Wiktionary Batavia Batavia may refer to TOC right Historical geographical uses Batavia region , a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands The name of Jakarta , Indonesia formerly Dutch East Indies during the colonial period For the historical use as the capital of the Dutch East Indies, see History of Jakarta . For a description of the city itself, see Jakarta Old Town . For a list of buildings in colonial Batavia, see List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta Batavian Republic , the Netherlands from 1795 to 1806 as a French vassal state, Batavia being the Latin name of the Low countries The Latin name for Passau , Germany Contemporary communities Suriname Batavia, Suriname , a town in the former Dutch colony of Suriname United States Batavia, Illinois , a city in Kane County, Illinois, USA, named for the city in New York Batavia, Iowa , a city in Jefferson County, Iowa, USA Batavia, Michigan , a community in Branch County, Michigan, USA Batavia city , New York , the county seat of Genesee County, New York State, USA, named for the region in the Netherlands Batavia town , New York , Genesee County, New York, New York State, USA Batavia, Ohio , a town and the county seat of Clermont County, Ohio, USA Batavia, Wisconsin , an unincorporated community in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, USA Batavia Township disambiguation , several communities in the United States Others Batavia ship Batavia ship , a ship of the Dutch East India Company shipwrecked on her maiden voyage on the coast of Australia in 1629, or a twentieth century replica of the same ship Batavia opera Batavia opera , by Richard Mills Batavia Air , an Indonesian airline Batavia Road , an anchorage in Western Australia Batavia Road boat Batavia Road boat , one of the first boats used for a commercial tourist operation in the Houtman Abrolhos See also Batavians , a Germanic tribe living during the Roman Empire in the area of the Rhine delta Batavia a ... more details
stack File ForumHadriani loc.png thumb 250px Location of Forum Hadriani in the town Voorburg File TabulaPeutingeriana France west.jpg thumb 250px Part of the Tabula Peutingeriana showing foro adriani at the top left File Forum Hadriani gedenkpaal.JPG thumb 250px right upright Commemorative monument for Forum Hadriani in Voorburg. Forum Hadriani , at the modern town of Voorburg , was the northern most Ancient Rome Roman city on the European continent and the second oldest city of The Netherlands . ref W. de Jonge, J. Bazelmans and D.H. de Jager eds. , Forum Hadriani. Van Romeinse stad tot monument . Utrecht, 2006 ref It was located in the Roman province Germania Inferior and is mentioned on the Tabula Peutingeriana , a Roman road map. The site Forum Hadriani formed the nucleus of the civitas of the Cananefates , who lived west of the Batavians . It was situated along the Fossa Corbulonis or Corbulo canal . This waterway was established about 47 C.E. by the Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo , forming an important shortcut between the rivers Rhine and River Meuse Meuse . After the Batavian Rebellion , in which they participated, the Cananefates became loyal allies of the Romans. In 121 emperor Hadrian made a long voyage along the northwestern border of the empire, during which he visited the Cananefate town. He gave the town his own name, Forum Hadriani Hadrian s Market . An alternate name, maybe the only official name, was Municipium Aelium Cananefatium Aelius being the family name of Hadrian . The shortened version of this name, MAC , has been found engraved in a couple of Roman milestones found in the neighbourhood. About 270 C.E., after several plagues and attacks by Saxons Saxon pirates, the Romans abandoned Forum Hadriani. File Wijn001hist01 0001.gif thumb left 100px Drawing 1800 of a bronze hand found in 1771 In 1771 a bronze right hand was excavated during garden work on the estate Arentsburg. This hand was used by tienne Maurice Falconet as model for the ... more details
