information or mobile phone tracking can enable location based service s to enrich social networking .... Uses Geosocial networking allows users to interact relative to their current locations ..., geosocial networking can allow users to coordinate around collaborative filtering collaboratively ... networking is known as collaborative mapping . Furthermore, geolocated messages could assist ... to geolocating. Ad hoc networking A mobile ad hoc network is an opt in group of mobile devices ... freely with each other. This sort of social networking is used mostly during events so the host operating ... on 2012 01 09. ref and Hot Potato. Food sourcing A less used form of geosocial networking is one ... making lunch a social networking game ?scp 6&sq social 20networking&st Search work The New York Times first Nick last Bilton title Making Lunch a Social Networking Game date 13 August 2010 ref Freelancing ... title Like Shopping? Social Networking? Try Social Shopping date 11 September 2006 ref Sites have ... Location awareness List of social networking websites Virtual community Geographic information system References Reflist 35em Please do not list geo social networking companies they will be removed as spam DEFAULTSORT Geosocial Networking Category Social networks Category Collaborative mapping Category Geosocial networking es Red geo social nl Geosocial networking no Lokasjonsbaserte sosiale nettverk ... more details
nations and uses mesh networking based on the IEEE 802.11s standard to create a robust and inexpensive ... accessdate 2008 02 23 ref In Cambridge, UK, on the 3rd June 2006, mesh networking was used at the Strawberry ... Urbana Community Wireless Network CUWiN project is developing mesh networking software based on open ... metric. Additionally, the Wireless Networking Group ref cite web title Wireless Networking Group ... Wireless Networking Group url http www.crhc.illinois.edu wireless papers kyasanur2006Tech.pdf ref SMesh ... have also incorporated concepts from Mesh Networking. An examples is ITU T G.hn , a standard ... mesh network History of wireless mesh networking Distinct radio node deployments of Wireless Mesh Networking BioWeb Wireless ad hoc network Wireless community network Mobile ad hoc network MANET VANET ... networking References reflist External links Only links to sites that provide actual information about mesh networking. No links to sites that primarily exist to sell products or services. please ... view id 212 Robin Chase discusses Zipcar and Mesh networking Robin Chase talks at the Ted conference about the future of mesh networking and eco technology http www.mesh networks.org Mesh Networks Research ... topology Category Networks Category Wireless networking ca Xarxa en malla de Vermaschtes Netz es ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In a telecommunications network or computer network , downstream refers to data sent from a network service provider to a customer. ref cite book title Broadband Services, Applications, and Networks Enabling Technologies and Business Models publisher International Engineering Consortium page 130 isbn 978 1 931695 24 4 url http books.google.com books?id ipmF3npkMngC&pg PA130 ref File Upstream downstream.svg thumb upright 1.2 Residential services often have higher downstream rates than upstream, while business services are often symmetric Although the best voiceband modems are called 56 kbit s modem s, downstream speeds can be limited to a few tens of Bits per second kilobits per second with even lower upstream speeds. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL and cable modem s, two popular Internet access technologies, greatly improved downstream speeds reaching several Mbit s. Mobile broadband and satellite Internet access providers also often have lower upstream speeds than downstream. One process sending data primarily in the downstream direction is download ing . However, the overall download speed depends on the downstream speed of the user, the upstream speed of the server, and the network between them. In the client server model , downstream can refer to the direction from the Server computing server to the client computing client . See also Upstream networking Upstream References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Downstream networking Category Data transmission Network stub de Stromabw rts und stromaufw rts it Downstream nl Downstream pt Jusante ... more details
Image UDP encapsulation.svg 450px thumb Encapsulation sequence of user data in the TCP IP protocol stack. In computer network ing, encapsulation is a method of designing modular communication protocols in which logically separate functions in the network are abstraction computer science abstracted from their underlying structures by inclusion or information hiding within higher level objects. The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data. Link encapsulation allows local area networking and IP provides global addressing of individual computers UDP adds application or process selection, i.e., the TCP and UDP port port specifies the service such as a web server Web or Trivial File Transfer Protocol TFTP server. In discussions of encapsulation, the more abstract layer is often called the upper layer protocol while the more specific layer is called the lower layer protocol . Sometimes, however, the terms upper layer protocol s and lower layer protocol s are used to describe the layers above and below IP, respectively. Encapsulation is a characteristic feature of most networking models, including the OSI Model and TCP IP suite of protocols. See also Cross layer optimization Information hiding Tunneling protocol References unreferenced date January 2008 External links http learn networking.com tcp ip how encapsulation works within the tcpip model How Encapsulation Works Within the TCP IP Model http www.visualland.net view.php?cid 1028&protocol Encapsulation&title 2. 