about the aryl organic functional group the fleshy covering of certain seeds aril In the context of organic molecules, aryl refers to any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring , be it phenyl , naphthyl , thiophene thienyl , indole indolyl , etc. see IUPAC nomenclature . ref http goldbook.iupac.org A00464.html ref Aryl is used for the sake of abbreviation or generalization, and Ar is used as a placeholder for the aryl group in chemical structure diagrams. A simple aryl group is phenyl , C sub 6 sub H sub 5 sub it is derived from benzene . The tolyl group, CH sub 3 sub C sub 6 sub H sub 4 sub , is derived from toluene methylbenzene . The xylyl group, CH sub 3 sub sub 2 sub C sub 6 sub H sub 3 sub , is derived from xylene dimethylbenzene , while the naphthyl group, C sub 10 sub H sub 7 sub , is derived from naphthalene . Arylation is simply any chemical process in which an aryl group is attached to a substrate. See also Alkyl Aryl hydrocarbon receptor , a bodily target for Dioxins and dioxin like compounds dioxin s ref name pmid16545780 cite journal author Bock KW, K hle C title Ah receptor dioxin mediated toxic responses as hints to deregulated physiologic functions journal Biochem. Pharmacol. volume 72 issue 4 pages 393 404 year 2006 pmid 16545780 doi 10.1016 j.bcp.2006.01.017 ref Arene compound References Reflist Category Aryl groups Category Substituents aromatic stub ar be be x old ca Grup aril cs Aryl de Arylgruppe et Ar lr hm es Grupo arilo fa fr Aryle it Arile hu Arilcsoport mk nl Arylgroep ja pl Grupa arylowa pt Arila ru sv Arylgrupp uk zh ... more details
An Aryl radical in organic chemistry is an reactive intermediate and an arene compound incorporating one free radical carbon atom as part of the ring structure. As such it is the radical counterpart of the Arenium ion . The parent compound is the phenyl radical C sub 6 sub H sub 5 sub sup . sup ref Minireview Intermolecular Olefin Functionalisation Involving Aryl Radicals Generated from Arenediazonium Salts Markus R. Heinrich DOI 10.1002 chem.200801306 Chemistry A European Journal 2008 Volume 15 Issue 4, Pages 820 833 ref . Aryl radicals are intermediates in certain organic reaction s. Synthesis Aryl radicals can be obtained via aryl diazonium salt s. Alternatives for these salts are certain aryl triazene s and aryl hydrazine s. Aryl bromides and iodides can be converted to aryl radicals via tributyltin hydride and related compounds and silyl hydride s. Aryl halides can also be converted via electrosynthesis electrochemical cathodic reduction The mushroom Stephanospora caroticolor is suspected to generate an aryl radical as part of its biological chemical defence mechanism. Spectroscopy The parent phenyl radical has been identified via electron paramagnetic resonance and UV spectroscopy . Reactions Aryl radicals are very reactive and are found in many different reactions. Proton abstraction is considered a side reaction . Several reactions of synthetic utility in which aryl radicals feature are Halogen transfer reaction with electron deficient alkenes in the meerwein arylation biaryl coupling reaction couplings Sandmeyer reaction s addition to iminium ion s addition to sulfur dioxide References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Aryl Radical Category Reactive intermediates Category Free radicals ... more details
In organic chemistry , an aryl halide also known as haloarene or halogenoarene is an aromatic compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms directly bonded to an aromatic ring are replaced by a halide. The haloarene ... and properties. The most important members are the aryl chlorides, but the class of compounds ... routes to aryl halides are direct halogenation and via diazonium salts. ref name morrison cite ... iron III chloride or aluminium chloride . The most important aryl halide, chlorobenzene is produced ... . Aniline s aryl amines are converted to their diazonium salt s using nitrous acid . For example, copper I chloride converts diazonium salts to the aryl chloride. Nitrogen gas is the leaving group, which ... as the fluoride donor. Halogenation in nature Aryl halides occur widely in nature, most commonly ... pyrrole derivatives. Some of these naturally occurring aryl halides exhibit useful medicinal properties ... ref File Vancomycin.svg thumb 280px center center Vancomycin , an important antibiotic , is an aryl ... trends The C X distances for aryl halides follow the expected trend. These distances for fluorobenzene ... last1 Oberhammer first1 Heinz isbn 9780470682531 ref Reactions Aryl halides do not participate in conventional ... nucleophiles via reactions involving radical anions. Alternatively aryl halides, especially ... type reactions. Aryl halides react with metals to give more reactive derivatives that behaves as sources of aryl anions. Magnesium to give Grignard reagent s, which are useful in organic synthesis of other aryl compounds. Chlorobenzene was once the precursor to phenol , which is now made by oxidation of cumene . At high temperatures, aryl react with ammonia to give anilines. ref name Ullmann ... The aryl halides produced on the largest scale are chlorobenzene and the isomers of dichlorobenzene ... the herbicide Lasso. Overall, production of aryl chlorides as well as related naphthyl derivatives ... H sub 5 sub Cl PCl sub 3 sub 6 Na P C sub 6 sub H sub 5 sub sub 3 sub 6 NaCl Aryl bromides are widely ... more details
