Image Artificialreef.JPG thumb Constructing an artificialreef using Concrete masonry unit concrete blocks ... habitat. An artificialreef is a human made underwater structure, typically built to promote ... Image Settled reefball.jpg left frame After several years, artificial reefs such as this The Reef Ball Foundation reef ball can begin to resemble natural habitat The construction of artificial reefs ... India n pirates by building an artificialreef, ref Thomas Wayne Williams, A Case Study of Artificial ... construction of artificialreef in the United States is from 1830s when logs from huts were used ... FOR MARINE ARTIFICIALREEF MATERIALS , http www.gsmfc.org pubs SFRP Guidelines for Marine ArtificialReef Materials January 1997.pdf . Retrieved December 20, 2006. ref Since at least the 1830s ... ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2011 02 artificial reefs harrigan text ref Osborne Reef main Osborne Reef ... on the remains of the USS Oriskany , intentionally sunk in 2006 to become an artificialreef. The world s largest artificialreef was created by the purposeful sinking of the aircraft carrier USS Oriskany ... artificialreef will be the USS General Harry Taylor AP 145 USNS Hoyt S. Vandenberg , a former ... wave form that would suit surfers. An artificialreef constructed of over 400 massive, geotextile ... Coast of Queensland, Australia. This artificialreef had two objectives stabilizing beach nourishment ... that crash directly onshore. An artificialreef 150 300 yards offshore might create surfing opportunities ... Grove USS Spiegel Grove was sunk in 2002 to make an artificialreef. Europe s first artificialreef ... group, the Osbourne reef may be an indication that the benefits of artificial reefs need to be re ... 09 accessdate 2009 07 18 ref See also Artificial wave Biorock Marine debris Multi purpose reef Sinking ... Reef Category Artificial reefs Category Ship disposal de K nstliches Korallenriff fr R cif artificiel ... diving sites scuttling ships , or by deploying rubble or construction debris. Other artificial reefs ... more details
Coord 36.121178 5.355542 region GI type landmark display title Unreferenced date May 2009 Orphan date June 2009 The Gibraltar Artificial Reef , or simply the Gibraltar Reef is the ongoing artificial reef project for the Mediterranean sea Mediterranean waters surrounding the British overseas territories British overseas territory of Gibraltar . The initiative was started in 1973 by Dr. Eric Shaw of the Helping Hand Trust . It consists of a collection of shipwreck sunken wrecks designed to give marine biology marine wildlife an environment to breed and colonise. History Initially experiments were tried with tire tyres chained together but sand movement and currents proved to be too strong and washed the articles away or buried them. Concrete polypods were tried but they also suffered from tidal force as did the tyres and proved too expensive. This was followed by sinking of automobile cars and monitoring the effects of sealife upon them, including a Mercedes Benz that was towed out behind a boat prior to being sunk, driven by diver and instructor Steven Hensaw . Finally boats and barge s were to be donated by the Gibraltar Port Authority and local marina s. These boats were thoroughly cleaned and emptied of all pollutant s prior to sinking and every location mapped. The first boats were two barges donated by Gibunco in 1974 and sunk in Camp Bay . The last major addition will be the remains of the MV New Flame , a mid sized bulk carrier that floundered off Europa Point in 2007. A full list of wrecks will soon be published. Diving Gibraltar s reef has become a major attraction for both local and Spanish recreational underwater diving divers . References reflist Gibraltar topics Gibraltar geo stub Protected area stub Category Artificial reefs Category Environment of Gibraltar Category Shipwrecks in Gibraltar ... more details
Notability Companies date March 2011 The ArtificialReef Society of British Columbia ARSBC is a registered non profit organization based in Vancouver , British Columbia . They began operations in 1989, with the G.B. Church project, and have since sunk 7 ships and 1 Boeing 737 . Their mission is to create and maintain artificial reefs for use by Scuba set scuba divers as a means to promote the local economy, the technology and safety procedures involved in creating artificial reefs, promote the use of artificial reefs as a means to minimize the impacts caused by SCUBA divers on other historically significant or ecologically sensitive sites, and to monitor all developments regarding their artificial reefs for environmental impact and diver safety. Artificial reefs Sunk August 11, 1991 MV G.B. Church off Portland Island, near Sidney, BC at 48 43.323 N, 123 21.339 W http www.google.ca maps?f q&hl en&q 48 43.323 27 N, 123 21.339 27 W&ie UTF8&om 1 Sunk December 5, 1992 HMCS Chaudi re DDE 235 II off Kunechin Point, in Porpoise Bay, near Sechelt, BC at 49 37.694 N, 123 48.699 W http www.google.ca