20Router 20encap&ctype 1 Animation of router encapsulation and decapsulation Category Network protocols de Datenkapselung Netzwerktechnik fa fr Encapsulation r seau lv Iekapsul ana nl Inkapselen netwerk ja pl Enkapsulacja sie ru sv Inkapsling datorkommunikation vi ng g i m ng m y t nh ... more details
In computer networking , upstream refers to the direction in which data can be transferred from the Client computing client to the Server computing server Uploading and downloading uploading . This differs greatly from Downstream computer science downstream not only in theory and usage, but also in that upstream speeds are usually at a premium. Fact date January 2009 Whereas downstream speed is important to the average home user for purposes of Uploading and downloading downloading content, uploads are used mainly for web server applications and similar processes where the sending of data is critical. Upstream speeds are also important to users of Peer to peer peer to peer software . File Upstream downstream.svg thumb upright 1.2 Residential services often have higher downstream rates than upstream, while business services are often symmetric. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL and cable modem s are Symmetry asymmetric , with the upstream data rate much lower than that of its downstream. Symmetric connections such as Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line SDSL and T carrier T1 , however, offer identical upstream and downstream rates. If a node A on the Internet is closer fewer hops away to the Internet backbone than a node B, then A is said to be upstream of B or conversely, B is downstream of A. Related to this is the idea of upstream providers . An upstream provider is usually a large internet service provider ISP that provides Internet access to a local ISP. Hence, the word upstream also refers to the data connection between two ISPs. See also Downstream networking Upstream server Return channel References refbegin foldoc upstream refend compu network stub Category Data transmission ... more details
Data packets often have to go through Router computing router s more generally Gateway telecommunications gateway s , if not several, before they reach their final destination. Each time packets are passed to the next router a hop occurs. To see how many hops it takes to get from one host to another ping or traceroute tracepath commands can be used . Hop Count The distance between two hosts. The hop count n means that n gateways separate the source host from the destination host. Hop Limit In IPv4 known as time to live , and Hop Limit in IPv6 , this field specifies a limit on the number of hops a packet is allowed before it should be discarded. This prevents packets from following a loop forever. Next Hop Routing term used for the next gateway to which packets should be forwarded along the path to their final destination. One technique to make content of a routing table smaller is called next hop routing . Next Hop Forwarding A routing table usually contains the IP address of a destination network and the IP address of the next gateway next hop along the path to the final network destination. Using a routing table to store a next hop for each known destination is called next hop forwarding . Therefore a given gateway only knows one step along the path, not the complete path to a destination. It is also key to know that the next hops listed in a routing table are on networks to which the gateway is directly connected to. References Comer, Douglas E. Internetworking with TCP IP , fifth edition. Pearson Prentice Hall,2006. ISBN 0 13 187671 6 DEFAULTSORT Hop Networking Category Computer networking de Hop Netzwerktechnologie ... more details
Multiple issues orphan April 2009 context April 2009 notability April 2009 Balance is a simple but powerful generic TCP proxy with round robin load balancing and failover mechanisms. Its behaviour can be controlled at runtime using a simple command line syntax. Balance successfully runs at least on Linux 386 , Linux Itanium , FreeBSD , BSD OS, Solaris operating system Solaris , Cygwin , Mac OS X, HP UX and many more. Balance is Open Source Software and released under GPL licensing terms. Balance has been created by Thomas Obermair , software developer and CEO of Inlab Software GmbH . External links http www.inlab.de balance.html Balance website http www.inlab.de balanceng BalanceNG website Freshmeat balance Balance DEFAULTSORT Balance Networking Category Free network related software Category Unix network related software ... more details