enzyme Name aryl acylamidase EC number 3.5.1.13 CAS number 9025 18 7 IUBMB EC number 3 5 1 13 GO code 0047680 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl acylamidase EC number 3.5.1.13 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an anilide H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math a carboxylate aniline Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are anilide and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are carboxylate and aniline . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, those acting on carbon nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl acylamide amidohydrolase . Other names in common use include AAA 1 , AAA 2 , brain acetylcholinesterase is associated with AAA 2 , and pseudocholinesterase associated with arylacylamidase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Nimmo Smith RH date 1960 title Aromatic N deacylation by chick kidney mitochondria journal Biochem. J. volume 75 pages 284&ndash 293 pmid 14427286 pmc 1204423 issue 2 hydrolase stub Category EC 3.5.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure Wickedpedia article ... more details
enzyme Name aryl sulfotransferase EC number 2.8.2.1 CAS number 9026 09 9 IUBMB EC number 2 8 2 1 GO code 0004062 image width caption Pfam box Symbol Arylsulfotransferase Name Arylsulfotransferase Pfam PF05935 InterPro IPR010262 PROSITE PDB An aryl sulfotransferase EC number 2.8.2.1 is an enzyme that transfers a sulfate group from phenol phenolic sulfate ester s to a phenolic acceptor substrate ref name PUB00011921 cite journal author Kim SK, Baek MC, Kim DH, Kim BK, Choi EC title Cloning and sequencing of the Klebsiella K 36 astA gene, encoding an arylsulfate sulfotransferase journal Microbiol. Immunol. volume 40 issue 8 pages 531 537 year 1996 pmid 8887346 ref . 3 phosphoadenylyl sulfate a phenol math rightleftharpoons math adenosine 3 ,5 bisphosphate an aryl sulfate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are 3 phosphoadenylyl sulfate and phenol , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine 3 ,5 bisphosphate and aryl sulfate . These enzymes are transferase s, specifically the sulfotransferase s, which transfer sulfur containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3 phosphoadenylyl sulfate phenol sulfotransferase . Other names in common use include phenol sulfotransferase , sulfokinase , 1 naphthol phenol sulfotransferase , 2 naphtholsulfotransferase , 4 nitrocatechol sulfokinase , arylsulfotransferase , dopamine sulfotransferase , p nitrophenol sulfotransferase , phenol sulfokinase , ritodrine sulfotransferase , and PST . This enzyme participates in sulfur metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1LS6 , PDB link 1Z28 , PDB link 1Z29 , PDB link 2A3R , and PDB link 2D06 . References reflist 1 Further reading refbegin cite journal author Romain Y, Demassieux S, Carriere S year 1982 title Partial purification and characterization of two isoenzymes involved in the sulfurylation of catecholamines ... more details
enzyme Name arylsulfate sulfotransferase EC number 2.8.2.22 CAS number 158254 86 5 IUBMB EC number 2 8 2 22 GO code 0047686 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl sulfate sulfotransferase EC number 2.8.2.22 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aryl sulfate a phenol math rightleftharpoons math a phenol an aryl sulfate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aryl sulfate and phenol , whereas its two product chemistry products are phenol and aryl sulfate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfur containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl sulfate phenol sulfotransferase . Other names in common use include arylsulfate phenol sulfotransferase , arylsulfotransferase , ASST , arylsulfate sulfotransferase , and arylsulfate phenol sulfotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal doi 10.1016 0167 4838 86 90144 5 author Kim DH, Konishi L, Kobashi K date 1986 title Purification, characterization and reaction mechanism of novel arylsulfotransferase obtained from an anaerobic bacterium of human intestine journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 872 pages 33&ndash 41 pmid 3460636 issue 1 2 cite journal author Kobashi K, Kim D H and Morikawa T date 1987 title A novel type of arylsulfotransferase journal J. Protein Chem. volume 6 pages 237&ndash 244 transferase stub Category EC 2.8.