Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date October 2008 Calligraphic projection is a system, often used for laser lighting display s, whereby one or more laser beams draws an image on a screen by reflecting the laser beam from one or more mirrors attached to a deflecting mechanism. Analog oscilloscope s have customarily employed this kind of vector graphics , as did a number of computer graphics terminals in the 1970s, such as the Tektronix 4014 . Calligraphic projection is sometimes called Jules Antoine Lissajous Lissajous projection, after the mathematical figure and mathematician . See also Lissajous curve calligraphy DEFAULTSORT Calligraphic Projection Category Entertainment Category Laser image generation Compu graphics stub Optics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Projection Principle is a stipulation proposed by Noam Chomsky as part of the Phrase Structure Component of Generative grammar Generative Transformational Grammar . Under the Projection Principle, the properties of lexical items must be preserved while generating the phrase structure of a sentence. The Principle, as formulated by Chomsky in Knowledge of Language Its Nature, Origin and Use 1986 , states that lexical structure must be represented categorically at every syntactic level . For example, the verb strangle , apart from the subject, has an obligatory argument, its object, which must appear in the sentence. The following subcategorization frame for the verb strangle specifies its properties the underlined gap for the location of the verb is followed by the noun phrase NP strangle Verb, NP It is out of this frame that a sentence like the following can be generated Fabio strangled Prince Jamal. A sentence without the object, in violation of the verb s subcategorization frame and the Projection Principle, would be ill formed sup sup Fabio strangled. Before the Projection Principle was proposed, phrase structures were generated in separation from the properties of lexical entries. These were hypothesized to enter the slots in pre generated structures waiting to be filled by the lexical material. According to more recent theories, phrase structures are not generated by phrase structure rules, but are projected from the lexical entries. The Projection Principle therefore obviates the need for phrase structure rules in the generative component. Category Grammar Category Noam Chomsky de Projektionsprinzip fr Principe de projection pa projection principle ... more details
File GS 50 projection with lines of constant scale.svg thumb right GS 50 projection, with lines of constant scale factore superimposed. All 50 States, including islands and passages between Alaska, Hawaii, and the conterminous 48 States are shown with scale factors ranging only from 1.02 to 0.98 GS50 is a map projection that was developed by John P. Snyder of the USGS in 1982. The GS50 projection provides a Conformal map conformal projection suitable only for maps of the 50 United States. Scale map Scale varies less than 2 throughout the area covered. Distortion is very low as well. It is not a standard projection in the sense that it uses complex polynomials of the tenth order rather than a trigonometric formulation, though it was developed from an oblique stereographic projection . References cite journal last1 Snyder first1 John P. year 1985 title Bulletin 1629 pages 79 92, 147 51 publisher United States Geological Survey cite journal last1 Snyder first1 John P. year 1987 title Professional Paper 1395 publisher United States Geological Survey accessdate 2011 06 22 pages 203 212 url http onlinepubs.er.usgs.gov djvu PP PP 1395.pdf format pdf Category Cartographic projections ... more details
The Natta projection is a way to depict molecules with complete stereochemistry in two dimensions in a skeletal formula . This concept is named after Giulio Natta . In a hydrocarbon molecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry , the zigzag backbone is in the paper plane with the substituents either sticking out of the paper chemical bond depicted triangular in bold or retreating into the paper chemical bond depicted triangular in stripe pattern . The Natta projection is useful for representing the tacticity of a polymer. Image Isotacticpolymer.gif center isotactic polymers See also Haworth projection Newman projection Fischer projection References cite book title Polymer Synthesis Theory and Practice Fundamentals, Methods, Experiments author Dietrich Braun, Harald Cherdron, Matthias Rehahn, H. Ritter, B. Voit publisher Springer year 2005 isbn 3540207708 page 10 Category Stereochemistry ar es Proyecci n de Natta it Proiezione di Natta he hu Natta projekci ru ... more details