Infobox settlement image map Map NL s Hertogenbosch Empel.png image map size 250 map caption name Empel subdivision type List of sovereign states Country subdivision name Netherlands subdivision type1 Province subdivision name1 Noord Brabant subdivision type2 Municipality subdivision name2 s Hertogenbosch population 5160 area km2 6.63 area land km2 5.72 area water km2 0.91 density 778 end image File Plaatsnaambord Empel.JPG 250px Empel is a town in the Netherlands Dutch province of North Brabant . It is located in the municipality of s Hertogenbosch . Empel was a separate municipality until 1971, when it was merged with s Hertogenbosch. The complete name of the municipality was Empel en Meerwijk . ref Repertorium Nederlandse Gemeenten ref Points of interest Empel was the ancient site of a temple to Hercules Magusanus . This was the Latin name of the supreme god of the Batavians . Stone votives and broken weapons as symbolic offerings are at the location. ref Empel, The sanctuary of Magusanus... http www.livius.org ga gh germania empel.html . File retrieved 10 02 07. ref Roman ruins are in the region. Battel of Empel The Battle of Empel or Miracle of Empel Milagro de Empel in Spanish was a battle fought on December 7 and December 8, 1585, as part of the Eighty Years War , in which a Spanish army miraculously escaped destruction after discovering a hiden Dutch Catholic image of the Immaculate Conception . The Spanish army was in a desperate situation, under siege by the Dutch Protestant navy and surrounded by the rivers. The night following the discovery of the image, the rivers freezed and the Spanish army run over the frozen rivers escaping from the siege. In Spain, the battle is still remembered as it is believed that the Spanish army was saved due to intervention of Mary of the Immaculate Conception. In memory of the battle, the Immaculate Conception is the patroness of the Spanish infantry. References references External links http www.livius.org ga gh germania e ... more details
Julius Sabinus was an aristocratic Gauls Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69. He attempted to take advantage of the turmoil in Rome after the death of Nero to set up an independent Gaulish state. He was a Roman officer, naturalized, as indicated by his name. He claimed to be the great grandson of Caesar on the grounds that his great grandmother had been Caesar s lover during the Gallic war. ref Tacitus , Histories Tacitus Histories s The Histories Tacitus Book 4 55 4.55 ref Rebellion In AD 69, benefiting from the period of disorders which shook the Roman Empire and the rebellion started on the Rhine by the Batavians , he started a revolt in Gallia Belgica Belgian Gaul . However, his badly organised forces were easily defeated by the Sequani who were still faithful to Rome. Following his defeat, he faked his own death by telling his servants that he intended to kill himself. He then burned down the villa in which he was staying. He went into hiding in a nearby cellar, known only to his wife Epponina and a few faithful servants. Following the failure of the revolt, the territory of Lingons was detached from Belgian Gaul, and was placed under the direct monitoring of the Roman army of the Rhine. It formed thus part of Roman province of Germania Superior . In hiding Epponina then lived a double life for many years as his widow, while also on one occasion even visiting Rome with Sabinus disguised as a slave. She even gave birth to two sons by her deceased husband. Eventually, the deception became too obvious to continue unnoticed. In AD 78 Sabinus and Epponina were arrested and taken to Rome to be questioned by the emperor Vespasian . Her pleas for her husband were ignored. She then berated Vespasian to such an extent that he ordered her execution along with her husband. Plutarch later wrote that In the whole of his reign no darker deed than this, none more odious in the sight of heaven, was committed. ref Plutarch, On Lovers . ref Their s ... more details
infobox UK feature official name Camboglanna shire county state Cumbria country England nation UK map name United Kingdom Cumbria static image static image caption static image 2 static image caption 2 os grid reference NY514635 latitude 54.965 longitude 2.761 Camboglanna with the modern name of Castlesteads was a Ancient Rome Roman castra fort . It was the twelfth fort on Hadrian s Wall counting from the east, between Banna Birdoswald Banna Birdoswald to the east and Petriana Uxelodunum Stanwix to the west. It was almost convert 7 mi west of Birdoswald, on a high bluff commanding the Cambeck Valley. It guarded an important approach to the Wall and also watched the east bank of the Cambeck against raiders from the Bewcastle area. The site was drastically levelled in 1791 when the gardens of Castlesteads House were laid over it. The name Camboglana is believed to mean Crook Bank . There was some confusion