Refimprove date January 2009 Artificial demand constitutes demand for something that, in the absence of exposure to the vehicle of creating demand, would not exist. It has controversial applications in microeconomics Pump and dump pump and dump strategy and advertising . Synonyms for artificial demand include fake demand and false need . A demand is usually seen as artificial when it Allocative efficiency increases consumer utility very inefficiently for example, a physician proscribing unnecessary surgeries would be creating artificial demand. ref cite journal journal Obesity Surgery title Economic Theory and Physician Behavior in Bariatric Surgery volume 10 publisher Springer doi 10.1381 09608920060674012 page 4 year 2000 month February url http www.springerlink.com content 6245253378812852 fulltext.pdf first1 A. M. C. last1 MacGregor first2 C. C. last2 MacGregor pmid 10715635 issue 1 pages 4 6 ref Fiscal policy Economic effects of fiscal policy Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs rather than deliverying any other end product has been labelled artificial demand . ref cite web title Real Demand is Not Artificial year 2008 url http www.american consensus.org resources econ prereq economics.html publisher American Consensus ref Vehicles of creating artificial demand can include mass media advertising, which can create demand for good economics goods , Service economics services , policy political policies or political platform platforms , and other entities. Another example of artificial demand can be seen in penny stock Spam e mail spam . After purchasing a large number of shares of an extremely low value stock, the spammer attempts to create artificial demand by implementing a spam based guerilla marketing strategy. Notes Reflist See also Pump and dump Category Social psychology Category Microeconomics Category Advertising Category Anti corporate activism Category Ethically disputed business practices social psych stub microeconomics stub ... more details
An artificial uterus or womb is a theoretical device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy or extrauterine ... of a female organism that would normally internally carry the embryo or fetus to term. An artificial ... potentially be performed as a switch from a natural uterus to an artificial uterus, thereby moving ... them until term of pregnancy. ref name Bulletti2011 Components An artificial uterus would have ... of an artificial uterus or artificial uterus system to emphasis a broader scope may also include ... A human may still supply nutrients and dispose of waste products if the artificial uterus is connected ... diseases by passing of IgG antibodies to the embryo or fetus. ref name Bulletti2011 Artificial supply ... tolerance . ref name Bulletti2011 Following are aspects of individual functions of an artificial ... For artificial nutrition, current techniques are problematic. ref name Bulletti2011 Total ..., and the endometrium plays a role in forming the placenta. An artificial uterus may include components of equivalent function. Also, methods have been considered to connect an artificial placenta ... artificial placenta An interface between the supplier and the embryo or fetus may be entirely artificial ... implanted into the artificial uterus lining and started to grow. However, the experiments were ... to inside an artificial uterus, but the passage of nutrients across this artificial uterus remains an unsolved issue. ref name Bulletti2011 Amniotic tank artificial amniotic sac The main function ... sakata1998 Cite journal author Sakata M, Hisano K, Okada M, Yasufuku M title A new artificial placenta ... September 2010 . In fiction The use of the artificial uterus has played a significant role in science ... s dystopian future, children are grown in artificial wombs before being decanted into the world ... of an Artificial Placenta Nobuya Unno. Year 2000 ref A far future version of artificial reproduction ... artificial uteri, women turned into biological factories used to create ghola clones and later ... more details
2012 Two other uses a field of research artificially created life forms synthetic life Artificial life often abbreviated ALife or A Life ref Molecules and Thoughts Y Tarnopolsky 2003 Artificial Life often abbreviated as Alife or A life is a small universe existing parallel to the much larger Artificial ... browse artificial 20life title Dictionary.com definition accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The discipline ... web url http www.reed.edu mab publications papers BedauTICS03.pdf title Artificial life organization ... , ref cite book title Artificial Life Models in Software author Maciej Komosinski and Andrew Adamatzky ... computer mathematics book 978 1 84882 284 9 ref from software hard , ref cite book title Artificial ... 