File Sinusoidal projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Sinusoidal projection of the world. Image Tissot indicatrix world map sinusoidal proj.svg thumb right 450px The sinusoidal projection with Tissot s indicatrix of deformation The sinusoidal projection is a pseudocylindrical Map projection Equal area equal area map projection , sometimes called the Sanson Flamsteed or the Mercator equal area projection . Jean Cossin of Dieppe was one of the first mapmakers to use the sinusoidal, appearing in a world map of 1570. The projection is defined by math x left lambda lambda 0 right cos varphi math math y varphi , math where &phi is the latitude, &lambda is the longitude, and &lambda sub 0 sub is the central meridian. ref http pubs.er.usgs.gov usgspubs pp pp1395 Map Projections A Working Manual , United States Geological Survey USGS Professional Paper 1395, John P. Snyder, 1987, pp. 243 248 ref The north south scale is the same everywhere at the central meridian geography meridian , and the east west scale is throughout the map the same as that correspondingly, on the map, as in reality, the length of each parallel is proportional to the cosine of the latitude thus the shape of the map for the whole earth is the area between two symmetric rotated cosine curves. The true distance between two points on the same meridian corresponds to the distance on the map between the two parallels, which is smaller than the distance between the two points on the map. There is no distortion on the central meridian ... projection shows relative sizes accurately, but distorts shapes and directions. Distortion can be reduced ... projection around the north pole are the Werner projection Werner and the intermediate Bonne projection Bonne and Bottomley projection Bottomley projections. The MODLAND Integerized Sinusoidal Grid, based on the sinusoidal projection, is a geodesic grid developed by the NASA s Moderate Resolution ... de Sinusoidal Projektion es Proyecci n sinusoidal fr Projection sinuso dale ko it Proiezione ... more details
Image Glucose Haworth.png thumb right A Haworth projection of the structure for Glucose &alpha small D small glucopyranose A Haworth projection is a common way of representing the cyclic Structural formula structure of monosaccharide s with a simple three dimensional perspective. The Haworth projection was named after the English chemist Sir Norman Haworth . A Haworth projection has the following characteristics ref GoldBookRef title Haworth representation url http goldbook.iupac.org H02749.html ref Carbon is the implicit type of atom. In the example on the right, the atoms numbered from 1 to 6 are all carbon atoms. Carbon 1 is known as the Anomer Anomeric Carbon . Hydrogen atoms on carbon are implicit. In the example, atoms 1 to 6 have extra hydrogen atoms not depicted. A thicker line indicates atoms that are closer to the observer. In the example on the right, atoms 2 and 3 and their corresponding OH groups are the closest to the observer. Atoms 1 and 4 are farther from the observer. Atom 5 and the other atoms are the farthest. The groups below the plane of the ring in Haworth projections are equivalent to those on the right hand side of a Fischer projection . See also Structural formula Fischer projection Natta projection Newman projection References references Category Carbohydrate chemistry Category Carbohydrates Category Stereochemistry ar bg cs Haworthova projekce da Haworth projektion de Haworth Formel fr Projection de Haworth id Proyeksi Haworth it Proiezione di Haworth he hu Haworth projekci nl Haworthprojectie ja pl Projekcja Hawortha ru sr Hauortova projekcija zh ... more details
The GSO projection named after Ferdinando Gliozzi, Jo l Scherk , and David Olive David A. Olive is an ingredient used in constructing a consistent model in superstring theory. The Projection 28linear algebra 29 projection is a selection of a subset of possible vertex operators in the worldsheet conformal field theory CFT usually those with specific worldsheet fermion number and periodic function periodicity conditions. Such a projection is necessary to obtain a consistent worldsheet CFT. For the projection to be consistent, the set A of operators retained by the projection must satisfy Closure The operator product expansion OPE of any two operators in A contains only operators which are in A . Mutual locality There are no branch cuts in the OPE of any two operators in the set A . Modular invariance The partition function on the two torus of the theory containing only the operators in A respects modular invariance . Starting from the same worldsheet CFT, different choices in the GSO projection will lead to string theories with different physical particles and properties in spacetime . For example, the Type II string theory Type II and Type 0 string theory Type 0 string theories result from different GSO projections on the same worldsheet theory. Furthermore, the two distinct Type II theories, IIA and IIB, differ in their GSO projections. In building models of realistic string vacua as opposed to toy model s , one typically chooses a GSO projection which eliminates the tachyon ic ground state of the string and preserves spacetime supersymmetry . References Joseph Polchinski Polchinski, Joseph 1998 . String Theory , Cambridge University Press. A modern textbook. Vol. 2 Superstring theory and beyond. ISBN 0 521 63304 4. string theory stub Category String theory fr Projection GSO ko GSO it Proiezione GSO ... more details
