Wiktionary Attribution may refer to Something, such as a quality or characteristic, that is related to a particular possessor an attribute. Attribution copyright , concept in copyright law requiring an author to be credited Attribution psychology , concept in psychology whereby people attribute traits and causes to things they observe Performance attribution , technique in quantitative finance for explaining the active performance of a portfolio Journalism sourcing or attribution , journalistic practice of attributing information to its source disambig fr Attribution ru ... more details
title Not for Attribution episodelink Not for Attribution series The Wire serieslink The Wire ... http www.hbo.com thewire episode season5 episode53.shtml title The Wire episode guide episode 53 Not for Attribution ... 5 53 not for attribution index.html Not for Attribution at HBO.com imdb episode 0977180 tv.com episode ... more details
File Cc by new.svg thumb 120px Creative Commons license symbol for attribution. Attribution in copyright law, is acknowledgement as credit the author of a work which is used or appears in another work. Attribution is sometimes required by licenses that specific the usage rights, such as the GNU Free Documentation License and Creative Commons licenses. ref Creative Commons, http wiki.creativecommons.org FAQ FAQ ref Attribution is often considered the most basic of requirements made by a license, as it allows an author to accumulate a positive reputation that partially repays their work and prevents others from claiming fraudulently to have produced the work. It is widely regarded as a sign of decency and respect to acknowledge the creator by giving him her credit for the work. See also Acknowledgment creative arts Credit creative arts References Reflist law term stub DEFAULTSORT Attribution Copyright Category Copyright law ar fr Droit de paternit nl Naamsvermelding ja pl Atrybucja sztuka ru ... more details
Orphan date October 2010 See Attribution of recent climate change Climate attribution is a scientific process for establishing the principal causes or physical explanation for observed climate conditions and phenomena. This includes attribution of the causes for observed climate variations that may not be unusual in a statistical sense but for which great public interest exists because they produce profound societal impacts. Climate attribution is most frequently associated with the process of explaining a detected change. ref name noaa def cite web url http www.esrl.noaa.gov psd csi whatis title NOAA Climate Attribution What is Attribution? work U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division publisher NOAA accessdate 18 October 2010 ref Mechanisms There are numerous mechanisms that may produce climate variations or change including external forcing, anthropogenic forcing, and internal mechanisms. External forcing contains both natural and anthropogenic sources such as solar variability and volcanic eruptions. human impact on the environment Anthropogenic forcing stem are from changing concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosol s, and land cover use produced by human activities. Internal ... mechanisms is often called internal variability. ref name noaa def Attribution According to the IPCC Third Assessment Report , the attribution requirements for a detected change are ref name noaa def ... important elements of the given combination of forcings. For attribution to be established, the relationship ... or internal variations alone. ref name noaa def References Reflist Source attribution cite web url http www.esrl.noaa.gov psd csi whatis title NOAA Climate Attribution What is Attribution? work U.S. ... climate attribution http www.esrl.noaa.gov psd outreach resources handouts attribution final.pdf Climate Attribution , Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA Category Climate change science ... more details
The fallacy of a false attribution occurs when an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument. A contextomy is a type of false attribution. A more deceptive and difficult to detect version of a false attribution is where a fraudulent advocate goes so far as to fabricate a source, such as creating a fake website, in order to support a claim. For example, the Levitt Institute was a fake organisation created in 2009 solely for the purposes of successfully fooling the Australia n media into reporting that Sydney was Australia s most naive city. ref name Deception Detection Deficiency http www.abc.net.au mediawatch transcripts s2698835.htm Deception Detection Deficiency , Media Watch. ref A particular case of misattribution is the Matthew effect sociology Matthew effect a quotation is often attributed to someone more famous than the real author. This leads the quotation to be more famous, but the real author to be forgotten see also obliteration by incorporation . ref cite journal doi 10.1063 1.1768652 title Could Feynman Have Said This? year 2004 author Mermin, N. David journal Physics Today volume 57 pages 10 ref References Reflist External links http www.fallacyfiles.org quotcont.html Quoting Out of Context Fallacy Files. http www.scribd.com doc 8009498 HUMBUG eBook by Jef Clark and Theo Clark Humbug The skeptic s field guide to spotting fallacies in thinking textbook on fallacies. False Attribution p56 . Informal Fallacy Category Logical fallacies ... more details
