Other uses Negative selection disambiguation Merge to artificialselection date July 2010 In artificialselection , negative selection is where negative, rather than positive, traits of a species are selected for evolutionary continuance. It is generally not desirable, but may be caused by man made conditions such as bad management , or like when human s eat the best plants or animals they have, leading to worse and worse stock for example, it occurred frequently in primitive beekeeping . Fact date April 2007 Another more recent example are regulations on fish and deer, where fish below a certain desired size will be set free, and deer suffering small antlers would less likely to be hunted, leading to undersized fish and small antlered deer populations the same case applies to the elephant s tusks. ref cite web title Poachers have created breed of tuskless elephant publisher The Independent date 19 June 2001 last McCarthy first Michael url http www.independent.co.uk news world asia poachers have created breed of tuskless elephant 674663.html accessdate 2010 07 11 ref ref cite web date 20 Jan 2008 publisher Telegraph last Gray first Richard title Why elephants are not so long in the tusk url http www.telegraph.co.uk science science news 3322455 Why elephants are not so long in the tusk.html accessdate 2010 07 11 ref Some proponents of Social Darwinism and eugenics argue that medicine and other technology technological , society societal , and culture cultural practices cause negative selection in humans, better known as dysgenics . According to them, human manifests more and more negative traits. ref cite book author Lynn, Richard title Dysgenics Genetic Deterioration in Modern ... study shows that extraction is making an artificialselection to eliminate faster growing ... In the case of microbiology and molecular biology , negative selection is used to genetic screen screen ... Category Selection biology stub it Selezione negativa artificiale ... more details
A Mathematical Theory of Natural and ArtificialSelection is the title of a series of scientific paper s by the United Kingdom British population geneticist J.B.S. Haldane , published between 1924 and 1934. Haldane outlines the first mathematical models for many cases of evolution due to selection , an important concept in the modern evolutionary synthesis . Overview The papers were published in ten parts over ten years in three different journals. class wikitable Part Year Subtitle if applicable Reference External links I 1924 Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 23 19 41 http www.blackwellpublishing.com ridley classictexts haldane1.asp Evolution Classic texts http www.springerlink.com content p7r064m622826800 Springer Science Business Media Springer website II 1924 The influence of partial self fertilisation, inbreeding, assortative mating and selective fertilisation on the composition of Mendelian populations and on natural selection Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 1 158 163 http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 119902352 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 John Wiley & Sons Wiley Interscience website III 1926 Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 23 363 372 http journals.cambridge.org action displayAbstract?fromPage online&aid 2024060 CJO website IV 1927 Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 23 607 615 http journals.cambridge.org action displayAbstract?fromPage online&aid 1733060 CJO website V 1927 Selection and mutation Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 23 838 844 http journals.cambridge.org action displayAbstract ... X 1934 Some theorems on artificialselection Genetics journal Genetics 19 412 429 http www.genetics.org ... of Natural and ArtificialSelection, A Category Academic journal articles Category Works by J ... 2026280 CJO website VII 1931 Selection intensity as a function of mortality rate Proceedings of the Cambridge ... 1733560 CJO website IX 1932 Rapid selection Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ... more details
then be said to have evolved . Scientists who do experimental genetics employ artificialselection experiments that permit the survival of organisms with user defined phenotypes. Artificialselection ... frame right Selection is hierarchically classified into natural selection natural and artificial ... dependent selection and overdominance . See also Natural selection Sexual selectionArtificial ... traits or allele s of genes segregating within a population may be subject to selection . Under selection ... than others do. When these traits have a genetic basis, selection can increase the prevalence of those traits, because offspring will genetics inherit those traits from their parents. When selection ... or not selection takes place depends on the conditions in which the individuals of a species find ... selection. Factors fostering selection include limits on resources nourishment, habitat space, mates ... as selective pressures . Natural selection is the most familiar type of selection by name. The breeding of dogs, cows and horses, however, represents artificialselection . Subcategories of natural