File Projection and rejection.png thumb 200px Projection of a on b a sub 1 sub , and rejection of a from b a sub 2 sub . File Projection and rejection 2.png thumb 248px When 90 180 , a sub 1 sub has an opposite direction with respect to b . The vector projection of a vector math mathbf a math on or onto ... mathbf a math in the direction of math mathbf b math is the orthogonal projection of math mathbf ... projection of math mathbf a math onto math mathbf b math , and math mathbf hat b math is the unit vector in the direction of math mathbf b math . In turn, the scalar projection is defined as math ... theta math is the angle between math mathbf a math and math mathbf b math . The scalar projection is equal to the length of the vector projection, with a minus sign if the direction of the projection ...&lpg PA83&dq projection 20rejection 20vector&hl it&pg PA83 v onepage&q projection 20rejection ... projection of math mathbf a math onto the plane geometry plane or, in general, hyperplane orthogonal to math mathbf b math . Both the projection math mathbf a 1 math and rejection math mathbf a 2 math ... implies that the rejection is given by math mathbf a 2 mathbf a mathbf a 1. math The vector projection ... on angle Scalar projection Main Scalar projection The scalar projection of math mathbf a math ... between math mathbf a math and math mathbf b math . A scalar projection can be used as a scale factor to compute the corresponding vector projection. Vector projection The vector projection ... math a 1 math is the corresponding scalar projection, as defined above, and math mathbf hat b math ... b mathbf a , mathbf b cos theta , math Scalar projection By the above mentioned property of the dot product, the definition of the scalar projection becomes math a 1 mathbf a cos theta mathbf a frac mathbf a cdot mathbf b mathbf a , mathbf b frac mathbf a cdot mathbf b mathbf b , math Vector projection Similarly, the definition of the vector projection becomes math mathbf a 1 a 1 mathbf hat b frac ... more details
File Hammer projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Hammer projection of the world. The Hammer projection is an equal area map projection , described by Ernst Hammer cartographer Ernst Hammer in 1892 . Directly inspired by the Aitoff projection , Hammer suggested the use of the equatorial form of the Lambert azimuthal equal area projection instead of Aitoff s use of the azimuthal equidistant projection math x mathrm laea x left frac lambda 2, phi right math math y frac 1 2 mathrm laea y left frac lambda 2, phi right math where math mathrm laea x math and math mathrm laea y math are the x and y components of the equatorial Lambert azimuthal equal area projection. Written out explicitly math x frac 2 sqrt 2 cos phi sin left frac lambda 2 right sqrt 1 cos phi cos left frac lambda 2 right math math y frac sqrt 2 sin phi sqrt 1 cos phi cos left frac lambda 2 right math The inverse is calculated with the intermediate variable math z equiv sqrt 1 left frac1 4 x right 2 left frac1 2 y right 2 math The longitude and latitudes can then be calculated by math begin align lambda & 2 arctan left frac zx 2 2z 2 1 right phi & arcsin zy end align math where math lambda math is the longitude from the central meridian and math phi math is the latitude . ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp.130 133, ISBN 0 226 76747 7. ref ref Weisstein, Eric W. http mathworld.wolfram.com Hammer AitoffEqual AreaProjection.html Hammer Aitoff Equal Area Projection. From MathWorld A Wolfram Web Resource ref Visually, the Aitoff and Hammer projections are very similar. The Hammer has seen more use because of its equal area property. The Mollweide projection is another equal area projection of similar aspect, though with straight parallels of latitude, unlike the Hammer s curved parallels. See also Mollweide projection Aitoff projection References references External ... Aitoff Projection . Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections ca Projecci ... more details
File Aitoff projection SW.jpg 450px thumb An Aitoff projection of the world. The Aitoff projection is a modified azimuthal map projection . Proposed by David A. Aitoff in 1889 , it is the equatorial form of the azimuthal equidistant projection , but stretched into a 2 1 ellipse while halving the longitude from the central meridian math x mathrm azeq x left frac lambda 2, phi right , math math y frac 1 2 mathrm azeq y left frac lambda 2, phi right math where math mathrm azeq x math and math mathrm azeq y math are the x and y components of the equatorial azimuthal equidistant projection. Written out explicitly, the projection is math x frac 2 cos phi sin left frac lambda 2 right mathrm sinc alpha , math math y frac sin phi mathrm sinc alpha , math where math alpha arccos left cos phi cos left frac lambda 2 right right , math and math mathrm sinc alpha math is the unnormalized sinc function with the discontinuity removed. In all of these formulas, math lambda math is the longitude from the central meridian and math phi math is the latitude. Three years later, Ernst Hermann Heinrich Hammer suggested the use of the Lambert azimuthal equal area projection in the same manner as Aitoff, producing the Hammer projection . While Hammer was careful to cite Aitoff, there has been some confusion since, wherein Aitoff has been attributed to Hammer s projection. ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp.130 133, ISBN 0 226 76747 7. ref See also Mollweide projection Hammer projection References references External links http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref Table of common projections http www.uff.br mapprojections Aitoff en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Aitoff Projection . http map.gsfc.nasa.gov Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP Category Cartographic projections ca Projecci d Aitoff de Aitov Projektion es Proyecci n de Aitoff fa ja ... more details