Performance Attribution or Investment Performance Attribution is a set of techniques that performance ... is actively managed. Different kinds of performance attribution provide different ways of explaining the active return. Attribution analysis attempts to distinguish which of the two factors ... . This leaves an active return of 2.20 . The task of performance attribution is to explain the decisions ... paradigm for performance attribution, there are two different kinds of decision that the portfolio ... return for equities was only 3 . The attribution analysis dissects the value added into three ..., and the equities sector also outperformed its benchmark. The three attribution terms asset allocation ... factors . More modern and enhanced versions of decision attribution analysis omit the economically ... decision. Decision attribution also needs to address the combined effect of multiple periods ... but duration decisions are only made for the fixed income assets. The most robust attribution models precisely address all of these aspects of decision attribution without residuals. Furthermore ... attribution system must always be interpreted in parallel to a precisely commensurate risk attribution ... verified claims to have introduced the key concept in performance attribution, that active performance ... performance attribution notional portfolios, asset allocation, and stock selection. The perhaps fictional ... and may be a fictional creation, by many of the standard texts on performance attribution for example ... their work and devote copious numbers of pages to Brinson Fachler attribution pp. 177 180. and Brinson Hood Beebower attribution pp. 29 51 . Geometric attribution The most common approach to performance attribution found in sources such as Brinson1985 Brinson et al. 1985 and Carino Carino 1999 can be described as arithmetic attribution . It is arithmetic in the sense that it describes the difference ... was 21 , and the benchmark return was 10 , arithmetic attribution would explain 11 of value added ... more details
wikify date August 2010 Attribution is a concept in social psychology referring to how individuals explain causes of behavior and events. Attribution theory is an umbrella term for various theories that attempt ... Cengage Learning, 2008 ref Fritz Heider first proposed a theory of attribution The Psychology ... Weiner . Types Explanatory attribution People make explanatory attributions to understand the world and seek reasons for a particular event. Explanatory attribution plays an important role in understanding .... Interpersonal attribution Sometimes, when your action or motives for the action are questioned, you ... involve two or more individuals. ref name Attribution Theory and Research Hewstone, Fincham, Jaspars. Attribution Theory and Research Conceptual Developmental and Social Dimensions . Academic ... 11 pages 380 isbn 0 205 65408 1 ref When an internal attribution is made, the cause of the given ..., attitudes, or disposition. When an external attribution is made, the cause of the given behavior ... of attribution File Covariation.png thumb right 220px When there is low consensus and distinctiveness ... to the factor that co varies most closely with that action. ref Kelley, Attribution theory ... of Attribution looks to three main types of information from which to make an attribution decision ... these three sources of information observers make attribution decisions on the individual s behavior .... Three dimensional model of attribution Bernard Weiner ref Weiner, B. 1992 , Human Motivation ... suggests that individuals exert their attribution search and cognitively evaluate casual properties ... encounter similar situations. Weiner s achievement attribution has three categories stable theory ... Publishing,1987 ref The following are examples of attributional biases. Fundamental attribution error The fundamental attribution error describes the tendency to over value dispositional or personality based explanations for behavior while under valuing situational explanations. The fundamental attribution ... more details