over the Roman name for the fort. At one time Camboglanna was the accepted name for Birdoswald, but this is now believed to be an error in the Notitia Dignitatum . The Roman name for Birdoswald is now thought to be Banna Birdoswald Banna . Description The fort was approximately square, measuring about convert 400 by 400 ft and covering approximately convert 3.75 acre . It faces roughly north west by south east and overlooks the gorge of the Cambeck. Erosion of the gorge has destroyed the north west face of the fort. RomanMilitary The fort lies within the Vallum , but is not adjacent to the Wall. It is the only fort on Hadrian s Wall in this position. It appears that the Wall had already been built at the most convenient point to cross the Cambeck and so, when the fort was built, the strongest point was chosen rather than one adjacent to the Wall. Garrison The 2nd century garrison was the First Cohort of Batavians , followed by the Fourth Cohort of Gauls . The 3rd century garrison was the Second Cohort of Tungri ans, part mounted. Excavations In 1934 the fort was par ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2009 File Batavierenrace 05.jpg thumb Final restart in the center of Enschede File Batavierenrace 2004.jpg thumb Second restart in Barchem The Batavierenrace is a student relay race organized in the Netherlands each year in April. It is a 185 km race starting off at the Radboud University Nijmegen in Nijmegen and it takes the up to 8000 participants in 25 stages 17 men s stages and 8 women s stages through Germany to the campus of the University of Twente in Enschede . It was listed in 2006, in the Guinness World Records as the relay race with the highest number of participants. On April 24 2010 the 38th edition of the race was held. Although mainly a Benelux event, teams from all over the world participate. The start is at the midnight hour on a Friday and ends late in the afternoon of Saturday. All participants wear a slipover, which functions as the Baton running baton and also hosts a Transponder timing transponder that registers the stage times. The stages range between 3 12 km in length, over paved and unpaved terrain. Due to the large amount of participants the start is divided in six groups and there are three restarts along the way, in Ulft Dinxperlo till 2011 , Barchem and in the city centre of Enschede . As much as it is sports event, it is a social happening, with the athletes and teams ranging from highly trained to those participating just for the fun of it . Saturday night is host to one of the largest student parties in Europe with over 12000 visitors. History In 1972 a group of students of Nijmegen returned from the SOLA relay in Sweden . They were so enthusiastic about this event, that they decided to organise a similar event in the Netherlands . They chose to follow the route the Batavians had followed some 50 years BC, descending down the river Rhine from Nijmegen to Rotterdam . In 1973 around 600 students participated in the first edition. This is the namesake for the event, but the track was moved in 1974, beca ... more details
orphan date February 2010 File Gerhard Geldenhauer 21.3.2010.jpg thumb Gerard Geldenhouwer Gerardus Geldenhouwer Nijmegen , 1482 Marburg , 10 January 1542 was a Dutch historian . Geldenhouwer descended from a patrician family from Nijmegen. His father, also named Gerard, was chamberservant at the court of Arnold of Egmond and Adolf of Egmond , dukes of Guelders . He followed an education at the Latin school in Deventer , before he joined the Augustinians . After this he studied at Leuven . Here he wrote his first publications, amongst which are a collection of Satires in the trend of Erasmus Praise of Folly . In this period he also oversaw the printing of several works of Erasmus and Thomas More . Between 1515 and 1524 he was in service of Philip of Burgundy bishop Philip of Burgundy . This illegitimate son of Philip the Good was first Admiral of Flanders and later bishop of Bishopric of Utrecht Utrecht . In Utrecht, Geldenhouwer came into contact with the protestantism of Martin Luther Luther . After Philip s death, he travelled through the Low countries and Germany , and visited amongst others the city of Wittenberg to hear Luther. In 1526 he left the Augustinians and married. Six years later he became Professor at the newly founded Lutheran University of Marburg , first as professor of history and later as professor of theology, specializing in the new testament. Geldenhouwer has earned a place amongst history writers with, amongst others, two studies on the history of the Batavians and their historical importance for the Duchy of Guelders and the city of Nijmegen . Gerard died on 10 January 1542, probably from the plague disease plague . Publications Lucubratiuncula de Batavorum insula 1520 Historia Batavica 1530 External links http www.humbio.nl biografieen nederlands geldenhouwer gerard 1482 15.html Dutch Humanists, art. Geldenhouwer, Gerard 1482 1542 Dutch Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Geldenhouwer, Gerard ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIP ... more details