File Werner projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Werner projection of the world. The Werner projection is a pseudoconic equal area map projection sometimes called the Stab Werner or Stabius Werner projection. Like other heart symbol heart shaped projections, it is also categorized as cordiform . Stab Werner refers to two originators Johannes Werner 1466&ndash 1528 , a parish priest in Nuremberg , refined and promoted this projection that had been developed earlier by Johannes Stabius Stab of Vienna around 1500. The projection is a limiting form of the Bonne projection , having its standard parallel at one of the poles 90 N S . ref citation title Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections first John P last Snyder year 1993 pages 60 2 ISBN 0 226 76747 7 . ref ref citation author mask 8 url http pubs.er.usgs.gov usgspubs pp pp1395 contribution Map Projections A Working Manual publisher United States Geological Survey title Professional Paper number 1395 first John P last Snyder year 1987 pages 138 0 . ref Distances along each parallel and along the central meridian are correct, as are all distances from the north pole. References references External links citation url http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref title Table of examples and properties of all common projections publisher Radical Cartography . Category Cartographic projections Category Equal area projections Category Equidistant projections es Proyecci n Werner ru ja ... more details
About the alchemical concept Projection disambiguation Projection Image Alchemik Sedziwoj Matejko.JPG thumb 300px Depiction of Michal Sedziw j Sedziw j performing a transmutation for Sigismund III by Jan Matejko , 1867 Projection was the ultimate goal of Western alchemy . Once the Philosopher s stone or powder of projection had been created, the process of projection would be used to transmute a lesser substance into a higher form, often lead into gold . Typically, the process is described as casting a small portion of the Stone into a molten base metal. Claims and demonstrations The seventeenth century saw an increase in tales of physical transmutation and projection. These are variously explained as examples of charlatanism, fiction, pseudo scientific error, or missed metaphor. The following is a typical account of the projection process described by Jan Baptista van Helmont in his De Natura Vitae Eternae . ref Rosemary Guiley. The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy. 2006. p.328 ref quote I have seen and I have touched the Philosopher s Stone more than once. The color of it was like ... I call a grain that which takes 600 to make an ounce. I made projection with this fourth part of a grain wrapped in paper upon eight ounces of quicksilver heated in a crucible. The result of the projection ... is recorded as making a projection of the red stone onto mercury, making gold. His wealth is given ..., some alchemists of this time period give accounts of fraudulent projection demonstrations, distinguishing .... Accounts are given of double bottomed crucibles used to conceal hidden gold during projection ... and entertainment Main Alchemy in art and entertainment The concept of projection appears in various ... where the following dialogue can be found, commenting on fraudulent applications of projection ... ref quote i When do you make projection? Son, be not hasty, I exalt our med cine, By hanging him ... in the Holy Roman Empire . University of Chicago Press, 2007. Notes reflist Alchemy DEFAULTSORT Projection ... more details
In information theory , the information projection or I projection of a probability distribution q onto a set of distributions P is math p underset p in P arg min operatorname D mathrm KL p q math where math D mathrm KL math is the Kullback Leibler divergence from p to q . Viewing the Kullback Leibler divergence as a measure of distance, the I projection math p math is the closest distribution to q of all the distributions in P . See also Sanov s theorem noreferences date October 2011 Category Information theory probability stub ... more details
ref improve date November 2011 File Mercator projection SW.jpg thumb 450px right Mercator projection ... of the texts The Mercator projection is a Map projection Cylindrical cylindrical map projection ... the standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines ... of small objects which makes the projection conformal projection conformal , the Mercator projection ... projection Cylindrical cylindrical projections , circle of latitude parallel s and meridian geography ... is the same as the north south scale, making the projection conformal map conformal . A Mercator .... Being a conformal projection, angles are preserved around all locations. However scale ... projection is practically unusable. All lines of constant bearing navigation bearing rhumb lines rhumbs ... and straight rhumb lines, make this projection uniquely suited to marine navigation courses ... projection represented a major breakthrough in the nautical cartography of the 16th century. However ... was known, could the Mercator projection be fully adopted by navigators. Several authors are associated with the development of Mercator projection German Erhard Etzlaub c. 1460&ndash 1532 , who ... designed a projection identical to Mercator s . Portuguese mathematician and cosmographer Pedro Nunes ... the construction of several large scale nautical charts in the cylindrical equidistant projection ... Edward Wright c. 1558&ndash 1615 , who formalized the mathematics of Mercator projection ... the Mercator projection with its modern logarithmic formula, later deduced by calculus. Mathematics of the projection Image Gudermannian.svg thumb 231px right Relation between vertical position ... function . Mathematically, the Mercator projection is completely characterization mathematics ... 1 sec varphi 1 tan varphi 2 sec varphi 2 right math Derivation of the projection Image Usgs map mercator.svg right frame The Mercator projection is a cylindrical projection. Assume a spherical Earth ... more details
