Citations missing date November 2009 Roman government Auctoritas is a Latin word and is the origin of English ... century expanded the use of the word. In ancient Rome , Auctoritas referred to the general ... to rally support around his will. Auctoritas was not merely political, however it had a numinous ... or, one might say, planter cultivator . Similarly, auctoritas refers to rightful ownership , based ... in the sense of sponsored or acquired than manufactured . This auctoritas would, for example, persist ... , from a 19th century fresco Politically, auctoritas was connected to the Roman Senate Roman Senate s authority auctoritas patrum , not to be confused with potestas or imperium political power power , which were held by the magistratus magistrates or the plebs people . In this context, Auctoritas ... Mommsen describes the force of auctoritas as more than advice and less than command, an advice which one may not safely ignore. Cicero says of power and authority, Cum potestas in populo auctoritas ... actions. Thus, auctoritas characterizes the auctor The pater familias authorizes that is, validates and legitimates his son s wedding in prostate . In this way, auctoritas might function as a kind of passive counsel , much as, for example, a scholarly authority. Auctoritas principis After the fall of the Roman ... the title of princeps first citizen of Rome and held the auctoritas principis the supreme moral authority .... Middle Ages The notion of auctoritas was often invoked by the papacy during the Middle Ages, in order ... auctoritas in order to depose kings and emperors and to try to establish a papal theocracy . Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt considers auctoritas a reference to founding acts as the source of political .... Citation needed date May 2009 Arendt further considers the sense of auctor and auctoritas ... suggests a relationship between the Roman auctoritas , Max Weber s charismatic authority charismatic ... compares auctoritas to the F hrer who embodies nomos empsuchon or living law in their relationship to the observance ... more details
Duo sunt is a letter written in 494 by Pope Gelasius I to emperor Anastasius I emperor Anastasius I . ref name Fordham http www.fordham.edu halsall source gelasius1.html Medieval Sourcebook Gelasius I on Spiritual and Temporal Power Bot generated title ref Dualistic principle of Church and State This letter established the dualistic principle that would underlie all Western European political thought for almost a millennium . In the letter, Gelasius expressed a distinction between two powers , which he called the holy authority of bishops auctoritas sacrata pontificum and the royal power regalis potestas . Potestas and auctoritas These two powers, auctoritas lending justification to potestas , and potestas providing the executive strength for auctoritas were, he said, to be considered independent in their own spheres of operation, yet expected to work together in harmony. Sovereign immunity The letter played a significant role in the development of the legal doctrine of sovereign immunity , in that it gave political protections to the papacy and the monarchy, who promised not to violate each others respective jurisdictions. This doctrine remains in force in international politics, even though most absolute monarchies have been replaced by constitutional monarchies or republics. References references Category Immunity law Category Religion and politics Category 490s works Category Documents of Pope Gelasius I RC document stub he pt Duo sunt ... more details
Not to be confused with wikt iustitia iustitia , the Latin word for justice, or Justitia , the allegorical figure representing justice. Justitium is a concept of Roman law , equivalent to the declaration of the state of emergency . It was usually declared following a Monarch sovereign s death, during the troubled period of interregnum , but also in case of invasions. However, in this last case, it was not as much the physical danger of invasion that justified the instauration of a state of exception, as the consequences that the news of the invasion had in Rome for example, justitium was proclaimed at the news of Hannibal s attacks. According to Giorgio Agamben , justitium progressively came to mean, after the Roman Republic , the public mourning of the sovereign a sort of privatization or diversion of the danger threatening the polis , as the sovereign claimed for himself the auctoritas necessary to the rule of law. See also Portal Philosophy Auctoritas Giorgio Agamben Interregnum State of emergency References Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception , 2005. External links http web.upmf grenoble.fr Haiti Cours Ak The Roman Law Library by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev Category Emergency laws Category Latin legal terms Category Philosophy of law Category Political philosophy Category Roman law law term stub Philosophy stub bg Justitium de Justizium fr Justitium sv Justitium ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Gravitas was one of the Ancient Rome Roman virtue s, along with pietas , Dignitas Roman concept dignitas and Virtus virtue virtus . It may be translated variously as weight, seriousness, dignity , or importance, and connotes a certain substance or depth of personality. See also wiktionarypar gravitas Portal box Classical Civilisation Philosophy Auctoritas Dignitas Roman concept Dignitas Pietas virtue Pietas Potestas Virtus virtue Ancient Rome topics Category Latin words and phrases Category Ancient Roman virtues ancient rome stub it Gravitas mk pt Gravitas ... more details
