title Real Demand is Not Artificial year 2008 url http www.american consensus.org resources econ prereq economics.html publisher American Consensus ref Vehicles of creating artificial demand can include mass media advertising, which can create demand for good economics goods , Service economics services , policy political policies or political platform platforms , and other entities. Another example of artificial demand can be seen in penny stock Spam e mail spam . After purchasing a large number of shares of an extremely low value stock, the spammer attempts to create artificial demand by implementing a spam based guerilla marketing strategy. Notes Reflist See also Pump and dump Category Social psychology Category Microeconomics Category Advertising Category Anti corporate activism Category Ethically disputed business practices social psych stub microeconomics stub ... more details
An artificial uterus or womb is a theoretical device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy or extrauterine ... of a female organism that would normally internally carry the embryo or fetus to term. An artificial ... potentially be performed as a switch from a natural uterus to an artificial uterus, thereby moving ... them until term of pregnancy. ref name Bulletti2011 Components An artificial uterus would have ... of an artificial uterus or artificial uterus system to emphasis a broader scope may also include ... A human may still supply nutrients and dispose of waste products if the artificial uterus is connected ... diseases by passing of IgG antibodies to the embryo or fetus. ref name Bulletti2011 Artificial supply ... tolerance . ref name Bulletti2011 Following are aspects of individual functions of an artificial ... For artificial nutrition, current techniques are problematic. ref name Bulletti2011 Total ..., and the endometrium plays a role in forming the placenta. An artificial uterus may include components of equivalent function. Also, methods have been considered to connect an artificial placenta ... artificial placenta An interface between the supplier and the embryo or fetus may be entirely artificial ... implanted into the artificial uterus lining and started to grow. However, the experiments were ... to inside an artificial uterus, but the passage of nutrients across this artificial uterus remains an unsolved issue. ref name Bulletti2011 Amniotic tank artificial amniotic sac The main function ... sakata1998 Cite journal author Sakata M, Hisano K, Okada M, Yasufuku M title A new artificial placenta ... September 2010 . In fiction The use of the artificial uterus has played a significant role in science ... s dystopian future, children are grown in artificial wombs before being decanted into the world ... of an Artificial Placenta Nobuya Unno. Year 2000 ref A far future version of artificial reproduction ... artificial uteri, women turned into biological factories used to create ghola clones and later ... more details
2012 Two other uses a field of research artificially created life forms synthetic life Artificial life often abbreviated ALife or A Life ref Molecules and Thoughts Y Tarnopolsky 2003 Artificial Life often abbreviated as Alife or A life is a small universe existing parallel to the much larger Artificial ... browse artificial 20life title Dictionary.com definition accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The discipline ... web url http www.reed.edu mab publications papers BedauTICS03.pdf title Artificial life organization ... , ref cite book title Artificial Life Models in Software author Maciej Komosinski and Andrew Adamatzky ... computer mathematics book 978 1 84882 284 9 ref from software hard , ref cite book title Artificial ... 529 1 ref from computer hardware hardware and wet artificial life wet , from biochemistry. Artificial ... zooland.alife.org title What is Artificial Life? first Christopher last Langton accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The term artificial intelligence is often used to specifically refer to soft alife. ref John Johnston, 2008 The Allure of Machinic Life Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI , MIT Press ... in breve software breve , an artificial life simulator Overview Artificial life studies the logic of living system s in artificial environments. The goal is to study the phenomena of living systems .... Also sometimes included in the umbrella term Artificial Life are agent based model agent based systems ..., alive, artificial life is generally referred to as being confined to a digital environment and existence .... http www.probelog.com texts Langton al.pdf Artificial Life . Addison Wesley. ., section 1 ref In the first ... The Future of Scientific Simulations from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis . In Death And Anti ... process of any ecosystem . However, different opinions about artificial life s potential have arisen The strong alife cf. philosophy of artificial intelligence Strong AI vs. weak AI Strong AI ... Main Artificial life organizations Software based soft Techniques cellular automaton Cellular ... more details
For enzyme mimic enzyme mimic Unreferenced date January 2010 Image Artificial enzyme.jpg thumb 310px Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase An artificial enzyme is a synthetic, organic molecule prepared to recreate the active site of an enzyme. Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate in a small part of the enzyme macromolecule known as the active site . There, the binding of a substrate biochemistry substrate close to functional group s in the enzyme causes catalysis by so called proximity effects. It is therefore possible to create similar catalysts from small molecule mimics of enzyme active sites by combining, in a small molecule, the ability to bind substrate with catalytic functional groups. Since the artificial enzymes need to bind molecules, they are made based on a host molecule such as a cyclodextrin , crown ethers or calixarene etc. A number of artificial enzymes have been reported catalysing various reactions with rate increases up to 10 sup 3 sup this is nevertheless substantially lower than natural enzymes that typically causes rate increases above 10 sup 6 sup . One of the pioneers in artificial enzyme research is chemist Ronald Breslow . New approaches based on amino acid s or peptide s as characteristic molecular moieties have led to a significant expansion of the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, recent results by the group of Rob Liskamp http www.pharm.uu.nl ffwuk.htm? medchem have shown that scaffolded histidine residues can be used as mimics of certain metalloproteins and enzymes. Especially the structural mimicry of certain copper proteins e.g. hemocyanin , tyrosinase and catechol oxidase , containing so called type 3 copper binding sites, has been shown. This is a significant improvement since the use of scaffolded histidine residues is one step closer to the mimicry of enzymes by biological ... CC article.asp?doi b709400k . Category Enzymes ca Enzim artificial fr Enzyme artificielle he ... more details
Artificial sun may refer to Laser M gajoule National Ignition Facility Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak Znamya space mirror , an orbital space mirror Fusion power Tanning booth fusion experiments Disambig ... more details
Artificial duck may refer to Duck decoy model , an object resembling a duck used in hunting to attract real ducks Mock duck , a gluten based vegetarian food intended to appear and taste like duck meat disambig ... more details
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