File Robinson projection SW.jpg thumb 450px right Robinson projection of the world. Image Tissot indicatrix world map Robinson proj.svg thumb 450px The Robinson projection with Tissot s indicatrix of deformation The Robinson projection is a map projection of a world map , which shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image. ref name impossible cite web title The Impossible Quest for the Perfect Map url http www.nytimes.com 1988 10 25 science the impossible quest for the perfect map.html?pagewanted all&src pm publisher The New York Times accessdate 1 May 2012 author John Noble Wilford date October 25, 1988 ref The Robinson projection is an accomplishment of Arthur H. Robinson in 1961, and has been in use by Rand McNally since the 1960s and was used by the National Geographic Society between 1988 and 1998. ref name impossible Since 1998, the National Geographic Society has used the Winkel tripel projection . Strengths and weaknesses The Robinson projection is neither Map projection Equal area equal area nor conformal map conformal , abandoning both for a compromise. The creator ... in any pseudocylindrical projection. However, at the time it was developed, the projection effectively ... ref name impossible Specification The projection is defined by the table class wikitable Latitude ... parallel of latitude. See also Winkel Tripel &mdash projection currently used by the National Geographic. Further reading Arthur H. Robinson 1974 . A New Map Projection Its Development and Characteristics .... 214 216. External links Commons cat Maps with Robinson projection http www.radicalcartography.net ... deformations of the Robinson Projection . http findarticles.com p articles mi hb3006 is 2 31 ai n29118548 ?tag content col1 Numerical evaluation of the Robinson projection , from Cartography and Geographic ... de Robinson fr Projection de Robinson it Proiezione di Robinson nl Robinsonprojectie ja pt ... more details
Deleted image removed Image Stereographic Projection Northern Hemisphere.png thumb right Stereographic projection of the northern hemisphere of the Earth from the south pole onto the plane tangent at the north pole Views Image Stereographic projection in 3D.png thumb right 3D illustration of a stereographic projection from the north pole onto a plane below the sphere The stereographic projection , in geometry ... mathematics plane . The projection is defined on the entire sphere, except at one point &mdash the projection ..., then, the stereographic projection is a way of picturing the sphere as the plane, with some inevitable ..., so does the stereographic projection it finds use in diverse fields including complex analysis , cartography , geology , and photography . In practice, the projection is carried out by computer ... juxta ac mathematicis utiles , by Francois d Aguilon Fran ois d Aiguillon . It demonstrates how the projection is computed. The stereographic projection was known to Hipparchus , Ptolemy and probably earlier to the Ancient Egypt Egyptians . It was originally known as the planisphere projection. ref ... projection, mapping each hemisphere as a circular disk. ref According to Snyder 1993 , although he acknowledges he did not personally see it ref The equator ial aspect of the stereographic projection ... projection its current name in his 1613 work Opticorum libri sex philosophis juxta ac mathematicis ... Image Stereoprojzero.svg thumb right Stereographic projection of the unit sphere from the north ... thumb 300px right This section focuses on the projection of the unit sphere from the north pole onto ... intersects the plane z 0 in exactly one point P nowiki nowiki . Define the stereographic projection ... z on the sphere and X , Y on the plane, the projection and its inverse are given by the formulas ..., the projection and its inverse are math R, Theta left frac sin varphi 1 cos varphi , theta ... on the sphere and polar coordinates R , on the plane, the projection and its inverse are math ... more details
File Polyconic projection SW.jpg 450px thumb American polyconic projection of the world. Polyconic can refer either to a class of map projection s or to a specific projection known less ambiguously as the American Polyconic. Polyconic as a class refers to those projections whose parallels are all non concentric circular arcs, except for a straight equator, and the centers of these circles lie along a central axis. This description applies to projections in equatorial aspect. ref An Album of Map Projections US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453 , John P. Snyder & Philip M. Voxland, 1989, p. 4. ref As a specific projection, the American Polyconic is conceptualized as rolling a cone tangent to the Earth at all parallels of latitude, instead of a single cone as in a normal conic projection. Each parallel is a circular arc of true scale. The scale is also true on the central meridian of the projection. The projection was in common use by many map making agencies of the United States from the time of its proposal by Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler in 1825 until the middle of the 20th century. ref Flattening the Earth Two Thousand Years of Map Projections , John P. Snyder, 1993, pp. 117 122, ISBN 0 226 76747 7. ref The projection is defined by math x cot varphi sin lambda lambda 0 sin varphi , math math y varphi varphi 0 cot varphi 1 cos lambda lambda 0 sin varphi , math where math lambda math is the longitude of the point to be projected math varphi math is the latitude of the point to be projected math lambda 0 math is the longitude of the central meridian, and math varphi 0 math is the latitude chosen to be the origin at math lambda 0 math . To avoid division by zero, the formulas above are extended so that if math phi 0 math then math x lambda math and math y 0 math . References references External links Mathworld PolyconicProjection http www.radicalcartography.net ?projectionref ... of the Polyconic Projection . cartography stub Category Cartographic projections ca Projecci ... more details