Nuclear attribution is the process of tracing the origin of nuclear material that has been used in a nuclear explosion . ref cite news author David Sanger and Thom Shanker title U.S. Debates Deterrence for Nuclear Terrorism publisher New York Times date 7 May 2007 url http www.nytimes.com 2007 05 08 washington 08nuke.html accessdate 2008 04 29 ref The problem is not necessarily a straightforward one, for it may be possible to obtain Precursor chemistry nuclear precursors through the Underground economy black market , and therefore relatively anonymously. Attribution to the source is desirable due to the trend of nuclear proliferation . List of states with nuclear weapons Nuclear capability has expanded from only a couple of states, to where a terrorist group could make a bomb with only partial state backing. The United States has demonstrated its interest in nuclear attribution by passing the Nuclear Forensics and Attribution Act, which calls for the development of attribution capabilities. ref cite web title H.R.730 url http thomas.loc.gov cgi bin query D?c111 6 . temp c111bwAFiW publisher The Library of Congress accessdate 21 August 2011 ref Nuclear Forensics A primary method used in nuclear attribution is nuclear forensics . The first step in this process is field work . Radiation levels can be quickly determined in the field using dosimetry . Reports from local survivors help provide visual evidence. The early data from the field, in addition to seismic data, can be used to establish that the bomb was actually nuclear and estimate its yield . The gathered samples will be shipped to laboratories and analyzed using isotope analysis and other methods. The isotopic signature ... be pieced together. Intelligence Another aspect of nuclear attribution is the use of law enforcement .... Problems The goal of nuclear attribution is to pinpoint the source of nuclear material with a credible ... difficult. Another problem is that the process of nuclear attribution takes time. Political ... more details
Religious Attribution in social psychology refers to how individuals attempt to explain understand causes of behavior and or events. Religious attribution is a theory derived from attribution theory of Social psychology social psychology . Types of religious attributions The two types of attributions when considering religion are naturalistic and religious attributions. Naturalistic attributions Evidence supports that most people under most circumstances initially employ naturalistic attributions and explanations such as references to people, natural events, accidents, or chance. ref name Lupfer cite journal last Lupfer coauthors Brock, & DePaola title The use of secular and religious attributions to explain everyday behavior journal Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion year 1992 volume 31 pages pages 486 503 ref This is the attribution type that is most common among most, in many ... to a more religious attribution type when naturalistic ones do not satisfy the needs for meaning, control ... alive. Why use religious attribution The question is why would people use religious attributions ... attribution. These situational influences fall into two broad categories contextual factors and event ... with religious attribution by saying it is God s will. Science can cover a lot of things but it cannot ... negative happens there is still attribution to God, but it is not negative. It is not God is punishing ... the event domains when explaining attribution. There are some domains that are ready made ... from something the question why me? comes into play, and attribution is the means to find the answer ... personal relevance elicits more religious attribution. ref name Lupfer Who uses attribution People ... highly are more likely to be the type of person to rely more heavily on religious attribution then would ... will turn to internal or religious attribution more often then will the more orthodox Catholics ..., Adam B., Williams, Melissa J., Knowles, Eric D., Chen, Zhansheng title Fundamental ist attribution ... more details
A Question of Attribution is a 1988 one act stage play, written by Alan Bennett . It was premi red at the National Theatre, London in December 1988, along with the stage version of An Englishman Abroad . The two plays are collectively called Single Spies . ref cite web url http www.stageonetheatre.com spotlight SpotlightMay2011.pdf title Spotlight first last work stageonetheatre.com year 2011 last update accessdate 10 July 2011 ref The one act play formed the basis of a 1992 television film of the same name broadcast as part of the BBC s Screen One series. The film was directed by John Schlesinger and stars James Fox as Anthony Blunt , David Calder actor David Calder as Chubb, an MI5 officer, and Prunella Scales as H.M.Q. Elizabeth II . ref name screenonline http www.screenonline.org.uk tv id 986784 A Question of Attribution , BFI Screenonline, retrieved 17 January 2006 ref The film was produced by long time Bennett collaborator Innes Lloyd , and is dedicated to his memnory. The New York Times called the film a razor sharp psychological melodrama and it won the 1992 BAFTA TV award for Best Single Drama. ref http movies2.nytimes.com gst movies movie.html?v id 132221 New York Times review , retrieved 17 January 2006 ref Prunella Scales was nominated for Best Actress. Plot The play and subsequent film is based on Anthony Blunt s role in the Cambridge Spy Ring and, as Surveyor of the Queen s Pictures , personal art advisor to Queen Elizabeth II. It portrays his interrogation by MI5 officers, his work researching and conserving art works, his work at the Courtauld Institute of Art Courtauld Institute , and his acquaintance with the Queen. Bennett described the piece as an inquiry in which the circumstances are imaginary but the pictures are real. ref name screenonline While supervising the restoration of a dual portrait in which only partial attribution to Titian is thought ... DEFAULTSORT Question of Attribution,A Category BBC television dramas Category Cold War spy ... more details