Networking cables are used to connect one network device to other or to connect two or more computers to share printer computing printer , Image scanner scanner etc. Different types of network cables like Coaxial cable , Optical fiber cable , Twisted Pair cables are used depending on the network s network topology topology , Network Protocols protocol and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters e.g. via Ethernet or nearly unlimited distances e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet . While Wireless network wireless may be the wave of the future, most computer networks today still utilize cables to transfer signals from one point to another. ref http www.networktutorials.info cabling.html Network Cables ref Twisted pair main Twisted pair Twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which two conductors the forward and return conductors of a single Electronic circuit circuit are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference EMI from external sources. This type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cables consist of two insulated copper wires. There are three types of twisted pair cables Shielded, Unshielded and Foiled. Optical fiber cable main Optical fiber cable An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fiber s. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. It carries light impulses. It is expensive but have higher bandwidth and transmit data ... networking network adapters. Cross Cable is used to connect the same devices such as pc to pc, hub to hub, switch to switch etc Power lines Although power wires are not designed for networking ... 59thewonderfulworldofwire.pdf The wonderful world of wire DEFAULTSORT Networking Cables Category Cables Category Ethernet cables Category Signal cables Category Networking hardware cs S ov kabel da ... more details
are client computing clients , Server computing servers or peer Networking peers . A peer may sometimes ... route data for the other networked devices as well as themselves are called supernode networking ... lipose.htm ref See also Host network References reflist Telecommunications DEFAULTSORT Node Networking Category Computer networking cs S ov uzel de Netzwerkelement et S lm arvutiv rgud es Nodo inform tica ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2011 Context date September 2011 Infobox software name DeleGate screenshot logo caption developer Yutaka Sato latest release version 9.9.7 latest release date 2010 03 operating system Unix , Microsoft Windows Windows , Mac OS X and OS 2 genre Proxy Server license http www.delegate.org anonftp DeleGate COPYRIGHT noncommercial website http www.delegate.org delegate DeleGate is a lightweight proxy server . It features support for HTTP , FTP , NNTP , SMTP , Post Office Protocol POP , IMAP , LDAP , Telnet , SOCKS , Domain Name System DNS , SSH File Transfer Protocol SFTP Secure Shell SSH , and many more protocols. Secure Sockets Layer SSL Transport Layer Security TLS and IPv6 are also supported. DeleGate has the ability to convert IPv4 to IPv6 and vice versa. The sources and binaries for DeleGate are available freely for personal and noncommercial use. Portal Free software External links http www.delegate.org delegate DeleGate website DEFAULTSORT Delegate Networking Category Free network related software Category Unix internet software Category Reverse proxy Category Unix network related software Category Cross platform software ja DeleGate ... more details
About Network packet s Frame disambiguation Frame Technical date August 2009 In computer networking and telecommunication, a frame is a digital data transmission unit or data packet that includes frame synchronization , i.e. a sequence of bits or symbols making it possible for the receiver to detect the beginning and end of the packet in the stream of symbols or bits. If a receiver is connected to the system in the middle of a frame transmission, it ignores the data until it detects a new frame synchronization sequence. In computer networking , a frame is a data packet on the Data Link Layer Layer 2 of the OSI model . ref cite web url http www.tcpipguide.com free t DataLinkLayerLayer2.htm title Data Link Layer Layer 2 publisher The TCP IP Guide date 2005 09 20 accessdate 2010 01 31 ref A frame is the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link layer header followed by a packet. ref cite IETF title RFC 1122 Requirements for Internet Hosts &mdash Communication Layers rfc 1122 page 18 year 1989 month October publisher Internet Engineering Task Force IETF accessdate 2010 06 07 ref Examples are Ethernet frame s maximum 1500 byte plus overhead , Point to Point Protocol PPP frames and V.42 modem frames. In telecommunications , specifically time division multiplex TDM and time division multiple access TDMA , a frame is a cyclically repeated data block that consists of a fixed number of time slot s, one for each logical TDM channel or TDMA transmitter. In this consist, a frame is typically an entity at the physical layer. TDM application examples are SONET SDH and the ISDN circuit switched B channel. TDMA examples are the 2G and 3G circuit switched cellular voice services. The frame is also an entity for time division duplex , where the mobile terminal may transmit during some timeslots and receive during others. See also Data Link Layer Jumbo frame Multiplexing Multiplex techniques Overhead bit Protocol data unit References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Frame ... more details