529 1 ref from computer hardware hardware and wet artificial life wet , from biochemistry. Artificial ... zooland.alife.org title What is Artificial Life? first Christopher last Langton accessdate 2007 01 19 ref The term artificial intelligence is often used to specifically refer to soft alife. ref John Johnston, 2008 The Allure of Machinic Life Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI , MIT Press ... in breve software breve , an artificial life simulator Overview Artificial life studies the logic of living system s in artificial environments. The goal is to study the phenomena of living systems .... Also sometimes included in the umbrella term Artificial Life are agent based model agent based systems ..., alive, artificial life is generally referred to as being confined to a digital environment and existence .... http www.probelog.com texts Langton al.pdf Artificial Life . Addison Wesley. ., section 1 ref In the first ... The Future of Scientific Simulations from Artificial Life to Artificial Cosmogenesis . In Death And Anti ... process of any ecosystem . However, different opinions about artificial life s potential have arisen The strong alife cf. philosophy of artificial intelligence Strong AI vs. weak AI Strong AI ... Main Artificial life organizations Software based soft Techniques cellular automaton Cellular ... more details
For enzyme mimic enzyme mimic Unreferenced date January 2010 Image Artificial enzyme.jpg thumb 310px Schematic drawing of artificial phosphorylase An artificial enzyme is a synthetic, organic molecule prepared to recreate the active site of an enzyme. Enzyme catalysis of chemical reactions occur with high selectivity and rate in a small part of the enzyme macromolecule known as the active site . There, the binding of a substrate biochemistry substrate close to functional group s in the enzyme causes catalysis by so called proximity effects. It is therefore possible to create similar catalysts from small molecule mimics of enzyme active sites by combining, in a small molecule, the ability to bind substrate with catalytic functional groups. Since the artificial enzymes need to bind molecules, they are made based on a host molecule such as a cyclodextrin , crown ethers or calixarene etc. A number of artificial enzymes have been reported catalysing various reactions with rate increases up to 10 sup 3 sup this is nevertheless substantially lower than natural enzymes that typically causes rate increases above 10 sup 6 sup . One of the pioneers in artificial enzyme research is chemist Ronald Breslow . New approaches based on amino acid s or peptide s as characteristic molecular moieties have led to a significant expansion of the field of artificial enzymes or enzyme mimics. For instance, recent results by the group of Rob Liskamp http www.pharm.uu.nl ffwuk.htm? medchem have shown that scaffolded histidine residues can be used as mimics of certain metalloproteins and enzymes. Especially the structural mimicry of certain copper proteins e.g. hemocyanin , tyrosinase and catechol oxidase , containing so called type 3 copper binding sites, has been shown. This is a significant improvement since the use of scaffolded histidine residues is one step closer to the mimicry of enzymes by biological ... CC article.asp?doi b709400k . Category Enzymes ca Enzim artificial fr Enzyme artificielle he ... more details
Artificial sun may refer to Laser M gajoule National Ignition Facility Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak Znamya space mirror , an orbital space mirror Fusion power Tanning booth fusion experiments Disambig ... more details
Artificial duck may refer to Duck decoy model , an object resembling a duck used in hunting to attract real ducks Mock duck , a gluten based vegetarian food intended to appear and taste like duck meat disambig ... more details
orphan date October 2009 The term Artificial atom is commonly used to describe objects that have bound, discrete electronic states, as is the case with naturally occurring atoms. Semiconductor quantum dots are the most common example of artificial atoms, and are analogies for real atoms. Artificial atoms, or quantum dots, are really made up of more than one atom, but are like single atoms in one important way when you provide the right amount or quanta of energy, they will give off coloured light. External links See also Programmable matter Category Atoms ... more details