The group attribution error is a group serving bias group serving , attributional bias identical to the fundamental attribution error except that it occurs between different group sociology groups rather than different individuals. Group members are more likely to attribute the decisions of their own group to its decision rules, while they tend to attribute the decisions of another group to its members attitude. The group attribution error was first reported by Scott Allison and David Messick. Compare to the outgroup homogeneity bias . See also Portal Psychology div style column count 2 moz column count 2 webkit column count 2 Fundamental attribution error Ingroup bias Attribution theory List of cognitive biases div References http dx.doi.org 10.1016 0022 1031 85 90025 3 Allison, S. T. & Messick, D. M. 1985 . The group attribution error. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 21 , 563 579 Category Cognitive biases Category Attitude attribution Category Group processes cognitive psych stub social psych stub ... more details
The ultimate attribution error is the tendency to explain negative behaviours of an outgroup member as a flaw in their personality, and to justify positive behaviour performed by an outgroup member as a result of uncommon circumstances . It is also the belief that positive acts performed by ingroup members are a result of their personality, whereas if an ingroup member behaves negatively this is believed to be rare, and a result of situational factors Hewstone, 1989 . Specifically, they view negative acts committed by outgroup members as a stable trait of the outgroup, and view positive acts committed by outgroup members as exceptions to normal behavior. The term is a variation on another common cognitive error, the fundamental attribution error . Ultimate Attribution Error is attributing behaviors of entire groups to their stereotypes. In psychology, the Ultimate Attribution Error is considered one of the roots of prejudice . Ultimate Attribution Error The ultimate attribution error is a cognitive error committed by prejudiced people in which negative behaviors are attributed to the personality psychology personality of outgroup members, and are extended to all of the members of that outgroup ... first T. F. year 1979 title The Ultimate Attribution Error Extending Allport s Cognitive Analysis ... attribution error is different from the fundamental attribution error in that it is used to describe entire groups of people, whereas the fundamental attribution error has to do with dispositional attribution s that apply only to an individual. Studies Demonstrating the Ultimate Attribution Error The ultimate attribution error was demonstrated in 1976 by Birt Duncan. ref name WhitleyKite2010 ... last Duncan first B. L. year 1976 title Differential social perception and attribution if intergroup ... s study demonstrates that ultimate attribution error is more likely to occur when there are negative ... attribution error Actor observer asymmetry Logical fallacy Hikikomori References Reflist Category ... more details
The Seasonal Attribution Project is a Climateprediction.net sub project, with support from the WWF conservation organization WWF . It runs a high resolution model in order to try to determine the extent to which extreme weather events are attributable to human induced global warming . The project did cease giving out more work, however there has been a project extension to try a fourth sea surface temperature pattern. ref http seasonal.cpdn.org extension.php SAP Extension Seasonal Attribution Project ref Current work will still be accepted and used for collaborations and possibly revisions of papers during the review process. A further extension will start soon. ref http attribution.cpdn.org 30 May 2007 News Seasonal Attribution Project ref The Experiments United Kingdom floods of Autumn 2000 Current project. ref http attribution.cpdn.org floods.php The UK Autumn 2000 floods Seasonal Attribution Project ref Mountain snowpack decline in western North America Developed in collaboration with the Climate Impacts Group at the University of Washington . ref http attribution.cpdn.org collaborations.php Research collaborations Seasonal Attribution Project ref Heatwave occurrence in South Africa and India The latter two will use the same models. Information has been uploaded but analysis of information generated has not yet started. See also Effects of global warming References Reflist External links http attribution.cpdn.org Seasonal Attribution Website BOINC topics Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models Category Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing projects Category Numerical climate and weather models sci stub science software stub de Seasonal Attribution Project ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 notability date January 2008 Do not use the dated prod template directly the above line is