or filter. If the bridge determines that the destination Node networking node is on another segment ... are not concerned with and are unable to distinguish Computer networking networks while Router computing ... DEFAULTSORT Bridging Networking Category Network architecture Category Ethernet Category Networking ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 Infobox Anatomy Name Autonomic nervous system Latin divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici GraySubject GrayPage Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands DorlandsID The autonomic nervous system ANS or visceral nervous system or involuntary nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls viscera l functions. ref name Dorlands DorlandsDict nine 000950637 autonomic nervous system ref The ANS affects heart rate , digestion , respiratory rate , salivation , perspiration , diameter of the pupils, micturition urination , and sexual arousal . Whereas most of its actions are involuntary, some, such as breathing, work in tandem with the conscious mind. It is classically divided into two subsystems the parasympathetic nervous system PSNS and sympathetic nervous system SNS . ref name Dorlands ref name urleMedicine Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup Cite web url http www.emedicine.com asp dictionary.asp?keyword autonomic division of nervous system title eMedicine Stedman Medical Dictionary Lookup format work accessdate 2008 11 30 Dead link date September 2010 bot H3llBot ref Relatively recently, a third subsystem of neurons that have been named non ... described and found to be integral in autonomic function, particularly in the gut and the lungs. ref ... part of the autonomic nervous system, and sometimes considered an independent system. Anatomy ANS ... neuron Motor neurons of the ANS are also located in ganglia of the PNS, called autonomic ganglia ... of autonomic ganglionic neurons is modulated by preganglionic neurons also called improperly but classically ... heart Mnemonic http www.rahulgladwin.com blog 2006 07 autonomic nervous system regulator of.html ..., Inc. nervous system Autonomic DEFAULTSORT Autonomic Nervous System Category Autonomic nervous system ... aut nomo ro Sistem nervos vegetativ ru simple Autonomic nervous system ... more details
constructed by the Joint Tactical Radio System JTRS networking services. 2 JTRS is a software defined ... and Wideband Networking Software to create mobile ad hoc network s. 3 It also provides system ... between aircraft entering and exiting mission orbits. References Airborne Networking Architecture ... publications ref nr airborne report04.doc AN Architecture , 2004 Airborne Networking Kenneth Stranc Mitre Corporation http www.mitre.org news events xml4bin pdf stranc airborne.pdf Airborne Networking , 2004 Airborne Networking Challenges Ben Ames, Military and Aerospace Electronics Magazine http mae.pennnet.com articles article display.cfm?article id 217724 Airborne Networking Challenges , 2004 Category Computer networking ... more details
For other uses, see Metric disambiguation . Context date October 2009 Refimprove date January 2009 Metrics is a property of a routing route in computer networking , consisting of any value used by Routing Protocol to determine whether one route should perform better than another. The routing table stores only the best possible routes, while link state or topological databases may store all other information as well. For example, Routing Information Protocol uses hopcount number of hops to determine the best possible route. A Metric can include measuring link utilisation using SNMP number of hops hop count speed of the path packet loss router congestion conditions Lag latency delay path reliability path Bandwidth computing bandwidth throughput SNMP query routers Load computing load Maximum transmission unit MTU In EIGRP , metrics is represented by an integer from 0 to 4294967295. In Microsoft Windows XP routing it ranges from 1 to 9999. A Metric can be considered as ref http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.comnet.2004.11.003 S. D. Rao, C. S. R. Murthy Distributed dynamic QoS aware routing in WDM optical networks , Computer Networks, Volume 48, Issue 4, 15 July 2005, Pages 585 604 ref additive the total cost of a path is the sum of the costs of individual links along the path, concave the total cost of a path is the minimum of the costs of individual links along the path, multiplicative the total cost of a path is the product of the costs of individual links along the path. A survey of routing metrics can be found http rainer.baumann.info public tik262.pdf here . Service Level Metrics Service Level Metrics are concerned with the end user s experience of using the product. Availability The availability of a computer network or an individual service may be expressed using the notation hh d ww. For a 24 hour service, seven days a week, available all year around, this would be expressed 24 7 52 where the 52 stands for the number of weeks in a year . Service providers usually express ... more details