Artificial seawater or ASW is a mixture of dissolved salt chemistry mineral salts and sometimes vitamin s that simulates seawater . Artificial seawater is primarily used in marine biology and marine aquarium marine aquaria , and allows the easy preparation of growth medium media appropriate for marine organism s including algae , bacteria , plant s and animal s . From a scientific method scientific perspective , artificial seawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater. Example The tables below present an example of an artificial seawater preparation devised by Kester, Duedall, Connors and Pytkowicz 1967 . ref Kester, D. R., Duedall, I. W., Connors, D. N. and Pytkowicz, R. M. 1967 . http aslo.org lo toc vol 12 issue 1 0176.pdf Preparation of Artificial Seawater . Limnology & Oceanography 12 , 176 179. ref The recipe consists of two lists of mineral salts, the first of anhydrous salts that can be weighed out, the second of hydrate hydrous salts that should be added to the artificial seawater as a solution. center class wikitable style float center margin 1em 1em 1em 1em Gravimetric salts Salt Molecular weight gram unit g kg sup 1 sup solution Sodium chloride NaCl 58.44 23.926 Sodium sulfate Na sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub 142.04 4.008 Potassium chloride KCl 74.56 0.677 Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO sub 3 sub 84.00 0.196 Potassium bromide KBr 119.01 0.098 Boric acid H sub 3 sub BO sub 3 sub 61.83 0.026 Sodium fluoride NaF 41.99 0.003 class wikitable style float center ..., some artificial seawater recipes, such as Goldman and McCarthy 1978 , ref Goldman, J. C. and McCarthy ... References reflist External links http marine.rutgers.edu ebme html docs ASWMEDIA.htm Artificial seawater media , Goldman & McCarthy 1978 http www.ccap.ac.uk media recipes MASM.htm Modified Artificial ... pages full width 78 mixing artificial seawater Mixing artificial seawater , Aquatic Eco Systems, Inc. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Seawater Category Algae Category Aquaria Category Aquatic ecology ... more details
An artificial lung is a prosthesis prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace biological Lung lungs . It is different from a heart lung machine in that it is internal and designed to take over the functions of the lungs for long periods of time rather than on a temporary basis. Recent developments include a device that uses small hollow fibers and the heart s own pumping power to oxygenate blood. It may be necessary for a person to receive artificial lungs if theirs become diseased or damaged beyond repair. ref http web.archive.org web 20070614112000 http www.med.umich.edu opm newspage 2002 artificiallung.htm UMHS News Release Bot generated title ref ref http blog.case.edu think 2011 07 25 artificial lung mimics real organas design and efficiency ref References reflist See also Heart lung machine Lung transplantation Medical ventilator medical equipment stub Category Artificial organs ... more details
Infobox Company company name Artificial Studios company logo company type Video game developer genre foundation 2001 founder location city location country location Gainesville, Florida Gainesville , Florida , United States U.S. origins key people Tim Johnson Founder, Technical Director , Jeremy Stieglitz Founder, Project Director area served industry Computer and video game industry Video games products services revenue operating income net income num employees parent divisions subsid owner company slogan homepage http artificialstudios.com index.php dissolved footnotes Artificial Studios is a computer game developer computer game development and Game Engine engine development company founded in 2001. Artificial Studios first came to attention with their Reality Engine , unveiled in 2004, a solution for games using next generation DirectX9 powered graphics. This is one of several next gen engines, see Game Engine s. All of the Reality Engine intellectual property was purchased by Epic Games in 2005 and Artificial Studios co founder and lead engine programmer, Tim Johnson, was also hired by Epic as part of the deal ref http www.epicgames.com press releases press reality.html Epic Games Purchases Reality Engine And Hires Tim Johnson ref . All development on Reality Engine has ceased and all Reality Engine licensees are encouraged to upgrade to Unreal Engine 3. In 2006, Artificial ... physics acceleration chipset. The game used Artificial Studio s own Reality Engine technology. The full .... In 2007, Artificial Studios released Monster Madness Battle for Suburbia Monster Madness Battle ..., Artificial Studios acquired funding for their unannounced title, codename R6 , from publisher ... Ignition Entertainment and Artificial Studios ref . The studio has approximately 70 employees ... ref References reflist External links http www.artificialstudios.com Artificial Studios official ... ca Artificial Studios ru Artificial Studios ... more details