selection are also sometimes distinguished. These include sexual selection , ecological selection , stabilizing selection , disruptive selection and directional selection more on these below . Selection ... neutral , selection does not occur. Meanwhile, selection does not guarantee that advantageous ... may become less common or disappear. In the face of selection even a so called deleterious allele may become universal to the members of a species. This is a risk primarily in the case of weak selection ... s. Though deleterious alleles may sometimes become established, selection may act negatively as well as positively. Negative selection decreases the prevalence of traits that diminish individuals capacity to succeed reproductively i.e. their fitness biology fitness , while positive selection ... selection are sometimes said to be selected against, while those under positive selection are said to be selected ... more details
Negative selection may refer to In biology Negative selection natural selection , in natural selection it refers to the selective removal of rare alleles that are deleterious Negative selectionartificialselection , in artificialselection it refers to where negative, rather than positive, traits of a species are selected for In politics Negative selection politics , is a process that occurs in rigid hierarchies, most notably dictatorships In immunology Negative selection immunology T cells that recognize self MHC molecules and peptides with high affinity are deleted from the repertoire of cells. Central tolerance is produced. Avoids auto immunity. Occurs after positive selection. disambig it Selezione negativa ... more details
Unnatural Selection may refer to tocright Literature Saurians Unnatural Selection comics Saurians Unnatural Selection comics , a 2002 American comic book published by CrossGen Unnatural Selection Buffy novel Unnatural Selection Buffy novel , a 1999 original novel based on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Unnatural Selection 2006 , Gideon Oliver novel by Aaron Elkins Unnatural Selection comics , a collection of comic strips from the Far Side, drawn by Gary Larson. Television Unnatural Selection The Outer Limits Unnatural Selection The Outer Limits , a 1996 episode of The Outer Limits television show Unnatural Selection Stargate SG 1 Unnatural Selection Stargate SG 1 , a 2002 episode of the science fiction television series Stargate SG 1 Unnatural Selection Star Trek The Next Generation Unnatural Selection Star Trek The Next Generation , a 1989 episode in the second season of Star Trek The Next Generation Other Unnatural Selection album Unnatural Selection album , a 1999 album by Flotsam And Jetsam Unnatural Selection video game , a 1993 video game by Maxis Unnatural Selection , a song on Muse s 2009 album The Resistance album The Resistance Unnatural Selection , an entry in the direct to video series P.R.O.B.E. , a spin off of the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who featuring companion character Liz Shaw . See also Artificialselection Natural selection disambiguation ... more details
Tandem selection is a method of artificialselection in which useful traits are selected for sequentially. For instance, one could select for both increased milk Crop yield yield and increased milk fat content in cow s via tandem selection by first selecting those with the best of one trait, say those that produce highest milk yield, and then when that trait is at a satisfactory level, by starting to select for those cows that produce milk with the greatest milk fat content instead. However, for cows to produce milk with greater fat content, yield may have to go down due to, perhaps, limits of the cows metabolism . So, while you are selecting for cows which have increased milk fat content, the yield of milk they are producing may also go down, thus reversing the selection process previously performed to increase it. Therefore, tandem selection has a major disadvantage to other major types of artificialselection for multiple traits, such as culling and index selection , as there is a tendency for the last trait to be lost as the next is being selected. Category Breeding Genetics stub ... more details
suppression of sexual selection factors prevents the normal sexual competition rituals and selection from taking place, but which also prevent artificialselection from operating, e.g. arranged marriages ... or blankets may be enough to make some consider this an example of artificialselection . However ... would call this too artificialselection , not natural or ecological, as the radiation does not enter ...Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 original research September 2007 Ecological selection or environmental selection or survival selection or individual selection or asexual selection refers to natural selection minus sexual selection , i.e. strictly ecological processes that operate on a species ... February 2007 The variant names describe varying circumstances where sexual selection is wholly ... selection can be said to be taking place in any circumstance where inheritance of specific ... is hermaphroditic or asexually reproducing, an ecological selection is taking place. In sexual reproduction ..., and where the sexual desires of the mated pair are often subordinated to these factors, are artificial ... force. Ecological selection vs sexual selection In cases where ecological and sexual selection factors ... be important to distinguish them as sub processes within natural selection. For instance, Ceratogaulus ... no longer run or evade predators thus ecological selection seems to have ultimately trumped sexual. It is also important to distinguish ecological selection in cases of extreme ecological abundance, e.g. the human built environment , cities or zoos, where sexual selection must generally predominate ..., however it becomes a sexual selection factor. Similar phenomena can be said to exist in humans ... selection from sexual is useful especially in such extreme cases Above examples demonstrate exceptions rather than a typical selection in the wild. In general, ecological selection is assumed to be the dominant process in natural selection , except in highly cognitive species that do not, or do not always ... more details
Artificial chromosome may refer to Yeast artificial chromosome Bacterial artificial chromosome Human artificial chromosome P1 derived artificial chromosome disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Index Selection is a method of artificialselection in which several useful traits are selected simultaneously. First, each trait that is going to be selected is assigned a weight the importance of the trait. I.e., if you were selecting for both height and the coat darkness in dogs, if height were the more important of the two one would assign that a higher weighting. For instance, height s weighting could be ten and coat darkness could be one. This weighting value is then multiplied by the observed value in each individual animal and then the score for each of the characteristics is summed for each individual. This result is the index score and can be used to compare the worth of each organism being selected. Therefore, only those with the highest index score are selected for breeding via artificialselection. This method has advantages over other methods of artificialselection, such as tandem selection , in that you can select for traits simultaneously rather than sequentially. Thereby, no useful traits are being excluded from selection at any one time and so none will stagnate or reverse while you concentrate on improving another property of the organism. However, its major disadvantage is that the weightings assigned to each characteristic are inherently quite hard to calculate precisely and so require some elements of trial and error before they become optimal to the breeder. The selection index theory is well described in http agtr.ilri.cgiar.org index.php?option com content&view article&id 74&Itemid 185 Erling Strandberg and Birgitte Malmfors s notes under the headings Genetic Evaluation. Calculation of a selection index based on actual data can be carried out using an applet made by Knud Christensen. The applet can be found http www.ihh.kvl.dk htm kc popgen genetik applets selind.htm here Category Breeding Genetics stub ... more details
Artificial Paradise may refer to Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album Artificial Paradise The Guess Who album , 1973 Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise Sylvan album Artificial Paradise film Artificial Paradise film , a 1990 Yugoslavian film disambiguation nl Artificial Paradise ... more details
Artificial or fake trees could refer to Artificial Christmas tree s Artificial trees used to Carbon dioxide air capture Artificial trees capture carbon dioxide disambig ... more details
on learning than on natural selection. Hardware based hard Further Robot Hardware based artificial ... 2012 Two other uses a field of research artificially created life forms synthetic life Artificial life often abbreviated ALife or A Life ref Molecules and Thoughts Y Tarnopolsky 2003 Artificial Life often abbreviated as Alife or A life is a small universe existing parallel to the much larger Artificial ... browse artificial 20life title Dictionary.com definition accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The discipline ... web url http www.reed.edu mab publications papers BedauTICS03.pdf title Artificial life organization ... , ref cite book title Artificial Life Models in Software author Maciej Komosinski and Andrew Adamatzky ... computer mathematics book 978 1 84882 284 9 ref from software hard , ref cite book title Artificial ... 529 1 ref from computer hardware hardware and wet artificial life wet , from biochemistry. Artificial ... zooland.alife.org title What is Artificial Life? first Christopher last Langton accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The term artificial intelligence is often used to specifically refer to soft alife. ref John Johnston, 2008 The Allure of Machinic Life Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI , MIT Press ... in breve software breve , an artificial life simulator Overview Artificial life studies the logic of living system s in artificial environments. The goal is to study the phenomena of living systems .... Also sometimes included in the umbrella term Artificial Life are agent based model agent based systems ..., alive, artificial life is generally referred to as being confined to a digital environment and existence .... http www.probelog.com texts Langton al.pdf Artificial Life . Addison Wesley. ., section 1 ref In the first ... The Future of Scientific Simulations from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis . In Death And Anti ... process of any ecosystem . However, different opinions about artificial life s potential have arisen The strong alife cf. philosophy of artificial intelligence Strong AI vs. weak AI Strong AI ... more details