In Ancient Roman Private law civil law , acceptilatio is defined to be a release by mutual interrogation between debtor and creditor , by which each party is exonerated from the same contract . In other words, acceptilatio is the form of words by which a creditor releases his debtor from a debt or obligation, and acknowledges he has received that which in fact he has not received veluti imaginaria solutio . It is equivalent to the modern wiktionary acceptilation acceptilation . This release of debt by acceptilatio applies only to such debts as have been contracted by stipulatio , conformably to a rule of Roman law, that only contracts made by words can be ended by words. But the astuteness of the Roman lawyers found a mode of complying with the rule, and at the same time extending the acceptilatio to all kinds and to any number of contracts. This was the invention of Gallus Aquilius , who devised a formula for reducing all and every kind of contracts to the stipulatio. This being done, the acceptilatio would immediately apply, inasmuch as the matter was by such formula brought within the general rule of law above mentioned. The acceptilatio must be absolute and not conditional. A part of a debt or obligation might be released as well as the whole, provided the thing was in its nature capable of division. A pupillus could not release a debt by acceptilatio, without the auctoritas of his tutor , but he could be released from a debt. A woman also could not release a debt by stipulatio without the auctoritas of a tutor. The phrase by which a creditor is said to release his debtor by acceptilatio is, debitori acceptum , or accepto facere or ferre , or acceptum habere . When anything which was done on the behalf of or for the state, such as a building for instance, was approved by the competent authorities, it was said, in acceptum ferri , or referri . See also Roman Law References SmithDGRA Category Roman law it Acceptilatio pl Akceptylacja ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Potestas is a Latin word meaning power or faculty. It is an important concept in Roman Law . Origin of the concept The idea of potestas originally referred to the power, through coercion , of a magistratus Roman magistrate to promulgate edicts, give action to litigants, etc. This power, in Roman political and legal theory, is considered analogous in kind though lesser in degree to military power. The most important magistrates such as consul s and praetor s are said to have imperium , which is the ultimate form of potestas, and refers indeed to military power. Potestas strongly contrasts with the power of the Roman senate Senate and the prudents , a common way to refer to Roman jurist s. While the magistrates had potestas, the prudents exercised auctoritas . It is said that auctoritas is a manifestation of socially recognized knowledge, while potestas is a manifestation of socially recognized power. In Roman political theory, both were necessary to guide the res publica and they had to inform each other. Evolution of the concept in the Middle Ages After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , most institutions of Roman public law fell into disuse, but much of Roman political theory remained. During the early Middle Ages the Christian world was ruled in theory by the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor . Citation needed date November 2010 The former had the spiritual power, which was identified with auctoritas, while the latter had temporal power, identified with potestas. Citation needed date August 2007 At first, the Pope crowned the Emperor and the Emperor appointed the Pope, Citation needed date August 2007 so they were in a situation of balance, but after the Investiture Controversy the Pope was instead chosen by the College of Cardinals. Citation needed date November 2010 As the effective power of the Holy Roman Empire declined, kingdoms asserted their own independence. Citation needed date November 2010 One way to do this wa ... more details
found the related term auctoritas to be a suitable alternative. In 46 BC, Cicero cited the ambiguous ... also Auctoritas Otium Pietas virtue Pietas Gravitas Roman decadence References Balsdon, J.p.v.d. Auctoritas, Dignitas, Otium. The Classical Quarterly ns 10 1960 43 50. Cicero, http www.thelatinlibrary.com ... of law de Dignitas es Auctoritas he ... more details