Image Gnomonic.png thumb right 300px Great circles transform to lines via gnomonic projection Image Usgs map gnomic.PNG frame right Examples of gnomonic projections A gnomonic map projection displays all great circle s as straight lines. Thus the shortest route between two locations in reality corresponds to that on the map . This is achieved by projecting, with respect to the center of the Earth hence perpendicular to the surface , the Earth s surface onto a tangent plane. The least distortion occurs at the tangent point. Less than half of the sphere can be projected onto a finite map. As a corollary, a rectilinear photographic lens cannot encompass more than 180 degrees for the same reason. Since Meridian 28geography 29 meridians and the equator are great circles, they are always shown as straight lines. If the tangent point is one of the Poles then the meridians are radial and equally spaced. The equator is at infinity in all directions. Other parallels are depicted as concentric circle s. If the tangent point is on the equator then the meridians are parallel but not equally spaced. The equator is a straight line perpendicular to the meridians. Other parallels are depicted as hyperbola ... that the projection is not conformal map conformal . br style clear both File Gnomonic projection SW.jpg 450px thumb Gnomonic projection of the world centered on the geographic North Pole As for all ... scale even more. The gnomonic projection is said to be the oldest map projection, developed by Thales .... History In 1946 Buckminster Fuller patented a projection method similar to the Gnomonic Projection ... referred to today. Gnomonic projection is used extensively in photography , where it is called rectilinear projection . See also Beltrami Klein model , the analogous mapping of the hyperbolic geometry ... pp pp1395 USGS pages External links http www.bfi.org node 25 Description of the Fuller Projection ... Projektion es Proyecci n gnom nica fr Projection gnomonique ko it Proiezione gnomonica nl ... more details
Infobox musical artist name The Projection People image TPPMamasx250.jpg caption The Projection People accept the award for Best Electronic Song at the 2011 Madison Area Music Awards. Photo by Ankur Malhotra image size 250 landscape Yes background group or band origin Madison, Wisconsin , United States genre Progressive Pop , Progressive Rock years active DO NOT CHANGE THIS WORDING FORMAT SEE MOS OTHERDATE 2007 present label Analogy associated acts Middleworld, Dafino, Revolving Doors, The Cemetery Improvement Society, Black Jack Red Queen, Butt Funnel , Echo Island, Truck top Girlfriend, Mother Beef website URL http www.theprojectionpeople.com current members Marc Claggett br Tyler Commo br Brad Hawes br Ryan Lammey br Kevin McDonnell past members Joe Ramos br Scott Cannaday The Projection ... and blues r&b , and trip hop trip hop . History The Projection People 2008 2010 In 2010, the band released their self titled debut album, The Projection People , an effort which took over 2 years to complete ... first Rick last Albertoni title The Projection People flaunt their diverse musical tastes date 2010 ... cite news first Ben last Munson title The Zipstream The Projection People caps off a great year with a free EP date 2010 12 08 url http www.avclub.com madison articles the zipstream the projection people ... the follow up to The Projection People . On July 13th, 2011, the band posted a montage ... 2008 2010 Discography All The Fevered Colours 2009 The Projection People 2010 The Blast House Sessions ... references div Reflist External links http www.theprojectionpeople.com The Projection People Official Website . http www.myspace.com theprojectionpeople The Projection People on MySpace . http www.dane101.com music 2010 05 28 reviewing the neighbors the projection people Reviewing the Neighbors The Projection People . http magazine.localsounds.org 2010 08 23 the projection people E2 80 93 the projection people Local Sounds Magazine reviews The Projection People . Categories Category Rock music ... more details