portal Artificial intelligence Action selection is a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems what to do next. In artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science , the action selection problem is typically associated with intelligent agents and animat s artificial ... architecture or thought of as a substantial part of one. AI mechanisms of action selection Generally, artificial action selection mechanisms can be divided into several categories automated planning and scheduling ... of action selection in nature Many dynamic models of artificial action selection were originally inspired ... brom teaching.html umelebytosti Slides on a course on action selection of artificial beings http ... in ethology or animal behavior. One problem for understanding action selection is determining the level ... selection mechanism, the set of possible actions is predefined and fixed. Most researchers working .... For these reasons action selection is not trivial and attracts a good deal of research. Characteristics of the action selection problem The main problem for action selection is complexity . Since all ... in some way. For AI, the question of action selection is what is the best way to constrain this search ... about action selection is whether it is really a problem at all for an agent, or whether it is just ... mechanism for action selection. This mechanism may be highly distributed as in the case of distributed .... The action selection mechanism ASM determines not only the agent s actions in terms of impact on the world ... selection itself should also be able to learn and adapt, but there are many problems of combinatorics ... Automated planning and scheduling Early in the history of artificial intelligence , it was assumed .... Many software agents still use this approach for action selection. It normally requires describing ... is based on structural constraint satisfaction , which is an advanced artificial intelligence ... of action selection actually have no one box in the agent which decides the next action. At least in their idealized ... more details
The term artificial gills can mean Imitation gills put into stuffed fish for the sake of appearance. See taxidermy . An inaccurate term for liquid breathing breathing sets. Artificial gills extracting oxygen from water to supply a diver. See Artificial gills human . disambig ... more details
Expand Spanish topic culture date August 2010 Respiraci n artificial Novela Respiraci n artificial Novela is an Argentina Argentine novel, written by Ricardo Piglia . It was first published in 1980. Category Argentine novels Category Spanish language novels Category 1980 novels 1980s novel stub Argentina stub es Respiraci n artificial Novela ... more details
Artificial eye may refer to Visual prosthesis , functioning implant designed to restore sight Ocular prosthesis , non functioning cosmetic replacement for a lost eye Artificial Eye , DVD distributor in the USA and UK, specialising in foreign language films disambig ... more details
2 On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . ref in which natural selection was described as analogous to artificialselection ... to Rainow, the 11th century scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni described the idea of artificialselection ... crops or livestock for breeding, which he called artificialselection in his early manuscripts ...Use American English date July 2011 Other uses Natural Selection disambiguation Evolutionary biology Natural selection is the gradual, non random , process by which trait biology biological traits become ... success are also important, an issue that Charles Darwin developed in his ideas on sexual selection , for example. Natural selection acts on the phenotype , or the observable characteristics of an organism ... emergence of new species . In other words, natural selection is an important process though not the only process by which evolution takes place within a population of organisms. As opposed to artificialselection , in which humans favour specific traits, in natural selection the environment acts as a sieve through which only certain variations can pass. Natural selection is one of the cornerstones ... of Species , ref name origin Darwin C 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection ... are systematically favored for reproduction. The concept of natural selection was originally developed ... . Natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution . General principles File ... of natural selection on peppered moth evolution . ref name Peppered Moth cite web url http ... of natural selection predates the understanding of genetics, the mechanism of heredity for all known life forms. In modern terms, selection acts on an organism s phenotype, or observable characteristics ... distinction . This is the link between natural selection and genetics, as described in the modern ... evolutionary mechanisms such as genetic drift and gene flow , natural selection appears to be the most ... more details