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name aryl alcohol dehydrogenase NADP EC number 1.1.1.91 CAS number 37250 27 4 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 91 GO code 0047681 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase NADP EC number 1.1.1.91 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic alcohol NADP sup sup math rightleftharpoons math an aromatic aldehyde NADPH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aromatic alcohol and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are aromatic aldehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl alcohol NADP oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include aryl alcohol dehydrogenase nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide , phosphate , coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase , NADPH linked benzaldehyde reductase , and aryl alcohol dehydrogenase NADP . References reflist 1 cite journal author Gross GG, Zenk MH date 1969 title Reduction of aromatic acids to aldehydes and alcohols in the cell free system. 2. Purification and properties of aryl alcohol NADP oxidoreductase from Neurospora crassa journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 8 pages 420&ndash 5 pmid 4389864 issue 3 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Category NADPH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure id Aril alkohol dehidrogenase NADP it Aril alcol deidrogenasi NADP ja NADP ... more details
enzyme Name aryl alcohol oxidase EC number 1.1.3.7 CAS number 9028 77 7 IUBMB EC number 1 1 3 7 GO code 0047682 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl alcohol oxidase EC number 1.1.3.7 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic primary alcohol O sub 2 sub math rightleftharpoons math an aromatic aldehyde H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aromatic primary alcohol and oxygen O sub 2 sub , whereas its two product chemistry products are aromatic aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl alcohol oxygen oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include aryl alcohol oxidase , veratryl alcohol oxidase , and arom. alcohol oxidase . Structural studies As of late 2007, 4 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1E8F , PDB link 1E8H , PDB link 1QLT , and PDB link 1QLU . References reflist 1 cite journal author FARMER VC, HENDERSON ME, RUSSELL JD date 1960 title Aromatic alcohol oxidase activity in the growth medium of Polystictus versicolor journal Biochem. J. volume 74 pages 257&ndash 62 pmid 13821599 pmc 1204151 1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.3 Category Enzymes of known structure it Aril alcol ossidasi ja ... more details
protein Name aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor caption image width HGNCid 346 Symbol AHRR AltSymbols AHH, AHHR EntrezGene 57491 OMIM 606517 RefSeq NM 020731 UniProt Q9ULI6 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 5 Arm p Band 15.33 LocusSupplementaryData The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor also known as AHRR is a human gene . ref name pmid11423533 cite journal author Baba T, Mimura J, Gradin K, Kuroiwa A, Watanabe T, Matsuda Y, Inazawa J, Sogawa K, Fujii Kuriyama Y title Structure and expression of the Ah receptor repressor gene journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue 35 pages 33101 10 year 2001 month August pmid 11423533 doi 10.1074 jbc.M011497200 url ref Function Dioxin chemical Dioxin is a Teratogenesis teratogen that exerts its effects through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR in conjunction with the Receptor biochemistry receptor s binding partner, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator ARNT . The protein encoded by this gene represses signal transduction by the AhR by competing with the ARNT for binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor. ref name pmid18000031 cite journal author Evans BR, Karchner SI, Allan LL, Pollenz RS, Tanguay RL, Jenny MJ, Sherr DH, Hahn ME title Repression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor AHR signaling by AHR repressor role of DNA binding and competition for AHR nuclear translocator journal Mol. Pharmacol. volume 73 issue 2 pages 387 98 year 2008 month February pmid 18000031 doi 10.1124 mol.107.040204 url ref Expression of the repressor is stimulated by the receptor translocator protein dimer heterodimer , thereby regulating receptor function through a negative feedback mechanism. In addition, the encoded protein can bind to nuclear factor kappa B . The AhRR ..., Birrer M, Cuttitta F title The aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor is a putative tumor suppressor gene ... author Kanno Y, Takane Y, Izawa T, Nakahama T, Inouye Y title The Inhibitory Effect of Aryl Hydrocarbon ... expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene in human tissues organ specific distribution ... more details