Politics of Ancient Rome A senatus consultum Latin decree of the senate plural senatus consulta is a text emanating from the senate in Ancient Rome . It is used in the modern phrase senatus consultum ultimum . Translated into French as s natus consulte , the term was also used during the French Consulate , First French Empire and Second French Empire . Republic In the case of the ancient Roman Senate under the Roman Republic , it was simply an opinion expressed by the senate, such as the Senatusconsultum Macedonianum or the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus . Under the Republic, it referred to a text promulgated by the senate on planned laws presented to the senate by a Roman consul consul or praetor . Officially these consulta were merely advice given to the Republic s magistrates, but in practice magistrates often followed them to the letter. ref name B44 Robert Byrd Byrd , 44 ref Despite only being an opinion, it was considered obligatory to have one before submitting the decision to a vote and moreover a hostile consultum from the senate almost systematically provoked the new law s abandonment or modification. If a consultum conflicted with a law promulgated by one of the Republic s legislative assemblies, the law took on a priority status and overrode the consultum ref Polybius, History , VI.4 ref . All proposed motions could be blocked by a veto from a tribune of the plebs or an intercessio by one of the executive magistrates. Each motion blocked by a veto was registered in the annals as senatus auctoritas will of the senate . Each ratified motion finally became a senatus consultum . Each senatus auctoritas and each senatus consultum was transcribed in a document by the president, which was then deposited in the Aerarium . ref name B44 Empire Under the Roman Empire , the Roman legislative assemblies were rapidly neutralised. Realising these assemblies were very corrupt and dysfunctional, the first emperors transferred all legislative powers to the senate. Aft ... more details
about authority as a concept refimprove date November 2008 Authority from the Latin auctoritas is a rights right conferred by recognized social position . Authority often refers to power vested in an individual or organization by the State polity state . Authority can also refer to recognized expert expertise in an area of academic knowledge. An Authority capitalized refers to a governing body upon which certain authority with lower case a is vested for example, the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority . Authority in various settings Politics In government , authority is the scope of an entity s Legitimacy political legitimate power Cline n.d. when acting on behalf of the government. This power is conferred through officially recognized channels within the government, and represents a portion of the government s overall power. For example, a government might have the authority to execute criminals. The government could then contain a jury authorized to determine if a citizen is a criminal or a non criminal a judge authorized to sentence criminals to execution and an executioner authorized to kill criminals who have been sentenced to execution. In contrast, a mob of citizens might have the power to do all of the above things, but still lack the authority because the actions would not be legitimate. Political authority can also be seen in situations that are typically considered apolitical. Agarwal n.d. In truth bestowing authority is a function of any social institution . A corporation for example, must hire employees as a standard function of its existence. However, most of the corporation s members are not authorized to hire employees. This authority is passed down through the corporation to specific individuals without government involvement. This same phenomenon can be found ... Appeal to authority Auctoritas Authoritarianism Cognitive authority Dominance ethology Milgram ... in Ch an Zen Buddhism in America 1999 Rafael Domingo Osle , Auctoritas 1999 Karl Popper , On the Sources ... more details
used by Carl Schmitt to Roman justitium and auctoritas . This leads him to a response ... Conventions by the United States administration. Auctoritas , charisma and F hrertum doctrine Agamben shows that auctoritas and potestas are clearly distinct although they form together a Wiktionary ... Mommsen , who explains that auctoritas is less than an General order order and more than an advice ... While potestas derives from social function, auctoritas immediately derives from the patres personal ... used by Kantorowicz, here a synonym of auctoritas . Moreover, in the person detaining auctoritas ... emperor who claimed auctoritas as the basis of princeps status in a famous passage of Res Gestae , had opened up his house to public eyes. The concept of auctoritas played a key role in fascism and Nazism ... with the principle of auctoritas principis Agamben refers here to Augustus s