the battles of the Romans and the Batavians , ref http www.geheugenvannederland.nl ? nl items RIJK01 ... Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Otto van Veen s Batavians defeating the Roman sic Van de Velde, Carl Veen Vaenius ... more details
Use mdy dates date February 2011 Year dab 104 the Carthaginian council Hundred and Four Year nav 104 M1 year in topic NOTOC Year 104 Roman numerals CIV was a leap year starting on Monday link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar . At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Suburanus and Marcellus or, less frequently, year 857 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 104 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events onlyinclude By place Roman Empire File Trajan s Bridge Across the Danube, Modern Reconstruction.jpg thumb right 250px The Trajan s Bridge across the lower Danube , as seen from Drobeta ancient city Drobeta . Reconstruction by the engineer E. Duperrex in 1907 Pliny the Younger is a member of the college of Augur s 103 104 . Nijmegen is renamed Ulpia Noviomagus Batavians Batavorum . A fire breaks out in Ancient Rome Rome . Trajan gives the order to have the Alc ntara Bridge built over the Tagus Tagus River at Alc ntara Hispania , constructed by the architect Lacer . Apollodorus of Damascus builds a Trajan s Bridge stone bridge over the Danube more than 1,000 meters 3,280 ft long, almost 20 meters high 65 ft and 15 meters wide 49 ft . The bridge connects what is now Serbia with Romania at the time known as Dacia . By topic Religion In India , figures of Gautama Buddha Buddha replace abstract motifs on decorative items. onlyinclude Births Deaths Martial , Roman poet References Reflist DEFAULTSORT 104 Category 104 af 104 am 104 . . . ar 104 an 104 ast 104 az 104 bn map bms 104 be 104 be x old 104 bh bg 104 bs 104 br 104 ca 104 cv 104 cs 104 co 104 cy 104 da 104 de 104 et 104 el 104 es 104 eo 104 eu 104 fa fr 104 fy 104 gd 104 gl 104 gan 104 ko 104 hy 104 hr 104. io 104 bpy id 104 os 104 is 104 it 104 he 104 jv 104 ka 104 csb 104 kk 104 sw 104 ht 104 almanak jilyen la 104 lv 104. ... more details
unreferenced date October 2011 Infobox settlement official name Oegstgeest image flag Oegstgeest Netherlands.svg flag size 120x100px image shield Oegstgeest.svg shield size 120x100px image map LocatieOegstgeest.png image skyline Oudenhofmolen Oegstgeest 04.jpg mapsize 250px coordinates display inline,title coordinates region NL subdivision type Country subdivision name Netherlands subdivision type1 Province subdivision name1 South Holland area footnotes 2006 area total km2 7.75 area land km2 7.21 area water km2 0.55 population as of 31 December, 2008 population note Source Statistics Netherlands CBS , http statline.cbs.nl Statline . settlement type Municipality population total 22576 population density km2 3136 timezone Central European Time CET utc offset 1 timezone DST Central European Summer Time CEST utc offset DST 2 latd 52.18 latNS N longd 4.47 longEW E website http www.oegstgeest.nl www.oegstgeest.nl Oegstgeest IPA nl uxst xe st , locally IPA nl u st e st Nl Oegstgeest.ogg is a town and municipality in the province of South Holland in the western Netherlands . Its population was 22,576 in 2008. Location The municipality of Oegstgeest covers an area of 7.75 km of which 0.54 km is water . Oegstgeest lies just to the north of Leiden, with which it is conjoined in a conurbation . Oegstgeest is a separate municipality, but it is effectively a suburb of Leiden. The municipality of Katwijk is to the west, the municipality of Teylingen to the north, the Kaag Lakes Kagerplassen to the northeast and Leiderdorp to the east. History Oegstgeest is one of the earliest inhabited places along the coast. Evidence of a Batavians Batavian settlement from the second century was found in 1946 in an extension of a coastal dune in the Elgeesterpolder, although it is not certain whether this location remained permanently inhabited in the centuries after that. By the 9th century there was already a little church in the same location as the current Little Green Church Gr ... more details