generated by subst prod reason The Full Attribution License is a copyright based license created by Steven Carroll, a developer who wrote the license to allow third parties to use material in exchange for a link to the author s website. It was released on January 5, 2008. Many of the previous licenses, notably all the give it away free licences, grant certain baseline rights, such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work without changes, at no charge. Others, such as the GNU Free Documentation License restrict the changes that a distributor can make. But none thus far demanded payment for using the material in the form of web links. The Full attribution license was based on the text of the MIT License . The additional linking requirement represents a dramatic change from the laissez faire MIT license. Search engine optimization Link building has become a traded currency on the Internet as companies and individuals have been widely trading links in exchange for cash and other benefits. These linkers believe that they will improve their Search engine results page ranking in search engines such as Google . Thus a currency has been created by linking, which has a value that can be traded with others or used for commercial benefits. See also Copyright External links http www.full attribution license.com Text of the license Category Free content licenses ... more details
Wikify date January 2012 cleanup date January 2012 The defensive attribution hypothesis or defensive attribution bias is a social psychology social psychological term from the Attribution psychology attributional approach referring to a set of beliefs held by an individual with the function of defending the individual from concern that they will be the cause or Victimology victim of a accident mishap . Commonly, defensive attributions are made when individuals witness or learns of a mishap happening to another person. In these situations, attributions of responsibility to the victim or harm doer for the mishap will depend upon the severity of the outcomes of the mishap and the level of personal and situational similarity between the individual and victim. More responsibility will be attributed to the harm doer as the outcome becomes more severe, and as personal or situational Similarity psychology Social psychological approaches similarity decreases. Holding the victim or harm doer more responsible allows the individual to believe that the mishap was controllable and thus, the individual ... as not blameworthy. ref name shaver cite journal last Shaver first K. G. year 1970 title Defensive Attribution ... 1970 The basis of the defensive attribution bias was developed in studies conducted by Elaine ... not fully apply it to her own study. Walster 1966 stated that the defensive attribution bias would ... participants and found support for the defensive attribution bias as personal similarity increased attributions ... J.M. year 1981 title Motivational biases in the attribution of responsibility for an accident A meta analysis of the defensive attribution hypothesis. journal Psychological Bulletin volume 90 issue 3 pages 496 512 ref published a meta analysis of 22 published studies on the defensive attribution ... The defensive attribution hypothesis has found many applied uses, especially in regards to sexual assault ... Attribution of blame in cases of rape An analysis of participant gender, type of rape and perceived ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Unique Particle Attribution UPA rule is a mechanism to prevent ambiguity in XML Schema W3C W3C XML Schema version 1.0. Due to the UPA rule the Xml XML schema fragment given below is prohibited xsd sequence xsd element name x type xsd integer minOccurs 0 xsd any minOccurs 0 maxOccurs unbounded processContents skip xsd sequence Given the XML instance fragment x 42 x it is ambiguous whether x should be associated with the element declaration xsd element name x , or the wildcard xsd any . This ambiguity violates the UPA rule and the corresponding XML schema therefore needs to be rejected by XML schema processors compliant to XML Schema W3C W3C XML Schema version 1.0. The W3C XML Schema workgroup is considering so called weak wildcards for XML Schema version 1.1. Using weak wildcards, the explicit element declaration would always take precedence over the wildcard, thus removing the ambiguity. See also XML Schema W3C W3C XML Schema W3C XML External links http blogs.msdn.com b xmlteam archive 2005 08 09 449569.aspx Article UPA in plain English http technet.microsoft.com en us library ms187822 28SQL.90 29.aspx Article Understanding the Unique Particle Attribution Constraint http www.w3.org TR xmlschema 1 cos nonambig XML Schema 1.0 Schema Component Constraint Unique Particle Attribution http lists.w3.org Archives Public www tag 2004Aug att 0010 NRMVersioningProposal.html An Approach for Evolving XML Vocabularies Using XML Schema http www.w3.org TR xmlschema11 1 XML Schema 1.1 Part 1 Structures http www.w3.org TR xmlschema11 2 XML Schema 1.1 Part 2 Datatypes Category XML Category Abbreviations it Unique Particle Attribution ... more details