Res Gestae . ... Neither ... of auctoritas and not to the juridical tradition of potestas ref Agamben, State of Exception ibid. , chapter 6 Auctoritas and potestas , 7. ref Thus, Agamben opposes Foucault s concept of biopolitics ... from right, instead of tying them together, as did Carl Schmitt. Agamben concludes his chapter on Auctoritas ... to admit that auctoritas was inherent to the living person of the pater or the princeps . What was evidently an ideology or a fictio aiming to be the groundwork of auctoritas preeminence or, at least ... , a term often used by Foucault the state of exception, justitium , the auctoritas principis , the F hrertum ... in Germany, the power that Weber had defined as charismatic is related to the concept of auctoritas ... as living law In the chapter preceding Auctoritas and potestas , Agamben advances an explanation ... Philosophy Auctoritas Giorgio Agamben Agamben s explanation of Auctoritas State of emergency Use ... more details
Augustus claimed auctoritas for himself as princeps until Rome s military collapse in the West fall ... monarchy by merit in the style that Augustus himself had gained the position of auctoritas . Imperial ... a position extended on the basis of merit, or auctoritas , but on a firmer basis, allowing ... more details
between auctoritas authority and potestas power , two genuinely Roman legal concepts central to the philosophy of Alvaro d Ors, which Domingo covers in his book entitled, Auctoritas 1999 . This work ... Auctoritas On Authority Ariel, 1999 C digo civil japon s. Estudio preliminar, traducci n y notas The Japanese ... more details
Roman government lead too short date October 2011 A list regarding the political institutions of ancient Rome follows. Unsourced image removed Image Spqr under augustus.gif thumb 350px Roman government under early Empire Constitutions Roman Constitution Constitution of the Roman Kingdom Constitution of the Roman Republic Constitution of the Roman Empire Constitution of the Late Roman Empire ref See History of Rome disambiguation . ref Law Roman law List of Roman laws Twelve Tables Legislatures Roman senate Roman assemblies Curia Roman Curia Comitia curiata Comitia centuriata Comitia tributa Concilium plebis Political factions Optimates Populares Conflict of the Orders ref Patricians versus Plebs. ref Social ranks Nobiles Patrician ancient Rome Patricians Equites Plebs Proletariat Usage in Roman law Proletarians State offices aedile Censor ancient Rome censor palatine comes palatinus Roman consul consul decemviri Roman dictator dictator dux Roman Emperor emperor Roman Governor governor imperator legatus lictor Magistratus ordinarii extraordinarii magistrate officium pontifex maximus praefectus praetor Praetor Peregrinus praetor peregrinus princeps senatus Procurator Roman procurator promagistrates quaestor King of Rome rex Roman senator senator tribune triumviri vicarius vigintisexviri Lists of individual office holders Kings of Rome List of Roman kings List of Roman Consuls List of Roman Emperors princeps senatus List of principes senatus List of Roman censors List of Roman governors of Britain Glossary of law & instutions auctoritas civitas collegia consilium consortium customary law consuetudo contract contractus curiae cursus honorum decrees decreta digesta edicts edicta equitas fiducia gravitas imperium iudex ius lex libertas mos maiorum municipium obligation obligatio patria pietas potestas responsa Roman province provincia ratio senatus consultum First Triumvirate Second Triumvirate Miscellaneous Tarpeian Rock Notes reflist Ancient Rome topics Category Ancient ... more details
, 1979 , pp. 67 69, 85, et passim . ref The auctoritas maiorum ancestral authority could be evoked ... Dignitas and auctoritas . Dignitas and auctoritas were the end result of displaying the values ... among their peers. Similarly, through this path, a Roman could earn auctoritas prestige and respect ... more details
the auctoritas patrum authority of the fathers or authority of the patrician senators . The lex Publilia required the auctoritas patrum to be passed before a law could be voted on by one of the assemblies ... the auctoritas patrum irrelevant. ref name Abbott, 51 Abbott, 51 ref Thus, the Plebeian Council became ... component of this law was its termination of the requirement that auctoritas patrum be obtained before ... more details