Notability date September 2010 Infobox software name Batavi logo caption screenshot collapsible developers Frank Heinen, Dimitry Butko, et al. latest release version 1.2.1 latest release date release date 2012 01 18 ref http sourceforge.net projects batavi files ref latest preview version latest preview date operating system Cross platform programming language PHP genre Webshop license GNU General Public License website http www.batavi.org Batavi Latin for Batavians is an open source webshop under the GNU General Public License . The development of Batavi started in 2007 inspired by a preliminary osCommerce 3.0 version, a version that seemed to be never finished by the osCommerce team. In Batavi, an Object oriented design model is adopted, and on a functional level XML EDI integration with the systems of suppliers is a lead theme, as most merchants don t run standalone webshops. This distinguishes Batavi also from other webshops like PrestaShop , Zen Cart and Magento . Batavi is developed on LAMP software bundle , especially PHP and MySQL , and adopts a three layer model in which design objects, code and the database are strictly separated. From a designer perspective, this creates the advantage of easy manipulation of template objects, without the need of adapting code. Key Features 1.0 version Fully flexible template system, including pages boxes groups layout and page access limitation Full content management including menus, texts, mails, pages etc. Robust architecture to process vast numbers of products, visitors, customers and orders Customer group specific pricing, payment or shipping modules Related products for cross and upselling Unlimited product segmentation to present products Product price rules for pricing vast numbers of products Product group price rules to make selecting products easier for pricing purposes Fully automated integration with product content providers Open ICEcat interface available Interface for multi warehouse and multi supplier inc ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 Julius Classicus was a Gaulish nobleman of the 1st century AD, belonging to the tribe of the Treveri Treviri . He served as a commander of the Roman auxiliaries. Along with Julius Tutor , another Treviran Roman auxiliary commander, and Julius Sabinus , who claimed descent from Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar , he joined Revolt of the Batavi the rebellion of Gaius Julius Civilis during the disorder of the Year of the Four Emperors 69 AD . Background In order to secure his position as Roman Emperor, Vespasian , along with his allies Marcus Antonius Primus Antonius Primus and Mucianus , decided to stir up trouble in Germany so as to distract Vitellius , the current Roman Emperor. A letter was sent to a Batavian chieftain, Julius Civilis, encouraging him to start a rebellion. Liking the idea, Civilis revolted and began to harry Gallia Lugdunensis . The revolt main Revolt of the Batavi Classicus was specifically the commander of the Treviran cavalry regiment and exchanged many letters with Civilis. In these letters Classicus was an accomplice in rebellion with Civilis against Rome, and boasted that he had more ancestors who had been enemies of Rome than friends. Classicus, along with Sabinus and Tutor, were leaders of the Treveri Treviri and Lingones , both Gaul Gallic tribes, and had separate ideals from Civilis and his Batavian revolt. The Batavians were seeking little more than tribal independence, while Sabinus and his allies were looking to start a new Roman Empire in Gaul, an Imperium Galliarum . After killing a deserter named Vocula, who had tried to escape after seeing the treachery of Classicus and the rest, Julius Classicus read an oath of allegiance dressed as a Roman general to the 1st and 16th legions of Germany, commanding them to swear allegiance to their new emperor, Julius Sabinus who would have been the 5th Emperor in just a little over a year . After this oath, Classicus tried to lure Munius Lupercus and his garrison at X ... more details