Artificial reality was the term Myron W. Krueger used to describe his interactive immersive environments, based on video recognition techniques, that put a user in full, unencumbered contact with the digital world. He started this work in the late 1960s and is considered to be a key figure in the early innovation of virtual reality . His first book Artificial Reality was published in 1983 and updated in Artificial Reality II in 1991 both published by Addison Wesley . In modern language Artificial Reality is often used to describe a virtual reality that is indistinguishable from reality. This in contrast with the term virtual reality which is often applied to technology that like reality but can easily be recognized as a simulation. See also Simulated reality Virtual reality Holodeck References Myron Krueger. Artificial Reality 2 , Addison Wesley Professional, 1991. ISBN 0 201 52260 8 Kalawsky, R. S. 1993 . The science of virtual reality and virtual environments a technical, scientific and engineering reference on virtual environments, Addison Wesley, Wokingham, England Reading, Mass Rheingold, H. 1992 . Virtual reality, Simon & Schuster, New York, N.Y. Mixed reality Category Multimodal interaction Category Reality by type compu stub ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Artificial Invagination Type EP Artist Merzbow Cover Artificial Invagination.jpg Released 1991 Recorded 23 September 1990 October, 1991 at ZSF Produkt Studio Genre Noise music Length 20 55 Label Vanilla Records Producer Masami Akita Reviews Last album Music For Bondage Performance Break 1991 This album Artificial Invagination Break 1991 Next album Dutch Tour 1989 Break 1992 Artificial Invagination is an EP by the Japanese noise musician, Merzbow . Track listing All music by Masami Akita . Wing Over 20 55 Personnel Masami Akita electronics, tape manipulation, editing Reiko A Reiko Azuma voice Abtectonix artwork Notes Mixed at ZSF Produkt Studio , Tokyo, October 1991. Included live recordings at Webo , New York City 23 September 1990 and Success Hall in Kawaijuku No. 16 Nagoya, 17 September 1991. Original live recordings thanks for Gen Ken, Ron, Kiyokawa and Dislocation. Cover photo taken from Documentary Magazine Tasuki photo by Bara. Taken from True Romance performance at Nihon University on 3 November 1991. Special thanks for Tejima Vanilla Records References http www.discogs.com release 100102 Discogs website, page for Artificial Invagination Merzbow Use dmy dates date August 2011 Category Merzbow EPs Category 1991 EPs ... more details
Artificial dielectrics are artificial electromagnetic field electromagnetic materials consisting of array ... medium, the artificial dielectric, has an effective permittivity and effective permeability ...&pg PA221&dq artificial dielectrics v onepage&q artificial 20dielectrics&f false isbn 9780750309264 ... gone into its tenth printing by sometime in 2005. ref ref name Cai book In addition, some artificial ... of particles. Artificial dielectrics came into use with the radar microwave technologies developed between the 1940s and 1970s. The term artificial dielectrics came into use because these are macroscopic analogues of naturally occurring dielectrics . The difference between the natural and artificial substance is that the atoms or molecules are artificially human constructed materials. Artificial dielectrics ... 2009 pages xi, 3, 8, 9, 59, 74 url http books.google.com ?id q8gDF2pbKXsC&pg PA59&dq artificial dielectrics v onepage&q artificial 20dielectrics&f false isbn 978 1 4419 1150 6 ref Artificial dielectrics are a direct historical link to NIM metamaterials . Seminal work The term artificial dielectric ... solids. The artificial dielectrics were borne out of a need for lightweight low loss materials for large ... Huggins solution theory Natural dielectrics, or natural materials, are a model for artificial dielectrics ... and magnetic permeability. ref name Eleftheriades In order to manufacture an artificial permittivity ... such artificial crystal lattice structures were assembled. The scatters responded to an electromagnetic ... ?id l58lrWpI8LYC&pg PA4&dq artificial dielectrics v onepage&q artificial 20dielectrics&f false isbn ... medium. Brown, J. http ieeexplore.ieee.org search freesearchresult.jsp?newsearch true&queryText Artificial dielectrics having refractive indices less than&x 37&y 25 Artificial dielectrics having refractive ... with an artificial dielectric in a horn geometry journal IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation ... journal last1 Rotman first1 W. title Plasma simulation by artificial dielectrics and parallel plate ... more details