maps?f q&hl en&q 49 C2 B0 37.694 27 N, 123 C2 B0 48.699 27 W&ie UTF8&ll 49.628504, 123.810425&spn 1.328955,3.466187&om 1 Sunk September 16, 1995 HMCS Mackenzie DDE 261 off Gooch Island, near Sidney, BC at 48 40.094 N, 123 17.170 W http www.google.ca maps?f q&hl en&q 48 40.094 27 N, 123 17.170 27 W&ie UTF8&om 1 Sunk June 22, 1996 HMCS Columbia DDE 260 II off Maude Island, near Campbell River, BC at 50 8.031 N, 125 20.152 W http www.google.ca maps?f q&hl en&q 50 08.031 27 N, 125 20.152 27 W&ie UTF8&om 1 Sunk June 14, 1997 HMCS Saskatchewan DDE 262 II off Snake Island, near Nanaimo, BC at 49 12.96 N, 123 53.070 W http www.google.ca maps?f q&hl en&q 49 12.96 27 N, 123 53.070 27 W&ie UTF8&om ... boeing Boeing 737 artificialreef chemainus scuba http www.cawreckdivers.org Wrecks Yukon.htm California Wreck Divers HMCS Yukon Category Artificial reefs Category Non profit organizations based ... more details
Other uses Image PamalicanAfterLiftOff.jpg thumb Pamalican island with surrounding reef, Sulu Sea , Philippines . Image Reef.jpg thumb A reef surrounding an islet . In nautical terminology, a reef is a Rock ... dominated by coral s and calcareous algae . Artificial reefs such as shipwrecks are sometimes ... a diverse assemblage of organisms, especially fish . Biotic reef Image Boa viagem.jpg thumb Coral Reefs in a beach in the city of Recife reef , Brazil. See also Formation of coral reefs Reef habitat zones There are a variety of biotic reef types, including oyster reefs, but the most massive and widely distributed are tropical coral reef s. Although corals are major contributors to the framework and bulk material comprising a coral reef, the organisms most responsible for reef growth against the constant ... algae . These biotic reef types take on additional names depending upon how the reef lies in relation to the land, if any. Reef types include fringing reef , barrier reefs , as well as atolls . A fringing reef is a reef that is attached to an island. A barrier reef forms a calcareous barrier around an island resulting in a lagoon between the shore and the reef. An atoll is a ring reef with no land present. The reef front ocean side is a high energy locale whereas the internal lagoon will be at a lower energy with fine grained sediments. Geologic reef Definition Image Archeocyathids.JPG thumb Archeocyathid s, the first reef building organisms, from the Poleta formation in the Death ... structures similar to stromatolite reef complexes. ref http www.uta.edu paleomap homepage Schieberweb ... Geology 120 1998 p105 124 ref Geologic reef structures Image Vanatinai, Louisiade Archipelago.jpg ... information about the location in History of Earth Earth s history . In addition, reef structures ... some major extinct groups Rugosa and Tabulata , have been important reef builders through much of the Phanerozoic ... other groups , and became increasingly important reef builders throughout the Mesozoic Era. They may ... more details
The Reef may refer to The Reef novel The Reef novel , a 1912 novel by Edith Wharton The Reef 1999 film The Reef 1999 film , a film adaptation of the novel The Reef 2010 film The Reef 2010 film , an Australian film The Great Barrier Reef , the planet s largest coral reef Shark Bait , a 2006 animated film released as The Reef in the United States, South Africa and Ireland. Disambig ... more details
Chevron Reef , also known as Pratte s Reef , is an artificialreef constructed in 2000 in Santa Monica Bay , offshore from Dockweiler State Beach . It is the first artificial surfing reef in the United ... the artificialreef. It did not have as much of an effect as hoped and an additional 200,000 grant ... April 1, 2011 archiveurl http www.webcitation.org 5xzARhhJj ref the reef lies approximately ... and an agreement was made that the company would pay 300,000 to build an artificial surfing reef if it could be proved that the jetty caused a substantial decrease in surfable waves. ref Cite ... took until 1999 to be paid out. Plans proceeded and the reef was dubbed Pratte s Reef in honor ... 2001. ref Cite news first Garrison last Frost title The Lessons of Pratte s Reef url http www.theaesthetic.com ..., the reef was not large enough to focus the swells into nicely breaking waves. ref Cite news first Lee last Peterson title Experts Size matters in creating a surf reef url http www.calcoast.org ... that when the surf gets big, it breaks outside the reef but noted that the reef used the greatest volume of sand it could within budget constraints. ref Cite news title Artificial Surf Reefs? url ... the surf gets big, it breaks outside the reef. But we only had a limited amount of money to work on Pratte ... and good will to build that thing, but it s way too small. ref Beginning in 2008, the reef was removed ... of unspectacular closeouts, Pratte s Reef is removed from El Segundo url http www.surfline.com surf news after years of unspectacular closeouts prattes reef is removed from el segundo sandbagged 19261 ... www.beachapedia.org Pratte 27s Reef Surfrider Foundation Pratte s Reef http www.surfline.com mag features artificialreef html text.html ArtificialReef overview from Surfline magazine coord 33.915123 118.432624 display title Category Reefs of the Pacific Ocean Category Artificial reefs Category Geography ... locations in California it Chevron Reef ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation nl Artificial Paradise ... more details