enzyme Name aryl aldehyde dehydrogenase NADP EC number 1.2.1.30 CAS number 9074 94 6 IUBMB EC number 1 2 1 30 GO code 0047683 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl aldehyde dehydrogenase NADP EC number 1.2.1.30 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic aldehyde NADP sup sup AMP diphosphate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math an aromatic acid NADPH H sup sup ATP The 5 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aromatic aldehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , adenosine monophosphate AMP , diphosphate , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are aromatic acid , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , hydrogen ion H sup sup , and adenosine triphosphate ATP . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl aldehyde NADP oxidoreductase ATP forming . Other names in common use include aromatic acid reductase , and aryl aldehyde dehydrogenase NADP . References reflist 1 cite journal author Gross GG date 1972 title Formation and reduction of intermediate acyladenylate by aryl aldehyde. NADP oxidoreductase from Neurospora crassa journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 31 pages 585&ndash 92 pmid 4405494 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1972.tb02569.x issue 3 cite journal author Gross GG, Zenk MH date 1969 title Reduction of aromatic acids to aldehydes and alcohols in the cell free system. 1. Purification and properties of aryl aldehyde NADP oxidoreductase from Neurospora crassa journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 8 pages 413&ndash 9 pmid 4389863 issue 3 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1969.tb00543.x 1.2 enzyme stub Category EC 1.2.1 Category NADPH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Aril aldeide deidrogenasi NADP ja NADP ... more details
enzyme Name aryl aldehyde dehydrogenase EC number 1.2.1.29 CAS number 37250 94 5 IUBMB EC number 1 2 1 29 GO code 0019108 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl aldehyde dehydrogenase EC number 1.2.1.29 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic aldehyde NAD sup sup H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math an aromatic acid NADH H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aromatic aldehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are aromatic acid , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl aldehyde NAD oxidoreductase . This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism and biphenyl degradation . References reflist 1 cite journal author Raison JK, Henson G, Rienits KG date 1966 title The oxidation of gentisaldehyde by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide specific, aromatic aldehyde dehydrogenase from rabbit liver journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 118 pages 285&ndash 98 pmid 4289834 issue 2 1.2 enzyme stub Category EC 1.2.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Aril aldeide deidrogenasi ja ... more details
enzyme Name aryl aldehyde oxidase EC number 1.2.3.9 CAS number 82657 93 0 IUBMB EC number 1 2 3 9 GO code 0018488 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl aldehyde oxidase EC number 1.2.3.9 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic aldehyde O sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math an aromatic carboxylic acid H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aromatic aldehyde , oxygen O sub 2 sub , and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its two product chemistry products are aromatic carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl aldehyde oxygen oxidoreductase . References reflist 1 cite journal author JM date 1982 title Production of an aromatic aldehyde oxidase by Streptomyces viridosporus journal Arch. Microbiol. volume 131 pages 351&ndash 355 doi 10.1007 BF00411185 last2 Sutherland first2 John B. last3 Pometto first3 Anthony L. last4 Miller first4 Jody M. issue 4 1.2 enzyme stub Category EC 1.2.3 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Aril aldeide ossidasi ja ... more details
enzyme Name aryl alcohol dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.90 CAS number 37250 26 3 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 90 GO code 0018456 image width caption In enzymology , an aryl alcohol dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.90 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction an aromatic alcohol NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math an aromatic aldehyde NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are aromatic alcohol and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are aromatic aldehyde , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is aryl alcohol NAD oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include p hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase , benzyl alcohol dehydrogenase , and coniferyl alcohol dehydrogenase . This enzyme participates in 5 metabolism metabolic pathways tyrosine metabolism , phenylalanine metabolism , biphenyl degradation , toluene and xylene degradation , and caprolactam degradation . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 1F8F . References reflist 1 cite journal author Suhara K, Takemori S, Katagiri M date 1969 title The purification and properties of benzylalcohol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas sp journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume 130 pages 422&ndash 9 pmid 5778658 doi 10.1016 0003 9861 69 90054 X issue 1 cite journal author Yamanaka K and Minoshima R date 1984 title Identification and characterization of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent para hydroxybenzyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila M402 journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 48 pages 1161&ndash 1171 doi 10.1271 bbb1961.48.1161 issue 5 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category ... more details
PBB geneid 405 The ARNT gene encodes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein that forms a complex with ligand bound aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR , and is required for receptor function. The encoded protein has also been identified as the beta subunit of a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1 HIF1 . A t 1 12 q21 p13 translocation, which results in a TEL ARNT fusion protein , is associated with leukemia acute myeloblastic leukemia . Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. The aryl hydrocarbon .... The ligand free, cytosolic form of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is complexed to Hsp90 heat shock ... Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact ... coactivators by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator complex ... interaction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor with a novel immunophilin homolog in vivo journal J. Biol ... of the Drosophila single minded protein that interact with the mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear ... laysource laydate quote ref Aryl hydrocarbon receptor , ref name pmid7628454 cite journal last Lindebro ... of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor ... Y, Kuo MT title Functional analysis of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator interactions with aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the yeast two hybrid system. journal Biochem. Pharmacol. volume ... MR, Fukunaga BN, Hankinson O title Identification of functional domains of the aryl hydrocarbon ... aryl hydrocarbon receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator proteins direct ... minded protein that interact with the mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein ... jbc.272.13.8581 cite journal author Carver LA, Bradfield CA title Ligand dependent interaction of the aryl ... pmc 232345 Refend PDB Gallery geneid 405 External links MeshName Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator ... more details
Spermine synthase is an enzyme that converts spermidine into spermine . External links MeshName Spermine synthase EC number 2.5.1.22 Gene SMS Alkyl and aryl transferases Category Enzymes Biochem stub ... more details
Gomberg reaction may refer to Gomberg Bachmann reaction , an arylaryl coupling reaction via a diazonium salt . Gomberg Free radical reaction , a reaction in which triphenylmethyl radical is prepared by treating triphenylmethyl chloride with a metal like Silver Ag or Zinc Zn in presence of diethyl ether or benzene . See also Moses Gomberg , the scientist whom the reaction names honor. disambig ... more details
The Leuckart thiophenol reaction is the decomposition of a diazoxanthate , by gentle warming in a slightly acidic cuprous medium, to its corresponding aryl xanthates which give thiophenols aryl thiols on alkaline hydrolysis and aryl thioether s on further warming. File Leuckhart Thiophenol Reaction.jpg Reaction pathway and mechanism This reaction was first reported by Rudolf Leuckart chemist Rudolf Leuckart in 1890 ref R. Leuckart, J. Prakt. Chem. 2 . 41, 179 1890 ref ref D. S.Tarbell, D. K. Fukushima, Org. Synth. vol III, 809 1955 ref ref Merck Index 14th Ed. ref References Reflist Category Organic reactions ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 365726859 ImageFile XPhos.png ImageSize ImageFile1 ImageSize1 IUPACName 2 Dicyclohexylphosphino 2 ,4 ,6 triisopropylbiphenyl OtherNames XPhos Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 564483 18 7 PubChem 11155794 SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 33 sub H sub 49 sub P MolarMass 476.72 Appearance colorless solid Density MeltingPt 187 190 C BoilingPt Solubility organic solvents Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition XPhos is an organophosphorus compound derived from biphenyl . Its palladium complexes exhibit high activity for Buchwald Hartwig reaction Buchwald Hartwig amination reaction s involving aryl chlorides and aryl tosylates. Both palladium and copper complexes of the compound exhibit high activity for the coupling of aryl halides and aryl tosylates with various