Artificial skin can refer to skin grown in a laboratory that can be used as skin replacement for people who have suffered skin trauma such as severe burn s or skin diseases. Alternatively, it can also refer to skin synthetically produced for other purposes. Background The skin is the largest organ anatomy organ in the human body . Severe damage to large areas of skin exposes the human organism to dehydration and infection s that can result in death. Traditional ways of dealing with large losses of skin have been to use skin from other parts of a patient s body such the thigh or from a different person cadaver. The former approach has the disadvantage that there may not be enough skin available ... To solve these issues, research is being done on artificial skin. Typically, a collagen scaffold ... s own cells, ref cite news title A Better Artificial Skin url http www.technologyreview.com ... 15, 2010 ref ref cite press release title Artificial Skin Developed at MIT Now Ready for Treatment ... 4, 2008 title Growing Artificial Skin From Hair Roots work Science Daily accessdate February 15, 2010 ... or with foreskin from newborns that was removed during circumcision . ref cite web title How is artificial ... accessdate February 15, 2010 url http www.answers.com topic artificial skin 2 author Answers.com ref ... automated process for producing artificial skin. Their goal is a simple two layer skin without ... releases 2009 05 090518102959.htm title Artificial Skin Manufactured In Fully Automated Process work Science Daily date May 19, 2009 accessdate February 15, 2010 ref Synthetic skin A form of artificial ... touch. The artificial skin is anticipated to augment robotics in conducting rudimentary jobs that would ... last Steenhuysen title Artificial skin materials can sense pressure date Sun Sep 12, 1 01 PM publisher Yahoo News url http ca.news.yahoo.com s reuters 100912 tecnology ctech us skin artificial work Reuters accessdate 2010 09 14 ref References reflist Category Artificial organs Category Skin war Artipisyal ... more details
about the mechanical device the album Artificial Heart album File CardioWest temporary Total Artificial Heart.jpg right thumb 200px The SynCardia temporary CardioWest Total Artificial Heart File Artificial heart london.JPG right thumb 200px An artificial heart displayed at the London Science Museum An artificial heart is a device that replaces the human heart heart . Artificial hearts are typically ... 1940 s, the first artificial heart to be successfully implanted in a human, was the Jarvik 7, designed ... their surgeries, respectively. ref http www.discoveriesinmedicine.com Apg Ban Artificial Heart.html Artificial Heart Early developments Bot generated title ref An artificial heart is distinct from a ventricular ... artificial hearts SynCardia temporary Total Artificial Heart The SynCardia temporary Total Artificial ... total artificial heart. It received FDA approval on October 15, 2004, following a 10 year clinical ... CardioWest Total Artificial Heart , FDA ref Originally designed as a permanent replacement heart ... been more than 900 implants of the Total Artificial Heart, accounting for more than 210 patient ... Systems, Inc. & 124 Total Artificial Heart publisher Syncardia.com date accessdate 2010 05 05 ref During the 10 year study, 79 of patients receiving the Total Artificial Heart survived to transplant ... content short 351 9 859 title NEJM Cardiac Replacement with a Total Artificial Heart as a Bridge to Transplantation ... ap financialnews D9917PE80.htm title Abiomed claims its 1st implanted artificial ... one of the long sought holy grails of modern medicine. The obvious benefit of a functional artificial ... the heart lung substitute himself. Although Jarvik created the idea and rough draft for the artificial ... disease developed in different research groups worldwide. Early designs of total artificial hearts In 1949, a precursor to the modern artificial heart pump was built by doctors William Sewell physician ... invented an artificial heart with the assistance of Dr. Henry Heimlich the inventor of the Heimlich ... more details
Refimprove date April 2010 An artificial island or man made island is an island or archipelago that has ... island. Early artificial islands included floating island floating structures in still waters, or wood ... . In modern times artificial islands are usually formed by land reclamation , but some are formed ... platform s e.g., Principality of Sealand Sealand and Republic of Rose Island . Artificial islands ..., artificial islands actually have a long history in many parts of the world, dating back to the crannog ... arrived, stood on a small natural island in Lake Texcoco that was surrounded by countless artificial Chinampa chinamitl islands. Many artificial islands have been built in city urban harbor s to provide ... illegal immigrant illegal immigration . One of the most well known artificial islands is the le Notre ... od krpjela in Montenegro gallery Largest artificial islands according to their size class wikitable ... , which makes it the largest artificial island in the world. Dubai Dubai is home to several artificial ... own artificial island. ref http forum.world mysteries.com images misc hotel burj al arab.jpg ref Airports Kansai International Airport is the first airport to be built completely on an artificial island ... is the largest artificial island in the world Image Kansai