infobox software license name Common Public Attribution License author Socialtext version 1.0 copyright Socialtext date July, 2007 OSI approved Yes Free Software Yes ref name fsflist cite web url http www.gnu.org licenses license list.html MPL title Mozilla Public License MPL work Various Licenses and Comments about Them publisher Free Software Foundation accessdate July 6, 2009 ref GPL compatible No ref name fsflist copyleft Limited ref Mozilla , MPL FAQ , http www.mozilla.org MPL mpl faq.html ref linking Yes The Common Public Attribution License CPAL is a Free software licence free software license approved by the Open Source Initiative in 2007. ref cite web url http lwn.net Articles 243841 title Open source badgeware work Linux Weekly News author Jonathan Corbet date July 31, 2007 ref Its purpose is to be a general license for software distributed over a network. It is based on the Mozilla Public License , but it adds an attribution term paraphrased below quotation the Original Developer may include a requirement that each time an Executable and Source Code or a Larger Work is launched or initially run a prominent display of the Original Developer s Attribution Information must occur on the graphic user interface employed by the end user to access such Covered Code The CPAL also adds the following section discussing network use which triggers copyleft provisions when running CPAL licensed code on a network service and this way closing the so called ASP loophole quotation The term External Deployment means the use, distribution, or communication of the Original Code or Modifications in any way such that the Original Code or Modifications may be used by anyone other than You, whether those works are distributed or communicated to those persons or made available as an application intended for use over a network. As an express condition for the grants of license hereunder ... Category Copyleft de Common Public Attribution License it Common Public Attribution License ... more details
In social psychology , the fundamental attribution error also known as correspondence bias or attribution ... for those behaviors. The fundamental attribution error is most visible when people explain the behavior ... L. year 1977 chapter The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings Distortions in the attribution ... journal last Jones first E. E. last2 Harris first2 V. A. year 1967 title The attribution of attitudes ... 1031 67 90034 0 ref Ross argued in a popular paper that the fundamental attribution error forms the conceptual ... Daniel Gilbert , have begun using the term correspondence bias for the fundamental attribution error ... bias editor first J. M. editor last Darley editor2 first J. editor2 last Cooper title Attribution ... chance directed behaviors to situation. The hypothesis was confounded by the fundamental attribution ... explanation for the fundamental attribution error. Here are several hypotheses of the causes ... world research and the attribution process Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin , 85 , 1030 ..., ref Burger, J.M. 1981 . Motivational biases in the attribution of responsibility for an accident A meta analysis of the defensive attribution hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin , 90 , 496 512. ref ... on causal attribution for a speaker s behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 ..., M.D. 1973 . Videotape and the attribution process Reversing actors and observers points of view ... is constrained by situational factors, we still commit the fundamental attribution error. ref name JonesHarris67 ... the fundamental attribution error. It also explains that people commit to fundamental attribution error ... have been found effective in reducing the effect of the fundamental attribution error Taking heed of consensus ... prone to the fundamental attribution error. Cultural differences in the error Generally, the fundamental attribution error has been researched central to a social cognitive framework. Barring this however ... journal last Lagdridge first Darren coauthors Trevor Butt title The fundamental attribution error ... more details
of the attribution value model of prejudice to homosexuality. The Journal of Social Psychology, 142 ... 2003 ref Nierman, A. 2003 . Cross cultural differences in the attribution value model. Psi chi Journal ..., 87 100. ref show that when attribution values towards prejudice are regarding the naturalness dimension ..., and attribution value related to prejudice show a stronger association between prejudice and these groups ... Psychology, 441, 87 100. ref . Related Links Attribution Attributional bias Discrimination Homophobia ... more details