and Imperial Power. The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire . Amsterdam Archaeological Studies ... Scheldt delta Rhine Maas delta were the Batavians , a similarly new formation, apparently made up of in coming ... Power. The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire . Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 10. Amsterdam ... more details
write about them. The tribes shown in the map on the right A. Frisii , B. Canninefates , C. Batavians ... Pullum . Batavians Image Veen02.jpg thumb 300px Throughout Dutch history, but especially during the Eighty Years War , the Batavians have been romantically portrayed as the heroic ancestors of the Dutch people. The Batavians Defeating the Romans on the Rhine , ca.1613, by Otto van Veen . Image Bataafseeed.jpg ... against the ancient Rome Romans in 69. Main Batavi Germanic tribe Revolt of the Batavi The Batavians ... era. Since at least the 17th century the Dutch have identified with the rebellious Batavians, seeing ... area. They took on the name of the people already living there the Batavians . ref name Lendering The relationship between the Romans and the Batavians was generally quite good. Many Batavians even served in the Ala Roman military Roman cavalry . The Batavians were regarded as loyal and courageous soldiers by the Romans ref Roymans, Nico, Ethnic Identity and Imperial Power The Batavians ... in Elst Overbetuwe Elst , dedicated to local gods. Trade between the Batavians and the Romans also flourished. However, the Batavians rose against the Romans in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD ... of the rebellion was that the Romans had taken young Batavians as slaves . A number of Roman castella were attacked and burnt. Other Roman soldiers in Xanten and elsewhere and auxiliary troops of Batavians ... by Petilius Cerialis eventually defeated the Batavians and negotiated surrender with Gaius Julius ... was probably called Batavodurum by the Batavians. ref http classics.mit.edu Tacitus histories.html Historiae , Tacitus, 109 AD, Translated by Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb. ref The Batavians ... and 18th centuries saw the rebellion of the independent and freedom loving Batavians as mirroring ..., the Batavians were the true forefathers of the Dutch, which explains the recurring use of the name ... , Chatti , Chattuarii , Ampsivarii , Tencteri , Ubii , Batavians Batavi and the Tungri , who inhabited ... more details
, Marsacii , Sturii , Canninefates and Batavians . The Batavians had their own civitas within ... in the modern Netherlands were the Batavians and Frisiavones and possibly still some of the Menapii ... the Cugerni , thought to be a part of the Sugambri , and the Batavians , thought to descend from the Chatti ... Power. The Batavians in the Early Roman Empire publisher Amsterdam Archaeological Studies 10 year 2004 ... more details
Infobox Roman emperor name Allectus full name title Roman emperor Emperor of the Britannic Empire image Quinarius Allectus galley RIC 0128.2.jpg caption Allectus on a coin, with a br galley on the reverse. reign 293 6 predecessor Carausius successor None spouse 1 spouse 2 issue dynasty father mother birth date birth place death date 296 death place Roman Britain Britain place of burial Allectus died 296 was a Roman Empire Roman Roman usurper usurper Roman emperors emperor in Roman Britain Britain and northern Gaul from 293 to 296. ref name DGRBM cite encyclopedia last Schmitz first Leonhard authorlink Leonhard Schmitz title Allectus editor William Smith lexicographer William Smith encyclopedia Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology volume 1 pages 132 publisher Little, Brown and Company location Boston year 1867 url http quod.lib.umich.edu cgi t text pageviewer idx?c moa cc moa idno acl3129.0001.001 q1 demosthenes size l frm frameset seq 147 ref History Allectus was treasurer to Carausius , a Menapii Menapian officer in the Roman navy who had seized power in Britain and northern Gaul in 286. In 293 Carausius was isolated when the western Caesar title Caesar , Constantius Chlorus , retook some of his Gallic territories, particularly the crucial port of Bononia modern Boulogne sur Mer Boulogne , and defeated his Franks Frankish allies in Batavians Batavia . Allectus assassinated Carausius and assumed command himself. File Constantius I capturing London after defeating Allectus Beaurains hoard.jpg 150px thumb left Medal of Constantius Chlorus Constantius I capturing London inscribed as LON after defeating Allectus. Beaurains hoard. His reign has left little record, although his coin issues display a similar distribution to those of Carausius. They are found in north western Gaul, indicating that the recapture of Bononia did not spell the end of the rebel empire on that side of the English Channel . ref Sheppard Frere , Britannia A History of Roman Britain ... more details