closeup.jpg A view of Kansai International ... Island , an artificial island for oil drilling in the Beaufort Sea gallery Political status Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty UNCLOS , artificial islands are not considered ... UNCLOS and Agreement on Part XI Preamble and frame index ref Artificial islands are not considered ... national jurisdiction, any state may construct artificial islands Article 87 . See also div style ... Floating island Land reclamation List of artificial islands Ocean colonization div References Reflist External links Commons category Artificial islands http seasteading.org files research law ARTIFICIAL ISLANDS 01.09.09 mod.doc.pdf Artificial Islands in The Law of the Sea Category Artificial islands ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove September 2009 weasel September 2010 An artificial organ is a man made device ... replacing of filters, would exclude a device from being called an artificial organ. Thus a dialysis ... the duties of a kidney , is not an artificial organ. At this time an efficient, self contained artificial kidney has not become available. Reasons Reasons construct and install an artificial organ ... a Organ transplant transplant e.g. artificial heart Dramatic improvement of the patient s ability for self care e.g. Prosthesis artificial limb Improvement of the patient s ability to interact socially ... or accident The use of any artificial organ by humans is almost always preceded by extensive Animal ... centers to eliminate symptoms. Cardia and pylorus valves Artificial cardia and pylorus can be used ... these artificial cylinders, normally sized to be direct replacements for the natural corpus cavernosa ... successful function replacing artificial eye so far is actually an external miniature digital camera ... for the brain. The problem of creating a 100 functional artificial electronic eye is even more complex than what is already obvious. Steadily increasing complexity of the artificial connection ... eye may be available. Heart While considered a success, the use of artificial heart s is limited ... to reliably sustain life beyond about 18 months. Artificial pacemaker s are Electronics electronic ... replace the function of a failing heart, without the removal of the heart itself. Artificial limbs Artificial arms and legs, or prosthetics , are intended to restore a degree of normal function ... Par in the 1500s, the amputee could not flex at will. Artificial hands of the time were quite ... his leg in the Civil War. He subsequently designed an artificial leg for himself and in 1861 founded ... for the treatment of liver failure using stem cell s. The artificial liver, currently under development ... http www.hepalife.com artificial liver.php liver HepaLife Artificial Liver Bot generated title ref It is only ... more details
http www.esm artificial.com Kenn Sakurai a.k.a. esm artificial is a Canadian Pop culture graphic designer artist and satirist . Image Esm 1.jpg thumb wall of postcards by esm artificial Biography Hailing from Vancouver , British Columbia , this Canadian artist designer graduated from the Emily Carr Institute of Art & Design or ECI now known as ECI in 1999. He has been included in exhibitions in New York 8 11 at the 55DSL Flagship store , Washington U.S. state Washington , California , Illinois , Vancouver , Tokyo , United Kingdom Stick Em Up , Spain, France Surface to Air and Hello Kissy Prints at Colette and Sweden Postcards from Home . Articles about Sakurai have been featured in Adbusters , Elle, Grafik ,Darling, Edge, Architectural Record, Western Living, Spruce, Studio Voice, Vancouver Sun, and Lola magazine Lola Magazine . His works have been published in Pictoplasma , The Art of Rebellion , Izastikup , Poison Control , All You Need Is Sticker Graphics , A Nice Set and 400mL Project France , All Messed Up , Typoshirt 1 , Artaq , Stuck Up Piece of Crap. From Punk Rock to Contemporary Art , Street Art Contemporary Prints Victoria & Albert Museum Sakurai s work includes many references ... in his work. Works Image Esm 2.jpg thumb esm artificial stickers in tokyo, 2006. Image Esm 3.jpg thumb esm artificial stickers in tokyo, 2006. esm artificial is known to mass produce and deliver one ... group exhibition book http www.fashionlines.com blog no artificial flavors added fashionlines interview http www.deirdrecorley.com writing samples a nice set.html excerpt article on esm artificial ... wp 2004 04 commissioning street art esm artificial commissioning street art esm artificial http ... Persondata . NAME Esm Artificial ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Esm Artificial Category Year of birth missing living people ... artists Esm, artificial Category Canadian graphic designers Esm, artificial ... more details