amide s. ref cite journal author Huang, X. Anderson, K. W. Zim, D. Jiang, L. Klapars, A. Buchwald, S. L. title Expanding Pd Catalyzed C N Bond Forming Processes The First Amidation of Aryl Sulfonates, Aqueous Amination, and Complementarity with Cu Catalyzed Reactions year 2003 journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 125 issue 22 pages 6653 6655 doi 10.1021 ja035483w pmid 12769573 ref The ligand has convenient handling characteristics since it is air stable. ref cite journal author Altman, R.A. Fors, B.P. Buchwald, S.L. title Pd Catalyzed Amination Reactions of Aryl Halides Using Bulky Biarylmonophosphine Ligands year 2007 journal Nature Protocols volume 2 issue 11 pages 2881 2887 doi 10.1038 nprot.2007.414 pmid 18007623 ref Structure gallery Image XPhos.PNG One view of the molecule s structure. Image XPhos2.PNG Another view of the molecule s structure. gallery See also SPhos Buchwald Hartwig reaction References references Category Tertiary phosphines Category Named phosphines ... more details
The Meerwein arylation is an organic reaction involving the addition of an aryl diazonium salt ArN sub 2 sub X to an electron poor alkene usually supported by a metal salt. ref Hans Meerwein Meerwein, H , Buchner, E. van Emsterk, K. J. Prakt. Chem. 1939 , 152, 237. ref The reaction product is an alkylated arene compound. The reaction is named after Hans Meerwein , one of its inventors who first published it in 1939. Image Meerwein arylation.png 400px center Meerwein arylation An electron withdrawing group EWG on the alkene makes it electron deficient and although the reaction mechanism is unclear, ref Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis Laszlo Kurti, Barbara Czako Academic Press March 4, 2005 ISBN 0 12 429785 4 ref involvement of an aryl radical is presumed after loss of nitrogen in the diazonium salt followed by a free radical addition . In the primary reaction product the intermediate alkyl radical is then captured by the diazonium counterion X which is usually a halogen or a tetrafluoroborate . In a subsequent step an elimination reaction liberates HX for instance hydrochloric acid and an aryl vinyl compound is formed. The reaction mechanism from the arene s view ranks as a radical nucleophilic aromatic substitution . In a general scope a Meerwein arylation is any reaction between an aryl radical and an alkene. ref Minireview Intermolecular Olefin Functionalisation Involving Aryl Radicals Generated from Arenediazonium Salts Markus R. Heinrich DOI 10.1002 chem.200801306 Chemistry A European Journal 2008 Volume 15 Issue 4, Pages 820 833 ref The initial intermediate is an aryl enthenyl radical which can react with many trapping reagent s such as hydrogen ... acrylic acid with an aryl diazonium salt and copper I bromide and hydrobromic acid yields the alpha ... 2 butene and after an elimination the aryl substituted butadiene. ref 1,3 Butadiene, 1 p nitrophenyl ... product 2 nitrophenylacetone ref A Practical Synthesis of Aryl Methyl Ketones via a Transition ... more details
Arylsulfatase is a type of sulfatase enzyme. ref MeshName Arylsulfatases ref Types include Arylsulfatase A also known as cerebroside sulfatase Arylsulfatase B also known as N Acetylgalactosamine 4 Sulfatase Steroid sulfatase formerly known as Arylsulfatase C ARSC2 ARSD Arylsulfatase E ARSE ARSF ARSG ARSH ARSI ARSJ ARSK See also Aryl References reflist biochem stub Esterases Category Hydrolases ... more details
The Newman Kwart rearrangement is a type of rearrangement reaction in which the arylaryl group of an thiocarbamate O aryl thiocarbamate , ArOC S NMe sub 2 sub , Migration chemistry migrates from the oxygen atom to the sulfur atom, forming an S aryl thiocarbamate, ArSC O NMe sub 2 sub . ref cite book series Topics in Current Chemistry publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg issn 0340 1022 volume 275 year 2007 title Thione Thiol Rearrangement Miyazaki Newman Kwart Rearrangement and Others isbn 978 3 540 68099 4 pages 131 161 first1 C. last1 Zonta first2 O. last2 De Lucchi first3 R. last3 Volpicelli first4 L. last4 Cotarca doi 10.1007 128 065 ref ref cite journal title The Newman Kwart Rearrangement of O Aryl Thiocarbamates Substantial Reduction in Reaction Temperatures through Palladium Catalysis first1 J. N. last1 Harvey first2 J. last2 Jover first3 G. C. last3 Lloyd Jones first4 J. D. last4 Moseley first5 P. M. last5 Murray first6 J. S. last6 Renny journal Angewandte Chemie Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. year 2009 volume 48 pages 7612 7615 doi 10.1002 anie.200903908 pmid 19746383 ref ref name Renny2008 cite journal title Mechanism and Application of the Newman Kwart O S Rearrangement of O Aryl Thiocarbamates first1 G. C. last1 Lloyd Jones first2 J. D. last2 Moseley first3 J. S. last3 Renny journal Synthesis journal Synthesis year 2008 volume 2008 issue 5 pages 661 689 doi 10.1055 s 2008 1032179 ref The reaction is named after its discoverers, Melvin Spencer Newman ref name Newman cite journal first1 M. S. last1 Newman first2 H. A. last2 Karnes title The Conversion of Phenols to Thiophenols via Dialkylthiocarbamates journal Journal of Organic Chemistry J. Org. Chem. year 1966 volume 31 issue 12 pages 3980 3984 doi 10.1021 jo01350a023 ref and Harold Kwart . ref name Kwart cite journal ... 2 to form an O aryl thiocarbamate 3 . Heating 3 to around 250 C causes it undergo Newman Kwart rearrangement to an S aryl thiocarbamate 4 . Alkaline hydrolysis or similar cleavage yields a thiophenol ... more details