Joint Capability for Airborne Networking JCAN is an airborne networking capability built by Northrop Grumman that builds upon the United States Air Force s Interim Capability for Airborne Networking and integrates with the United States Navy s Automated Digital Network System . The Interim Capability for Airborne Networking is the precursor for the JCAN. External links Portal United States Air Force http www.is.northropgrumman.com products joint networking index.html Northrop Grumman Joint Capability for Airborne Networking Category Equipment of the United States Air Force US military stub ... more details
In computer networking , a peer group is a group of functional units in the same layer see e.g. OSI model of a network, by analogy with peer group . See also peer to peer P2P networking which is a specific type of networking relying on basically equal end hosts rather than on a hierarchy of devices. Category Computer networking network software stub ... more details
An association of producers and consumers of storage networking products, whose goal is to further storage networking technology and applications. The Storage Networking Industry Association , or SNIA , was incorporated in December, 1997, and is a registered 501 c 6 non profit trade association . Its members are dedicated to ensuring that storage network s become complete and trusted solutions across the Information technology IT community . The SNIA works towards this goal by forming and sponsoring technical work groups , by producing with strategic partner Computerworld the Storage Networking World business conference conference series, by building and maintaining a vendor neutral Technology Center in Colorado Springs , and by promoting activities that expand the breadth and quality of the storage networking market. See also SMI S SNIA Conformance Testing Program Storage Networking Certification Program SNIA Storage Networking Certification Program Storage Networking World Disk Data Format ISCSI Management API Cloud storage CDMI Cloud Data Management Interface CDMI XAM External links http www.snia.org SNIA Storage Networking Industry Association SNIA Home http www.snia.org tech activities standards SNIA Technology Standards & Software http www.snia.org forums sssi SNIA Solid State Storage Initiative Category Technology trade associations business org stub de Storage Networking Industry Association fr Storage Networking Industry Association it Storage Networking Industry Association ja SNIA zh ... more details
Interim Capability for Airborne Networking ICAN is a capability of the United States Air Force that enables secure airborne communication built by Northrop Grumman . ICAN was the precursor of the Joint Capability for Airborne Networking . External links Portal United States Air Force http www.is.northropgrumman.com products joint networking index.html Northrop Grumman Joint Capability for Airborne Networking Category Equipment of the United States Air Force US military stub ... more details
Multiple issues advert September 2010 cleanup September 2010 Cloud based networking solutions are beginning to come to market that promise to deliver the same cost, efficiency , and scalability benefits to the Computer network networking sphere as software as a service SaaS has to enterprise application s. Multitenancy Multi tenant architecture based SaaS applications like Salesforce.com Salesforce sup TM sup changed the status quo in the Customer relationship management CRM space. Cloud based networking promises to bring about the same revolution in the networking space. Definition Cloud based networking is a new way to roll out distributed enterprise networks that delivers enterprise class network capabilities around the globe, via a highly resilient, multi tenant application that requires no capital investment in networking equipment. Unlike traditional hardware based Legacy system legacy solutions , cloud based networking is extremely simple, enabling enterprises to deploy remote locations ... based. Benefits Cloud based networking offers the same benefits of cloud computing , and deployment ... ref is relatively simple. These networking products also offer all the standard networking features ... granular control and visibility not possible with legacy networking solutions at no capital investment. Players The marketplace for cloud based networking promises to get crowded pretty soon. Networking ... cloud computing brings about to the networking world. Silicon Valley based startups http www.paretonetworks.com Pareto and Meraki have pioneered cloud based networking solutions for their customers. A number of networking vendors such as Cisco Systems, Juniper and Arista Networks position ... are not managed with cloud based services. News articles on cloud based networking 1. http www.prnewswire.com news releases pareto networks sets new standard for cloud based enterprise networking ... References reflist DEFAULTSORT Cloud Based Networking Category Computer networking mk ... more details