original research date December 2010 Artificial Stupidity is commonly used as a humorous opposite of the term artificial intelligence AI , often as a derogatory reference to the inability of an AI program ... science , artificial stupidity is also used to refer to a technique of dumbing down computer programs ... computer science, there are at least two major applications for artificial stupidity the generation ... as artificial stupidity to fool the judges into believing that it was human. ref name economist Citation title Artificial Stupidity year 1992 date 1992 09 01 journal The Economist ... s ability to win. By finely tuning the level of artificial stupidity , it is possible to create computer ... name liden citation last Lid n first Lars year 2004 title Artificial Stupidity The art of making intentional .... Other applications According to its definition, a sufficiently developed Artificial Stupidity ... software. Arguments On Artificial Stupidity The Economist states that if we were to achieve ... consuming to perform by hand. ref name economist Citation title Artificial Stupidity year 1992 date ... properly. ref name economist Citation title Artificial Stupidity year 1992 date 1992 09 01 journal ... part one quote the first event was held in 1991 ref Durham, T., an author of the journal On Artificial ... normally believe as there is no such thing as AI, only artificial stupidity, which is what happens when computers are not given the knowledge they need. ref Durham, T. 21 March 1985 , On Artificial Stupidity , Computing, The Magazine pp 4 5 ref Artificial Stupidity As a Limitation of Artificial Intelligence Artificial stupidity is not just delivering deliberate errors into the computer, but it could also be seen as a limitation of computer artificial intelligence. Dr. Jay Liebowitz argues that if intelligence ... be called artificial stupidity? ref cite journal last Liebowitz first Jay title If There is Artificial Intelligence, Is There Such Thing As Artificial Stupidity? journal SIGART Newsletter year ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Writers in the fields of science speculation and science fiction fiction have created in their works several varieties of artificial worlds . Such megastructure s could have a variety of advantages over natural planet s, such as efficient use of solar energy and immense living space, but their construction and or maintenance would require technologies much in advance of that of 21st century Earth. It was often stated, that it is more possible to build a 2 gigaton Dyson sphere than a laser rifle, but still ringworlds etc. are treated in sci fi as symbol of immense power, often relic of wiktionary Precursor Precursor civilization or symbol of all powerful future empire. Examples of artificial worlds include Orbital The Culture Culture Orbital s Dyson sphere s Globus Cassus Planetoid s Ringworld In Douglas Adams HitchHiker s Guide To The Galaxy, an advanced race referred to as the Magratheans designed and built planets for the wealthy inhabitants of the galaxy, and the book went on to theorize that the Magratheans also designed and built Earth. DEFAULTSORT Artificial World Category Megastructures Category Science fiction themes Sf stub fr Monde artificiel it Pianeta artificiale ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 Artificial Society is the specific agent based computational model for computer simulation in social analysis. It is mostly connected to the theme in complex system , emergence , Monte Carlo Method , computational sociology , multi agent system multi agent system , and evolutionary programming . The concept itself is simple enough. Actually reaching this conceptual point took a while. Complex mathematical models have been, and are, common deceivingly simple models only have their roots in the late forties, and took the advent of the microcomputer to really get up to speed. Overview The aim is to construct parallel simulations consisting of computational devices, referred to as agents, with given properties, in order to model the target phenomena. The subject is the process of emergence from the lower micro level of a social system to the higher or macro level ... Reynolds . He attempted to model living biological agents, a method known as artificial life , a term coined by Christopher Langton . The computational methods of artificial life were applied to the analysis of social systems, christened the artificial society by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell ... first2 Robert L. last2 Axtell authorlink2 Robert Axtell year 1996 title Growing Artificial Societies ... 224 isbn 9780262550253 ref Eventually, the artificial society provided a new method for sociological ... level. The artificial society has been widely accepted by recent sociology as a promising method characterized ... based model s, and cellular automaton cellular automata CA . For many, artificial society is a meeting ... it as practical theology or a fact free science . However, the recent publication of artificial society articles in the scientific journals e.g. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and http josc.bandungfe.net Journal of Social Complexity shows that artificial life techniques are becoming ... Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation Category Social sciences methodology ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 The Artificial Kid is a science fiction novel by Bruce Sterling , published in 1980. The Artificial Kid takes place on the planet Reverie , a world of coral continents, levitating islands, and the corrosive, transformative wilderness of The Mass. Reverie has been transformed into a utopia dystopia, with a stark class division. Arti, a heavily biologically modified boy from the Decriminalized Zone, becomes a pop star by selling videos of himself engaging in bloody combat with other fighters for the entertainment of the upper classes. When Reverie s founder, Moses Moses emerges from seven centuries of cryosleep, and Arti discovers an unpleasant secret about his past, both have to flee to escape from the powers of the Cabal that controls Reverie from behind the scenes. DEFAULTSORT Artificial Kid, The Category 1980 novels Category 1980s science fiction novels Category Novels by Bruce Sterling 1980s sf novel stub fr Le Gamin artificiel ... more details
Artificial development , also known as artificial embryogeny or computational development , is an area of computer science and engineering concerned with computational models motivated by genotype phenotype mappings in biological systems. Artificial development is often considered a sub field of evolutionary computation , although the principles of artificial development have also been used within stand alone computational models. Within evolutionary computation, the need for artificial development techniques was motivated by the perceived lack of scalability and evolvability of direct solution encodings Tufte, 2008 . Artificial development is based around the idea of an indirect solution encoding. Rather than describing a solution directly, an indirect encoding describes either explicitly or implicitly the process by which a solution is constructed. Often, but not always, these indirect encodings are based upon biological principles of development such as morphogen morphogen gradients , cell division and cellular differentiation e.g. Doursat 2008 , gene regulatory networks e.g. Guo et al. , 2009 , degeneracy biology degeneracy Whitacre et al. , 2010 , or analogous computational processes such as re writing, iteration, and time. The influences of interaction with the environment, spatiality and physical constraints on differentiated multi cellular development have been investigated more recently e.g. Knabe et al. 2008 . Artificial development approaches have been applied to a number of computational and design problems, including electronic circuit design Miller and Banzhaf 2003 , robotic controllers e.g. Taylor 2004 , and the design of physical structures e.g. Hornby 2004 ... Miikkulainen 2003 A Taxonomy for artificial embryogeny , Artificial Life journal Artificial Life 9 ... Resources Scaling in Artificial Development , Proc. Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conf. GECCO ... Generated Diffusion Gradients for Positional Information . In Artificial Life XI Proceedings ... more details
notability date December 2010 Artificial Australia was the title of a series of lectures given by prominent Australian architect , Robin Boyd in 1967 on the Australian Broadcasting Commission . The Boyer Lectures was a radio series that invited prominent Australians to present the results of their works and thinking on major social, scientific or cultural issues. The series started in 1959 under the title of the ABC Lectures, but in 1961 the ABC decided to rename it as a memorial to the late Sir Richard Boyer, chairman of the ABC, who was the person responsible for the creation of the original series. ref The Boyer Lectures Artificial Australia by Robin Boyd Australian Broadcasting Commission Ambassador Press 22403 ref Lecture 1 Creative Man in a Frontier Society. Lecture 2 The Architecture of Ideas. Lecture 3 Integrity in the Artificial Object. Lecture 4 The Environmental Arts in Australia. Lecture 5 The Australian Myth in the Modern World. Reference list Reflist External links Category Australian radio programs ... more details
size and short lived nature of artificial languages are probably the only things that sets them apart from natural languages, since all languages are artificial insofar as they are conventional see also Constructed language Planned, constructed, artificial . References Reflist See also Evolutionary ... more details
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