refimprove date September 2011 Fixed income attribution refers to the process of measuring returns generated .... Attribution is therefore an extremely useful tool in verifying a fund manager s claims to possessing ... consistent returns from superior credit research, then an attribution report will confirm this claim. Conversely, if the attribution report shows that this same manager is making non zero returns from ... process clearly differs from his stated position. Fixed income attribution therefore provides ... the investor s true skills lie. For these reasons, fixed income attribution is rapidly growing in importance in the investment industry. Sector based attribution Among the simplest fixed income attribution techniques is sector based attribution. This is based on the standard Brinson Fachler attribution ... attribution, with worked examples, is provided in Dynkin et al. 1998 . Yield curve attribution A more widely used approach to fixed income attribution is to decompose the returns of individual securities ... versus perturbational attribution To calculate the return arising from each effect, we can ... performance measurement systems and the attribution system For these reasons, a pricing model based approach to attribution may not be the right one where data sourcing or reconciliation is an issue ... to attribution are less onerous than for the first principle approach. The perturbation ... are expressed in terms of changes in the curve. Any discussion of fixed income attribution therefore ... virtually any yield curve see Nelson and Siegel 1987 . Factor based attribution A factor based model ... of term structure changes is mathematically elegant, it does have some significant drawbacks for attribution ..., will therefore produce a different set of fundamental modes and hence different attribution decompositions, and so it may be impossible to compare sets of attribution results over longer intervals. By deciding ... curve movements are always assigned small weights in an attribution analysis. However, this is at the cost ... more details
pp semi indef Further Global warming Climate change Climate change denial bots deny Citation bot Attribution .... Attribution of recent change to anthropogenic forcing is based on the following facts The observed ... greater than 90 , 95 , and 99 , respectively. ref name IPCC AR4 WG1 2007 The IPCC s attribution of recent ... such as desertification Attribution of 20th century climate change This section is linked from Global ... 12 Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes http www.grida.no climate ipcc tar wg1 460.htm ... vs. attribution Image Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide en.svg thumb right This graph is known as the Keeling ... season as plants remove some atmospheric CO sub 2 sub . Detection and attribution of climate signals ... Chapter 12 Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes , http www.grida.no climate ipcc tar wg1 443.htm 1211 Section 12.1.1 The Meaning of Detection and Attribution , in Harvnb IPCC TAR ... significant ly different from that which can be explained by natural internal variability. Attribution ... important elements of the given combination of forcings. Detection does not imply attribution, and is easier to show than attribution. Unequivocal attribution would require controlled experiments with multiple copies of the climate system, which is not possible. Therefore, attribution, as described ... Report TAR in 2001, detection and attribution of climate change has remained an active area of research. Some important results include A review of detection and attribution studies by the International Ad hoc Ad Hoc Detection and Attribution Group ref Cite journal title Detecting and Attributing ... proof for anthropogenic attribution. Generally this position requires new physical mechanisms to explain ... ref Difficulties in attribution At the time of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, attribution was possible for a number of observed changes in the climate see effects of global warming . However, attribution ... and attribution easier. Solar activity Image Changes in mean solar irradiance and mean global ... more details
computer analysis of its grammatical patterns and idiosyncratic word usage. The attribution received ... Empty section date January 2011 Current problems in Shakespeare attribution studies When editing ... An Application of Authorship Attribution by Intertextual Distance in English by Thomas Merriam ... information Shakespeare DEFAULTSORT Shakespeare Attribution Studies Category Shakespearean scholarship ... more details
main 2008 Mumbai attacks Attribution of the 2008 Mumbai attacks was first made by the Government of India Indian authorities who said that the 2008 Mumbai attacks Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar e Taiba militants inside Pakistan . ref name NYTdeepties http www.nytimes.com 2009 07 27 world asia 27pstan.html Terror Ties Run Deep in Pakistan, Mumbai Case Shows, New York Times, Jane Perlez and Salman Masood, 26 July 2009 ref United States Intelligence Community American intelligence agencies also agree with this attribution. ref name ISItraining cite news first Eric last Schmitt coauthors Sengupta, Somini title Ex U.S. Official Cites Pakistani Training for India Attackers url http www.nytimes.com 2008 12 04 world asia 04india.html?hp work The New York Times date 3 December 2008 accessdate 3 December 2008 ref ref name ISItraining ref name NYT 2008 12 03 cite news last Schmitt first Eric coauthors Somini