Psychological projection or projection bias is a psychological defense mechanism where a person subconsciously ... world, usually to other people. Thus, projection involves imagining or projecting the belief ... 2000 ISBN 0 321 04931 4 ref Projection reduces anxiety by allowing the expression of the unwanted unconscious .... The theory was developed by Sigmund Freud in his letters to Wilhelm Fliess , Draft H deals with projection ... Projection. ref Shepard, Simon. http www.heretical.com sexsci bpsychol.html Basic Psychological Mechanisms Neurosis and Projection . The Heretical Press . Retrieved on March 07, 2008. ref Overview According to Sigmund Freud, projection is a psychological defense mechanism whereby one projects ... of projective identification differs from projection in that the Impulse psychology impulse projected ... Freud, On Psychopathology Middlesex 1987 p. 198 ref In this sense, projection is related to denial , arguably the only more primitive defense mechanism than projection, which, like all defense mechanisms ... repulsive. Projection can also be established as a means of obtaining or justifying certain ... be moved outside a process of projection is that as a result the projector may become somewhat depleted ... , splitting psychology splitting , and projection are ways that the id, ego, and super ... complicit. Further, while engaged in projection, individuals can be unable to access truthful ... http www.medscape.com viewarticle 408692 Trauma and Projection ref Historical uses Peter Gay describes projection as the operation of expelling feelings or wishes the individual finds wholly unacceptable ... part upon the idea of projection, i.e., the idea that an anthropomorphic deity is the outward projection of man s anxieties and desires. ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 478472 projection ... to describe a variety of psychological projection refers to the projected material. ref http www.answers.com topic projection and participation mystique analytical psychology Jungian Projection ... more details
Image Fischer projection.png thumb right Projection of a tetrahedral molecule onto a planar surface. Image Fischer Projection2.svg thumb right Visualizing a Fischer projection. The Fischer projection , devised by Hermann Emil Fischer in 1891, ref name mcmurry cite book title Organic Chemistry author John McMurry year 2008 edition 7th publisher Brooks Cole Thomson Learning, Inc. pages 975 isbn 0132862611 ref and Nawang Sheling, need a citation for this is a two dimensional representation of a Three dimensional space three dimensional organic molecule by projection . Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemist s, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry . The use of Fischer projections in non carbohydrates is discouraged, as such drawings are ambiguous when confused with other types of drawing. ref name IUPAC Recommendations 2006 Conventions File D glucose chain 2D Fischer.png thumb left 100px All chemical bond bond s are depicted as horizontal or vertical lines. The carbon chain is depicted vertically, with carbon atoms ... is at the top. ref Understanding Fischer Projection and Angular Line Representation Conversion ... Image D glyceraldehyde 2D Fischer.png thumb 100px right Fischer projection of D Glyceraldehyde A Fischer projection is used to differentiate between L and D molecules. On a Fischer projection, the penultimate ... http rpi.edu dept bcbp molbiochem MBWeb mb1 part2 sugar.htm ref In a Fischer projection, all horizontal ... projection cannot be rotated by 90 or 270 in the plane of the page or the screen, as the orientation ... of chirality chemistry chiral molecules. Other systems Haworth projection s are a related chemical notation used to represent sugars in ring form. The groups on the right hand side of a Fischer projection ... projection Cahn Ingold Prelog priority rule Chair conformation Newman projection Natta projection References ... ca Projecci de Fischer de Fischer Projektion es Proyecci n de Fischer fr Projection de Fischer ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2011 Wikify date May 2011 A projection booth is a room or enclosure for the machinery required for the display of movies on a reflective screen, located high on the back wall of the presentation space. It is common in a movie theater . Its purpose is to isolate the noise produced by opto mechanical movie projector projectors from the audience and to provide proper ventilation, temperature conditioning, and air cleaning for the exposed film and the projection mechanism. To maintain sound and air isolation the projection will be through soundproof sound resistant windows into the theater space. Historically, movie projectors prior to modern automation would include a bell, activated by centrifugal force when the supply reel reached an appropriate speed. Two projectors would be used, requiring that the projectionist switch between the operating and ready projectors when a cue mark was visible on the screen in the upper right corner. The bell alerted the projectionist who had likely viewed the movie too many times to ensure alertness that attention was required. While the projector mechanism noise might be suppressed by the audience, the bell could not. Since the noise of the alert bell was clearly distracting to the audience the projection booth became required in movie theater design. Category Projectors film stub ... more details