of copper. The aryl halide is activated by electron withdrawing group s or carries a carboxylic ... center Synthesis of fenamic acid An Ullmann type aromatic amination reaction between an aryl iodide and an aryl amine as coupling partners has been published. ref cite journal title Ligand ... . As this reaction proceeds well with an electron rich aryl iodide it is a valuable alternative ... poor aryl halides. The scope is extended to amide s ref cite journal title A General and Efficient Copper Catalyst for the Amidation of Aryl Halides and the N Arylation of Nitrogen Heterocycles ... title A General and Efficient Copper Catalyst for the Amidation of Aryl Halides author Klapars, A. Huang ... Reaction A Kinetic Study on the Copper Catalyzed Amidation of Aryl Iodides author Strieter ... Mediated Camps Cyclization A Two Step Synthesis of 2 Aryl 4 quinolones from o Halophenones author Jones ... more details
coupling of amines with aryl halides. Though publications with similar focus were published as early ... Hartwig reaction allowed for the facile synthesis of aryl amines, replacing to an extent ... conditions, allowing virtually any amine to be coupled with a wide variety of aryl coupling partners. Because of the ubiquity of aryl C N bonds in pharmaceuticals and natural product s, the reaction ... Catalyzed Synthesis of Arylamines and Aryl Ethers from Aryl Halides and Triflates Scope and Mechanism ... cation of Aryl Halides journal Acc. Chem. Res. volume 41 issue 11 pages 1534 1544 doi 10.1021 ... title Palladium Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides Mechanism and Rational Catalyst Design journal ... between several aryl bromides and N,N diethylamino tributyl tin using 1 mol PdCl sub 2 sub P o tolyl sub 3 sub sub 2 sub . Though several aryl bromides were tested, only electron withdrawing group ... OF ARYL BROMIDES WITH N,N DI ETHYLAMINO TRIBUTYLTIN journal Chemistry Letters year 1983 volume ... a catalytic cycle involving oxidative addition of the aryl bromide. ref name Hartwig1 citation ... in the hetero cross coupling of aryl halides and tin amides author Paul,F. Patt, J. Hartwig ..., longer reaction time , although no Arene substitution patterns ortho substitured aryl groups were .... ref name Hartwig2 citation title Palladium catalyzed synthesis of arylamines from aryl halides ... Chemie International Edition title A Simple Catalytic Method for the Conversion of Aryl Bromides ... to a larger variety of amines and aryl groups. Aryl iodide s, chloride s, and triflate s eventually ... in the Palladium Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. year 1996 volume ... of Palladium Tris o tolyl phosphine Mono amine Complexes from Palladium Aryl Halide Dimers journal ... for the slow reaction of aryl iodides with the first generation catalyst system. Amine ligation followed ... Although the scope of the Buchwald Hartwig amination has been expanded to include a wide variety of aryl ... more details
The Schiemann reaction also called the Balz Schiemann reaction is a chemical reaction in which aniline s 1 are transformed to aryl fluoride s 3 via diazonium salt diazonium fluoroborates 2 . ref cite journal title ber aromatische Fluorverbindungen, I. Ein neues Verfahren zu ihrer Darstellung author G nther Balz, G nther Schiemann journal Chemische Berichte Ber. volume 5 issue 60 pages 1186 1190 year 1927 doi 10.1002 cber.19270600539 ref ref Roe, A. Org. React. 1949 , 5 , 193. Review ref Named after the German chemists G nther Schiemann and G nther Balz, this reaction is the preferred route to fluorobenzene and some related derivatives. ref OrgSynth author Flood, D. T. year 1943 title Fluorobenzene collvol 2 collvolpages 295 prep CV2P0295 ref Image Schiemann Reaction Scheme.png center 400px The Schiemann reaction The reaction is similar to the Sandmeyer reaction , which converts diazonium diazonium salts to other aryl halide s. ref cite journal title Mechanism of formation of aryl fluorides from arenediazonium fluoborates author Swain, C. G. Rogers, R. J. journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 97 pages 799 800 year 1975 doi 10.1021 ja00837a019 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Schiemann Reaction Category Substitution reactions Category Name reactions de Schiemann Reaktion es Reacci n de Schiemann fr R action de Balz Schiemann nl Schiemann reactie ja sl Schiemannova reakcija zh ... more details
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