Sengupta, Jane Perlez title U.S. and India See Link to Militants in Pakistan work New York Times date 3 December 2008 url http www.nytimes.com 2008 12 03 world asia 03mumbai.html?bl&ex 1228453200&en a32b625bf9928825&ei 5087 0A accessdate 3 December 2008 ref ref name as pakistan shootings cite news first Babar last Dogar agency Associated Press title Pakistan charity under suspicion in India attacks url http news.yahoo.com s ap 20081205 ap on re as as pakistan shootings militant test date 5 December 2008 ref Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009. ref name PakAdmitsNYT http www.nytimes.com 2009 01 08 world asia 08pstan.html Gunman in Mumbai Siege a Pakistani , New York Times , 7 January 2009 ref ref cite news url http www.dawn.net wps wcm connect Dawn 20Content 20Library dawn news pakistan surviving gunmans identity ... terrorism Campaignbox Mumbai terrorism Attribution main 2008 Mumbai attacks see also Erroneous reporting ...? Time Magazine 2008 11 28 References reflist colwidth 30em Navbox 2008 Mumbai attacks DEFAULTSORT Attribution ... more details
Attribution of liability to United Kingdom companies involves the rules of English contract law contract , Agency in English law agency , Capacity in English law capacity , English tort law tort and English criminal law crime as they relate to UK company law . They establish under what circumstances a company may be sued for the actions of its directors, employees and other agents. Principles of attribution Clist co capacity seealso Corporate liability While a limited company is deemed to be a legal person separate from its shareholders and employees, as a matter of fact a company can only act through its employees, from the board of directors down. So there must be rules to attribute rights and duties to a company from its actors. ref See Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission 1995 2 AC 500 ref This usually matters because an aggrieved third party will want to sue whoever has money to pay for breach of an obligation, ref cf Stone & Rolls Ltd v Moore Stephens 2009 UKHL 39, where a thin majority of the House of Lords held that an illegal act by a shareholder would be attributed to the company even though a liquidator was now standing in the company s shoes and would therefore be barred by ex turpi causa non oritur actio . ref and companies rather than their employees often have more money. Ultra vires and its abolition See also Capacity in English law Up until reforms in 2006 this area used to be complicated significantly by the requirement on companies to specify an objects clause for their business, for instance to make and sell, or lend on hire, railway carriages . If companies acted outside their objects, for instance by giving a loan to build railways in Belgium , any such contracts were said to be ultra vires and consequently void. This is what happened in the early case of Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co Ltd v Riche . ref 1875 LR 7 HL 653 ref The policy was thought to protect shareholders and creditors, whose investments or credit ... more details
Portfolio Analysis Advanced topics in performance measurement, risk and attribution Risk Books, 2006. ISBN 1904339824 is an industry text written by a comprehensive selection of industry experts and edited by Timothy P. Ryan . It includes chapters from practitioners and industry authors who investigate topics under the wide umbrella of performance measurement , attribution and risk management , drawing on their own experience of the fields. The book also boasts a first in its area in that it brings together previously separated topics and practitioners or ex post performance measurement and ex ante performance risk measurement. It is also the first book to explain the role of the Transition Manager. ref name Risk Books Publishers cite web title Risk Books Publishers url http db.riskwaters.com public showPage.html?page book page&tempPageName 315943 accessdate September 18, 2007 ref The book includes coverage and discussion of performance measurement, performance evaluation, portfolio risk, performance attribution, Value at risk Value at Risk VaR , managing tracking error and GIPS verification. It is also said to cover the following developing areas of the marketplace Alternative assets Hedge funds Commodity futures Life cycle funds Book income orientated investments Transition management ref name Risk Books Publishers Full Alphabetical List of Contributors To see a list of the chapters contributed by the following co authors and an Editor Biography, see the Risk Books http google.com search?q cache fQBmDZ3wSPsJ db.riskwaters.com public showPage.html 3Fpage 3Dbook page 26tempPageName 3D315943 22Curt Burmeister 22 algorithmics inc&hl en&ct clnk&cd 1&gl uk product page . Carl Bacon Curt Burmeister James G. Cashman Dr Andrew Colin Dan diBartolomeo Bruce J. Feibel Barry Feldman Andrew Scott Bay Frongello Philip H. Galdi Mark A. Keleher Robert Kuberek Peter Matheos Helmut Mausser ... Measurement, Risk And Attribution Category 2006 books econ book stub ... more details
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