Social sciences Social network is a theoretical concept in the social sciences , particularly Sociology and Anthropology , referring to a social structure made up of individuals or organizations. Internet related Community network , is a term used broadly to indicate the use of networking technologies by, and for, a local community Social networking service , services, such as Facebook , which act as online sites to connect people with similar interests Distributed social network , is an Internet social networking service that is decentralized and distributed across different providers Social network game , online games where many people can play at once Social networking websites List of social networking websites , a list of major active social networking websites and excludes dating websites see List of online dating websites Social network aggregation , the process of collecting content from multiple social networking services Social network automation , refers to tools that are used to semi automate the process of posting content to social networking and social bookmarking websites Social media marketing Social network social media marketing , a multifaceted, orchestrated marketing and advertising practices and Internet based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 Social networking spam , is spam directed at users of internet social networking services Business related Enterprise social networking , focuses on the use of online social networks or social relations among people who share business interests and or activities. Professional network service , or, in an internet context, simply professional network is a type of social network service that is focused solely on interactions and relationships of a business nature Business networking , is an activity in which groups of like minded businesspeople recognize, create, or act upon business opportunities Movie The Social Network , 2010 docudrama film about the foundi ... more details
The SNIA Storage Networking Certification Program SNCP is administered by the Storage Networking Industry Association SNIA ref name cert Peter Manijak http www.certmag.com articles templates cmag department sc.asp?articleid 1213&zoneid 78 SNIA Builds Storage Networking Certification June 2005 Certification magazine ref . According to the http www.snia.org education certification SNIA website the program Establishes a uniform standard for the storage networking industry by which individual knowledge and skill sets can be verified. The program provides a strong foundation of vendor neutral, systems level credentials that will integrate with and complement individual vendor certifications. The following certification credentials are available through the SNCP SCP SNIA Certified Professional SCSE SNIA Certified Storage Engineer SCA SNIA Certified Architect SCSN E SNIA Certified Storage Networking Expert requires an additional vendor credential References references External links http www.snia.org education certification The SNIA Storage Networking Certification Program Category Information technology qualifications Category Professional titles and certifications Category Storage area networks ... more details
Advert date January 2012 Cisco Networking Academy , a global education initiative from Cisco Systems , offers networking programs, like the Cisco Certified Network Associate CCNA and Cisco Certified Network Professional CCNP courses, which prepare students for the certification exams of the same name, and other computer related courses. Also see History of virtual learning environments for how Cisco Networking Academy has developed since 1997 relative to others within the VLE community. Courses are available ... were eager to learn and the demand was such that it led to the creation of Cisco Networking Academy. ref http www.cisco.com edu emea pdfs program history.pdf Program History PDF ref Cisco Networking Academy , established in 1997, teaches students networking and other information technology ..., community based organizations, and other educational programs around the world. Networking Academy ... assessment. gallery File Cisco Networking Academy.jpg thumb Cisco Networking Academy Together We are the Largest Classroom gallery Networking courses Networking Academy offers a variety of courses in networking ... , Wireless Networking and Network Security, among others. The CCNA is offered in two models, Discovery provides general networking theory and offers a hands on career oriented approach. Exploration ... Teaching Tools With Cisco Networking Academy expanding into many different nations, some without ... application, which offers students and education centers a free networking education tool. These are available ... links http cisco.com go netacad Cisco Networking Academy https cisco.hosted.jivesoftware.com ... CISCO.htm Cisco Networking Academy at PLANWEL http www.europanetworking.net halloffameH.asp Cisco Networking Academy Students in Italy Category Cisco Systems https www.facebook.com groups netacad.am Cisco Networking Academy Armenia it Cisco Networking Academy Program sq Akademia ITTA Cisco sk Cisco Networking Academy ... more details
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