Martin de Barcos 1600 1678 was a French theologian of the Jansenist School. He was born at Bayonne , a nephew of Jean du Vergier de Hauranne , Abbot of Saint Cyran, who sent him to Belgium to be taught by Cornelius Jansen . When he returned to France he served for a time as tutor to the son of Robert Arnauld d Andilly and later, 1644, succeeded his uncle at the Benedictine abbey of Saint Cyran du Jambot Saint Cyran in Berry province Berry . He did much to improve the abbey new buildings were erected, and the library much enhanced. Unlike many commendators of his day who scarcely ever saw the abbeys over which they held authority, Barcos became an active member of Saint Cyran, was ordained priest 1647, and gave himself up to the rigid asceticism preached by his sect. His friendship with du Vergier and Arnauld and, through them, with Port Royal des Champs Port Royal soon brought him to the front in the debates of Jansenism. He collaborated with du Vergier in the Petrus Aurelius and with Arnauld in the book on Frequent Communion . Of his own treatises, some bear on authority in the Church and some on the then much mooted questions of grace and predestination . To the first class belong 1 De l autorit de saint Pierre et de saint Paul 1645 , 2 Grandeur de l glise de Rome qui repose sur l autorit de saint Pierre et de saint Paul 1645 . 3 claircissements sur quelques objections que l on a form es contre la grandeur de l glise de Rome 1646 . These three books were written in support of an assertion contained in the book On Frequent Communion , namely St. Peter and St. Paul are the two heads of the Roman Church and the two are one . This theory of dual church authority, implying an equality of the two Apostles, was condemned as heretical by Pope Innocent X , in 1674 Denzinger, Enchiridion, 965 . To the second class belong A censure of Jacques Sirmond s Praedestinatus 1644 . Quae sit Sancti Augustini et doctrinae eius auctoritas in ecclesia? 1650 . Barcos holds that a pr ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced January 2010 orphan January 2010 The Consilium Principis advisers to the princeps was a Committee council created by the first Roman Emperor , Augustus , in the latter years of his reign to control legislation in the deliberative institution of the Roman Senate Senate . The princeps from Latin , meaning first man was another title for the emperor. Overview The Consilium Principis had a foundation in imperial Roman government until the time of Emperor Diocletian 284 305 AD . Augustus throughout his reign took legislative control from the Senate and placed it under his auspices. However it was the creation of this new body that stood to make the Senate a second tier legislative body, as fundamentally the Consilium Principis controlled the bills put forward to the Senate. Therefore the Senate, the most important administration of the Roman Republic , remained in name only. Scullard states, But though in practice the senate increasingly developed into an active legislative assembly, the initiative and advice behind its activity may often have come from the emperor. Whilst the Senate grew in prestige with 3 censuses to reduce its membership in 28BC, 18BC and 11BC and similarly with the imposition of its membership with the requirement that senators be worth 1 million sesterces, Augustus increasingly had the foremost role in the Roman state. The consilium principis comprised Augustus, the consuls and 15 senators with lower ranking members rotating out of the body every six months, however, owing to Augustus auctoritas and him being princeps the body fell under his auspices. Scullard reinforces this notion saying In one important way he made the Senate more efficient and at the same time, more amenable to his own wishes he established a senatorial standing committee. It was in Augustus 76th year AD 13 that he became unable to, through his old age, properly manage the Senate and as a result required counselors, consisting of supporters and famil ... more details
phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty , attached to a personal form of power named Auctoritas ... following a 1,000 year interregnum wherein magic was impossible. See also Portal Philosophy Auctoritas ... more details
the continuity of sovereignty , attached to a personal form of power named Auctoritas . This is not so ... Bodies 1957 showed how auctoritas Kantorowicz used the synonym term here of dignitas was transferred ... more details
Dan I was the progenitor of the Danish royal house according to Saxo Grammaticus s Gesta Danorum . He held the lordship along with his brother Angul , the progenitor of the English. Dan igitur et Angul, a quibus Danorum coepit origo, patre Humblo procreati non solum conditores gentis nostrae, verum etiam rectores fuere. Quamquam Dudo, rerum Aquitanicarum scriptor, Danos a Danais ortos nuncupatosque recenseat. Hi licet faventibus patriae votis regni dominio potirentur rerumque summam ob egregia fortitudinis merita assentientibus civium suffragiis obtinerent, regii tamen nominis expertes degebant, cuius usum nulla tunc temporis apud nostros consuetudinum frequentabat auctoritas. Ex quibus Angul, a quo gentis Anglicae principia manasse memoriae proditum est, nomen suum provinciae, cui praeerat, aptandum curavit, levi monumenti genere perennem sui notitiam traditurus. Cuius successores postmodum Britannia potiti priscum insulae nomen novo patriae suae vocabulo permutarunt. Magni id factum a veteribus aestimatum. Testis est Beda, non minima pars divini stili, qui in Anglia ortus sanctissimis suorum voluminum thesauris