Image HappyLite.jpg thumb The HappyLite, a type of light therapy . Artificial sunlight is the use of a List of light sources light source to simulate sunlight where the unique benefits of sunlight are needed, but where sufficient natural sunlight is not available or is not feasible. Citation needed date September 2009 A light source used to simulate sunlight is a Solar Simulator solar simulator . Composition of natural sunlight Further2 Sunlight Composition composition of sunlight Image Solar Spectrum.png thumb 250px Solar irradiance spectrum above atmosphere and at surface The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation striking the Earth s atmosphere is 100 to 10 sup 6 sup nanometer nanometer nm . This can be divided into five regions in increasing order of wavelength s ref cite web last Naylor first Mark coauthors Kevin C. Farmer title Sun damage and prevention work Electronic Textbook of Dermatology publisher The Internet Dermatology Society year 1995 url http www.telemedicine.org sundam sundam2.4.1.html accessdate 2008 06 02 ref Ultraviolet C or UVC range Ultraviolet B or UVB range Ultraviolet A or UVA range Visible light Visible range or light Infrared range. It is further divided into three ... Main Full spectrum light It has been claimed that artificial light sources that provide the light ... Light therapy Artificial sunlight is found useful in treating and preventing Seasonal affective disorder ... tends to fall asleep at the same time much after midnight. Citation needed date September 2009 Artificial ... www.news.com.au accessdate 2008 06 05 date 2006 03 12 ref Aquarium lighting Different coral s in a reef ... of having those lights fitted on their aquariums. Further2 Aquarium lighting Reef aquarium lighting , Reef aquarium Lighting reef lighting aquarium lighting, in general and lighting of reef aquarium ... Requirements ref Artificial sunlight solar simulators are also used for sun light exposure testing ... systems References reflist 2 Artificial light sources DEFAULTSORT Artificial Sunlight Category ... more details
coord 38.589 N 74.112 W type landmark display title File Redbird Reef 01.JPG thumb right 250px Location of Redbird Reef Redbird Reef is an artificialreef located in the Atlantic Ocean , off the coast of Slaughter Beach, Delaware Slaughter Beach , Delaware , ref http aquaviews.net from trash to treasure artificial reefs uncovered From Trash To Treasure Artificial Reefs Uncovered Bot generated title ref 16 miles east of the Indian River Inlet. Established by the Maryland Reef Initiative ref name autogenerated1 http www.dnrec.delaware.gov News Pages DNRECSinksThreeTugboatsOffDelawareCoasttoEnhanceArtificialReef .aspx DNREC Sinks Three Tugboats Off Delaware Coast to Enhance ArtificialReef Vessels Recycled on Redbird Reef As Home for Fish and Sea Life Bot generated title ref in 2001, this reef covers 1.3 square nautical miles of ocean floor ref name autogenerated1 and is located 80 feet below the surface. ref name nytreef Urbina, Ian. http www.nytimes.com 2008 04 08 us 08reef.html? r 1 Growing pains for a deep sea home built of subway cars New York Times , 2008. Accessed 10 March 2011. ref File SubwayCarBargeAtGWB.JPG thumb left 170px Retired Redbird trains Redbird subway cars pass under the George Washington Bridge on the way to being sunk. The reef is composed of 714 Redbird trains Redbird NYC subway cars, ref name autogenerated1 86 retired tanks and armored personnel carrier s, eight tugboats and barge s, and 3,000 tons of ballasted truck tires. ref name autogenerated1 ref http www.fw.delaware.gov Fisheries Pages Red 20Bird 20Reef 20sinkings.aspx Red Bird Reef sinkings Bot generated ... The site is the most visited reef site off Delaware s coast, receiving more than 10,000 fishing parties ... , sponges , barnacles and coral . ref name autogenerated1 Also, tuna and mackerel hunt at the reef ... biology References reflist http www.state.nj.us dep fgw pdf reefs deepwater.pdf Deepwater Reef Coordinates ... Category Artificial reefs Category Buildings and structures completed in 2001 Category Reefs of the Atlantic ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 An artificial island or man made island is an island or archipelago that has ... islets, construction on existing reef s, or amalgamating several natural islets into a bigger island. Early artificial islands included floating island floating structures in still waters, or wood ... . In modern times artificial islands are usually formed by land reclamation , but some are formed ... platform s e.g., Principality of Sealand Sealand and Republic of Rose Island . Artificial