File Toxandria 919 1125.jpg thumb 250px Toxandria in a map of Central Europe 919 1125 . The Toxandri or Texuandri , Taxandri , Toxandrians etc. were a Germanic tribe who settled in the modern Campine Dutch language Dutch Kempen region of Netherlands and Flanders . The location of the tribe was described roughly by Pliny the Elder Plinius in his Naturalis Historia . He also said that they go by several names. ref Pliny the Elder. The Natural History eds. John Bostock physician John Bostock , H. T. Riley , Esq., B.A. 1855 Book IV. An account of countries, nations, seas, towns, havens, mountains, rivers, distances, and peoples who now exist of formerly existed. Chap. 31. 17. Gallia Belgica. http www.perseus.tufts.edu cgi bin ptext?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.02.0137&query head 3D 23180 ref Their name is also preserved in modern placenames such as Tessenderlo . ref Citation last Gysseling first Maurits url http www.wulfila.be tw facsimile ?page 956 year 1960 title Toponymisch Woordenboek van Belgi , Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord Frankrijk en West Duitsland ref The name first appears during the first centuries AD, when the area had become part of the Roman empire . They lived in the northern part of the area of the Civitas Tungrorum , a part of the Roman province of Germania Inferior . They were therefore either a part of the Tungri tribe, or possibly subject to them. The modern town of Tongerlo , named after the Tungri, is very close to Tessenderlo, but actually further from the city of the Tungri which is modern Tongeren . The Toxandri may have been made up of Germanic immigrants from the east of the Rhine, settling Roman territory, as certainly happened closer to the Rhine for example the Ubii to the east near Cologne , the Cugerni to the northeast near Xanten , and the Batavians directly to the north of the Toxandri, in the Rhine Meuse Scheldt delta Rhine Meuse delta . On the other hand, while Germanic immigration is thought to have affected this whole area, it is someti ... more details
refimprove date July 2011 File Dacian Scale Armour.JPG thumb right Dacia Dacian scale armour on Trajan s column . Scale armour is an early form of armour sometimes erroneously called scale mail consisting of many individual small armour scales plates of various shapes attached to each other and to a backing of cloth or leather in overlapping rows. ref http books.google.com books?id ffG5hnLTtGMC&pg PP31&dq Lorica squamata is a type of scale armour&hl en&sa X&ei oA VT6 BBo22twfu3 C2Cw&ved 0CFAQ6AEwBA v onepage&q Lorica 20squamata 20is 20a 20type 20of 20scale 20armour&f false Armed Batavians Use and Significance of Weaponry and Horse Gear from Non military Contexts in the Rhine Delta 50 Bc to Ad 450 , Author Johan Nicolay, Publisher Amsterdam University Press, 2008, ISBN 9053562532, 9789053562536 ref Scale armour was worn by warriors of many different cultures as well as their horses. The material used to make the scales varied and included bronze , iron , rawhide textile rawhide , leather , boiled leather cuir bouilli and Horn anatomy horn . The variations are primarily the result of material availability. Types of scale armours Scale armour is armour in which the individual scales are sewn or laced to a backing by one or more edges and arranged in overlapping rows resembling the scales of a fish reptile or roofing tiles. ref http books.google.com books?id 7Sk4AAAAYAAJ&pg PA258&dq lamina armor&hl en&sa X&ei Qx ST KbG4uk8ASn aSTBA&sqi 2&ved 0CDYQ6AEwAA v onepage&q lamina 20armor&f false, Publication Anthropological series, Volume 13 , Field Museum of Natural History 1909 , Author Field Museum of Natural History, Publisher The Museum, 1913, Original from Harvard University P.258 ref Lorica squamata is an ancient Roman armour of this type ref http books.google.com books?id ffG5hnLTtGMC&pg PP31&dq Lorica squamata is a type of scale armour&hl en&sa X&ei oA VT6 BBo22twfu3 C2Cw&ved 0CFAQ6AEwBA v onepage&q Lorica 20squamata 20is 20a 20type 20of 20scale 20armour&f false Armed ... more details
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