One source date October 2009 Inappropriate tone date May 2010 Artificial architecture , also referred to as algorithmic architecture and algorithmic design , is the research area combining architectural design and artificial intelligence . It can be considered a subfield of design computing , with emphases on artificial intelligence , computational creativity and knowledge engineering . The main objectives ... and objects. The term has been popularized by the Department of Artificial Architecture Institute of Artificial Art Amsterdam , where remarkable efforts in this area have been made employing visual grammar to generate random specifications of 3 dimensional objects and structures. The concept of artificial ... of a PhD Thesis developed at Polytechnical University of Madrid Spain Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism . ref Francisco Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 http oa.upm.es 553 01 FRANCISCO JAVIER FERNANDEZ HERRERO.pdf Arquitectura Artificial o Manierismo por Computadora Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism , http oa.upm.es ... Notes Reflist See also Artificial intelligence Artificial life Building Information Modeling CAD ... Knowledge engineering References F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2002 , Arquitectura artificial ... , Arquitectura artificial o manierismo por computadora, ISBN 1847282687, 9781847282682 F. Javier Fern ndez Herrero 2006 , Artificial Architecture or Computer Aided Mannerism, movie. Digital Video Disc Kostas Terzidis 2009 , Algorithmic Architecture, ISBN 0750667257 External links http iaaa.nl artificial acad.html Department of Artificial Architecture http iaaa.nl home.html Institute of Artificial ... Graduate School of Design http www.youtube.com profile?user ArtificialArch&view videos Artificial ... Arquitectura Artificial 1.0 , VIDA 6.0. http www.fundacion.telefonica.com arteytecnologia ... Architectural design Category Artificial intelligence Category Computer aided design Category ... more details
An artificial chemistry is a computer model used to simulate various types of system s. Artificial chemistry is in some ways similar to a chemical reaction, hence the name. The field of artificial chemistry originated in artificial life but has shown to be a versatile method with applications in many fields such as chemistry , economics , sociology and linguistics . Formal definition An artificial ... math S. I are the interaction rules of the molecules in S. Types of artificial chemistries depending ... sets Hasse diagram of organizations History of artificial chemistries Artificial chemistries emerged as a sub field of artificial life , in particular from strong artificial life . The idea behind this field .... Artificial chemistry enlists, among others, researchers that believe in an extreme bottom up approach to artificial life. Important contributors The first reference about artificial Chemistries come ... of Artificial Life. In his first papers he presented the concept of organization , as a set of molecules that is algebraically closed and self maintaining. Two main schools of artificial chemistries ... Peter Dittrich and Jens Ziegler , developed various artificial chemistry models. Their 2001 paper Artificial Chemistries A Review became a standard in the field. Jens Ziegler , as part of his PhD thesis, proved that an artificial chemistry could be used to control a small Khepera robot. Among other ... through some simple rules. Since then he became a professor in Jena where he investigates artificial ... of artificial chemistries Artificial Chemistries are often used in the study of protobiology, in trying to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology . A further motivation to study artificial ... and references http web.cs.mun.ca banzhaf papers alchemistry review MIT.pdf Artificial chemistries ... papers on artificial chemistries for artificial life http www.minet.uni jena.de biosys twiki bin view.pl ACHEM WebHome the ARTIFICIAL CHEMISTRY webpage of Peter Dittrich s workgroup. http protobiology.org ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Main Reproductive technology Artificial reproduction is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism . Examples include artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage embryo cleavage . Cutting plants stems and placing them in compost is also a form of artificial reproduction. See Also Male Pregnancy Artificial Uterus In Vitro Fertilization Fertilization Pregnancy DEFAULTSORT Artificial Reproduction Category Reproduction Biology stub ar zh ... more details