copyedit date October 2011 file ProjectionKeyboard 2.jpg thumb A projection keyboard A projection keyboard is a form of computer input device whereby the image of a virtual keyboard is projected onto surface ... of manual data input. In 2002, the start up company Canesta developed a projection keyboard ... 202.htm Wave Report USTA Telecom 2003 ref Design File Laser keyboard.jpg thumb A laser projection keyboard used with a tablet. A projection keyboard generally works by A laser video projector laser or Video ... to create the virtual keyboard and to project the hologram of a keyboard on a flat surface. The projection is realized in four main steps and via three modules projection module, sensor module and illumination ... projectionProjection module A template produced by a specially designed and highly efficient ... control. Most projection keyboards use a red diode laser as a light source and may project ... at a distance of 60 mm from the virtual keyboard unit. The projection keyboard may detect up to 400 characters per minute and it may be connected by using either USB ports or Bluetooth. The projection ... of continuous typing. The projection unit sizes vary on the manufacturer but normally it is not bigger than 35 mm x 92 mm x 25 mm. Connectivity Projection keyboards connect to the devices they are used for either through Bluetooth or USB . The Bluetooth projection keyboard is a wireless virtual keyboard ... projection keyboard p15385.htm?referer aff aw 74960 title Celluon Laserkey CL850 Bluetooth Projection Keyboard accessdate 2010 03 31 ref Bluetooth dongle technology enables the projection keyboard ... projection keyboard is connected to a device varies depending on the specific laptop, phone or computer ... on the keyboard. The USB projection keyboard works like a regular USB keyboard. The connection ... , which is available on every computer, laptop and other devices that are compatible with the projection ... laser ru http www.laserkeyboard.com Laser Keyboards How the Projection Technology ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 Voice projection is the strength of Speech communication speaking or singing whereby the voice is used loudly and enunciation clearly . It is a technique which can be employed to demand respect and attention, such as when a teacher is talking to the class, or simply to be heard clearly, as an actor in a theatre . Breath technique is essential for proper voice projection. Whereas in normal Manner of articulation talking one may use air from the top of the lungs , a properly projected voice uses air properly flowing from the expansion of the Thoracic diaphragm diaphragm . In good vocal technique, well balanced respiration is especially important to maintaining vocal projection. The goal is to isolate and relax the muscles controlling the vocal folds , so that they are unimpaired by Muscle tone tension . The external intercostal muscles are used only to enlarge the chest cavity, whilst the counterplay between the diaphragm and abdominal muscles is trained to control airflow. Stance is also important, and it is recommended to stand up straight with the feet shoulder width apart and the upstage foot right foot if right handed etc slightly forward. This improves balance and breathing. In singing, voice projection is often equated with resonance , the concentrated pressure through which one produces a focused sound. True resonance will produce the greatest amount of projection available to a voice by utilizing all the key resonators found in the vocal cavity. As the sound being produced and these resonators find the same overtones , the sound will begin to spin as it reaches the ideal singer s formant at about 2800 Hz. The size, shape, and hardness of the resonators all factor into the production of these overtones and ultimately determine the projective capacities of the voice. ref Titze, I. R. 2008 . The human instrument. Sci.Am. 298 1 94 101. PM 18225701 ref ref Titze, I.R. 1994 . Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall currently published ... more details
navy . Power projection or force projection is a term used in military science military and political ... outside the limited bounds of its territory might be said to have some level of power projection capability .... While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on hard power assets tanks, soldiers, aircraft, naval vessels, etc. , the developing theory of soft power notes that power projection ... projection can often serve dual uses, as the deployment of various countries militaries during the humanitarian ... process and acting as a potential deterrent on other states behavior. Elements of power projection ... becomes more difficult. Modern day power projection often makes use of high tech communications and information ... in their own right, most discussion of power projection revolve around issues of military logistics ... viewed as a key aspect of effective power projection airlift and sealift capabilities allow ... , ballistic missile submarine , and strategic airlift er are all examples of power projection platforms ... s and air assault forces and amphibious assault forces, are utilized in power projection. Forward basing is another method of power projection, which by pre positioning military units or stockpiles ... of war . Types of power projection missions Scholars have disaggregated military power projection ... and conquest. ref Walter C. Ladwig III, India and Military Power Projection Will the Land ... users.ox.ac.uk mert1769 India 20Power 20Projection.pdf pp. 1166 1169 . ref Soft power projection ... settlement to an on going dispute. Hard power projection Showing the flag the symbolic deployment .... In this form, power projection acts as a diplomatic tool, attempting to influence the decision ... home are unique projection abilities. United States The United States Department of Defense , in its ... power projection as blockquote The ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national ... External links Commons category Power projection http www.globalsecurity.org military library policy ... more details
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