res patrias sociare curae habuit, aeque ad religionem pertinere iudicans patriae facta litteris illustrare et res divinas conscribere. Verum a Dan ut fert antiquitas regum nostrorum stemmata, ceu quodam derivata principio, splendido successionis ordine profluxerunt. Huic filii Humblus et Lotherus fuere, ex Grytha summae inter Theutones dignitatis matrona suscepti. Gesta Danorum , 1.1 http www.kb.dk elib lit dan saxo lat or.dsr 1 1 index.htm Olrik s edition Now Dan and Angul, with whom the stock of the Danes begins, were begotten of Humble, their father, and were the governors and not only the founders of our race. Yet Dudo of Saint Quentin Dudo , the historian of Normandy, considers that the Danes are sprung and named from the Names of the Greeks Danai . And these two men, though by the wish and favour of their country they gained the lordship of the realm, ... more details
History Image Exeter Tree Halo.jpg thumb right 200px Phillips Exeter Academy, where Kappa Epsilon Pi was founded Collegiate secret societies within America s universities have a long tradition, initially started within East Coast colleges, and eventually trickling down into what became the secret societies found at America s oldest boarding schools. Between 1898 and 1908, high school secret societies were a recognizable feature within the school system, and Otto C. Schneider, President of the Chicago School Board of 1908, took an active role in stopping their influence within secondary schools. Initial growth in the Midwest may have been fueled by competition with the East Coast. Boston Latin , the oldest public school in America, and Erasmus High School often had football matches with Chicago s top public schools, thereby spreading an influence from the East Coast to the Midwest. ref name ihsa cite web url http www.ihsa.org initiatives hstoric fraternities.htm title Chicago High School Football Struggles, The Fight for Faculty Control, and the War Against Secret Societies, 1898 1908 last Pruter first Robert work Illinois H.S.toric year 2003 accessdate 2008 05 09 ref Many of Chicago s upper class students had East Coast connections. Introductions could have been made to the K.O.A and A.U.V. Auctoritas, Unitas, Veritas secret societies of Phillips Academy , of which Skull and Bones inductee George H. W. Bush was a member of the latter. ref name pa bush cite web url http www.pa56.org andoverbush.htm title Andover work Skull and Bones accessdate 2008 05 09 ref The most elite high school secret society in America was Kappa Epsilon Pi , founded at Phillips Exeter Academy in 1891 and fashioned as the Preparatory Order of Skull and Bones . The order s badge was an expensively crafted gold skull and laurel wreath creation, incorporating seed pearls, rubies and emeralds. Exeter s group became the model for all high school secret societies throughout America, especially for P ... more details
This is an index of articles in jurisprudence . A Failure of Capitalism Alf Ross American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy Analytical jurisprudence Anarchist law Antinomianism Ant nio Castanheira Neves Archon Argumentation theory Aristotle Arthur Linton Corbin Auctoritas Bartolom de las Casas Basic norm Basileus Biblical law Biblical law in Christianity Boris Furlan Bruno Leoni Cafeteria Christianity Carl Joachim Friedrich Carl Schmitt Cautelary jurisprudence Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu Compact theory Constitutionalism Conventionalism Corelative Costas Douzinas Critical legal studies Critical race theory Czes aw Znamierowski Daniel N. Robinson Decisionism Declaration of Delhi Declarationism Dignitas Roman concept Director primacy Discourse ethics Divine command theory Dualism law Duncan Kennedy legal philosopher Earth jurisprudence Emerich de Vattel Ernesto Garz n Vald s Ethical arguments regarding torture Expounding of the Law Eye for an eye Felix Kaufmann Feminist legal theory First possession theory of property Francesco D Andrea Fran ois Hotman Freedom of contract Friedrich von Hayek Fritz Berolzheimer Geojurisprudence Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel George Buchanan German Historical School Giorgio Del Vecchio Global Justice or Global Revenge Gottfried Leibniz Gray Dorsey H. L. A. Hart Habeas corpus Hans Kelsen Hans K chler Hart Dworkin debate Hart Fuller debate Herman Oliphant Homo sacer Hozumi Nobushige Hugo Grotius Immanuel Kant Imperium Indeterminacy debate in legal theory International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy International legal theory Interpretivism legal Interregnum Jean tienne Marie Portalis Jeremy Bentham John Austin legal philosopher John Finnis John Locke John Macdonell jurist John Rawls Joseph H. H. Weiler Joseph Raz Juan de Mariana Judicial philosophy Julius Binder Jurisprudence Justice Justitium Labor theory of property Law and economics Law and Gospel Law and literature Law as integrity Law i ... more details
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