Artificial imagination AIm , also called Synthetic imagination or machine imagination is defined as artificial simulation of human imagination by general or special purpose computers or artificial neural networks . The term artificial imagination is also used to describe a property of machines or Computer program programs Among some of the traits that researchers hope to simulate using machines include creativity , vision, digital art , humor , satire , etc. Artificial imagination research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science , Rhetoric , psychology , creative arts , philosophy , neuroscience , affective computing , Artificial Intelligence , Artificial intuition , cognitive science , computational linguistics linguistics , operations research , creative writing , probability and logic . The various practitioners in the field are researching various aspects of Artificial imagination, such as Artificial visual imagination, ref Visual Information Retrieval Using Synthesized Imagery http portal.acm.org ft gateway.cfm?id 1282303&type pdf ref Artificial aural Imagination, ref AUDIO CONTENT TRANSMISSION by Xavier Amatriain & Perfecto Herrera, http www.iua.upf.es mtg publications dafx2001 xamat.pdf ref modeling filtering content based on human emotions ref ... and Interactive Search ref An Artificial Imagination for Interactive Search. ICCV HCI, 4796 19 28 ... iccv iccv hci2007.html ThomeeHBL07 ref . Some articles on the topic speculate on how artificial imagination may evolve to create an artificial world which people may not want to leave at all. ref Hypertext ...., Wayne State Univ. have focused on using artificial neural networks for simulating artificial imagination ... 1007019 ref The topic of artificial imagination has gotten interest from scholars outside the computer ..., who came up with the Symbolic Convergence Theory and has worked on a project to develop artificial ... Artificial intelligence Category Artificial intelligence applications ... more details
Artificial cream is an imitation of cream made from non dairy fats. Artificial cream is usually made from vegetable oil, not butterfat , and contains no butyric acid. Artificial cream often contains sugar to sweeten it, but intense sweeteners are also used. See also Cool Whip , a brand of imitation whipped cream. External links http www.tradingstandards.gov.uk Kent Analyst 20reports creamcakes.htm Kent County Council on Cream Cakes condiment stub Category Milk substitutes ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Artificial Minds is a book written by Stan Franklin and published in 1995 by MIT Press . The book is a wide ranging tour of the development of artificial intelligence as of the time it was written. As well as discussing the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of many approaches, it goes into some detail in explaining the workings of many of what the author considers to be the most promising examples of the era. Category Artificial intelligence publications Category 1995 books Category Computer science books Compu book stub ... more details
within artificial photosynthesis is the selection and manipulation of photosynthetic microorganisms ... on the back of the cell . Artificial photosynthesis is a chemical process that replicates the natural ... converts water into protons and eventually hydrogen and oxygen, and is a main research area in artificial ..., of the artificial approaches are bio inspired, i.e., they rely on biomimetics . Overview ... of artificial photosynthesis are developing photocatalyst s to perform both of these reactions ... Lab Researchers Create a Nano sized Photocatalyst for Artificial Photosynthesis url http newscenter.lbl.gov ... a nano sized photocatalyst for artificial photosynthesis work Berkeley Lab News Center publisher Lawrence .... ref name Styring cite journal last Styring first Stenbj rn title Artificial photosynthesis for solar ... ref ref name economist1 cite news url http www.economist.com blogs babbage 2011 02 artificial photosynthesis ... 2009NatMa...8..929L issue 12 ref Artificial photosynthesis aims then to produce a fuel from sunlight ... Scandola, Franco Campagna, Sebastiano Prato, Maurizio Bonchio, Marcella title Artificial Photosynthesis ..., Murielle Fontecave, Marc Artero, Vincent title Artificial Photosynthesis From Molecular Catalysts ... pii S1389556700000022 accessdate 10 January 2012 ref The Swedish Consortium for Artificial Photosynthesis ... cite web title Swedish Consortium for Artificial Photosynthesis url http www.fotomol.uu.se Forskning ... first Leif coauthors Styring, Stenbj rn title Coupled electron transfers in artificial photosynthesis ... 1494 1283.abstract accessdate 24 January 2012 ref Research in artificial photosynthesis undergoes a boom ... title Scientists Developing Artificial Plants publisher Sciencedaily.com date 2000 11 ... title Artificial Photosynthesis publisher Csiro.au date 2005 09 20 accessdate 2011 04 19 ref In 2003 ... title Designing a Better Catalyst for Artificial Photosynthesis publisher Bnl.gov date ... title Designing A Better Catalyst For Artificial Photosynthesis publisher Sciencedaily.com ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