islands ..., artificial islands actually have a long history in many parts of the world, dating back to the crannog ... arrived, stood on a small natural island in Lake Texcoco that was surrounded by countless artificial Chinampa chinamitl islands. Many artificial islands have been built in city urban harbor s to provide ... illegal immigrant illegal immigration . One of the most well known artificial islands is the le Notre ... od krpjela in Montenegro gallery Largest artificial islands according to their size class wikitable ... , which makes it the largest artificial island in the world. Dubai Dubai is home to several artificial ... own artificial island. ref http forum.world mysteries.com images misc hotel burj al arab.jpg ref Airports Kansai International Airport is the first airport to be built completely on an artificial island ... is the largest artificial island in the world Image Kansai closeup.jpg A view of Kansai International ... Island , an artificial island for oil drilling in the Beaufort Sea gallery Political status Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty UNCLOS , artificial islands are not considered ... UNCLOS and Agreement on Part XI Preamble and frame index ref Artificial islands are not considered ... national jurisdiction, any state may construct artificial islands Article 87 . See also div style ... Floating island Land reclamation List of artificial islands Ocean colonization div References Reflist External links Commons category Artificial islands http seasteading.org files research law ARTIFICIAL ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
of Fluid Mechanics in 1976. Artificialreef s can also be placed into natural wave environments ...unreferenced date March 2009 Artificial waves are man made Ocean surface waves waves usually created on a specially designed surface or in a Swimming pool pool . Artificial waves are created in one or two ways. First, if the wave is created on a designed surface, water is shot over the surface at a high speed to create a wave. These waves are ridden with a short board about the length of a wakeboarding wakeboard where the rider is strapped on to the board to prevent the board from flying out under the rider s feet. The standing wave or sheet wave type of artificial wave was developed in the 1980s by real estate attorney Tom Lochtefeld who was a partner in the development of Raging Waters water parks in San Dimas, San Jose and Salt Lake City. A surfer from La Jolla, Lochtefeld had a vision of creating water park attractions that were as exciting as riding waves in the ocean, and in 1988 he patented A wave forming generator for generating inclined surfaces on a contained body of water. The untechnical, proprietary term is sheet wave. Rather than pulse a rapidly deteriorating wave of energy through big pools of water, Lochtefeld s new wave flowed water over a stationary surface in an enclosed, transportable area measured in square feet, not acre feet. The first Wave Loch FlowRider opened at the Schlitterbahn, in Texas in 1991. In 1993, Lochtefeld built a larger, curling FlowBarrel sheet wave at the Summerland resort in Bo, Norway. The first barreling wave pool ever open to the public was developed by Lochtefeld s Wave House restaurant and music lifestyle centers. The first Wave House opened in Durban, South Africa in 2001, and followed by San Diego, CA 2005 , Santiago Chile 2008 ... an artificial wave is created is in a wave pool . Much like sliding back and forth in a bathtub, water ... for surfing. See also Artificial wave pool Category Water waves Category Water sports fluiddynamics ... more details
wiktionary barrier reef Barrier reef may refer to a kind of coral reef the Great Barrier Reef in Australia the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System the Belize Barrier Reef the New Caledonia Barrier Reef Barrier Reef TV series Barrier Reef TV series , an Australian television series disambiguation ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
wiktionarypar reefReef can mean Reef , a shallow or underwater obstacle, such as a coral reef Coral reef , a type of reef that is formed by coral Reef knot , a kind of knot Reefing , an action performed on sails to reduce the area on which the wind can act Reef band , a British band Reef company , an American apparel and shoe company Reef, a slang term for the drug Cannabis drug Cannabis . Recife Portuguese for reef , capital of the Brazil ian state of Pernambuco disambig ru ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. See Also Male Pregnancy Artificial Uterus In Vitro Fertilization Fertilization Pregnancy DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar zh ... more details
Winslow Reef is the name of two different submerged coral reef s in the central Pacific Ocean . The name may refer to Winslow Reef, Phoenix Islands Winslow Reef, Cook Islands disambig de Winslow Riff nl Winslow Reef ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
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