unreferenced date December 2009 A beneficiary also, in trust law , cestui que use in the broadest sense is a natural person or other legal entity who receives money or other Employee benefit benefit s from a benefactor law benefactor . For example The beneficiary of a life insurance policy, is the person who receives the payment of the amount of insurance after the death of the insured. The beneficiaries of a trust property trust are the persons with equitable ownership of the trust assets, although legal title is held by the trustee . The term can also be described as an inheritance used in the context for the party heir or heiress receiving the property related thereto. Beneficiaries in other contexts are known by other names for example, the beneficiaries of a will law will are called devisees or legatee s according to local custom. Most beneficiaries, may be designed to designate where the assets will go once the owner s ceases to exist. However, if the primary beneficiary or beneficiaries are not alive or do not qualify under the restrictions, then the assets will probably pass to the contingent beneficiaries . Other restrictions such as being married or more creative ones can be used by a benefactor to attempt to control the behavior of the beneficiaries. Some situations such as retirement accounts do not allow any restrictions beyond death of the primary beneficiaries, but trusts allow any restrictions that are not illegal or for an illegal purpose. The concept of a beneficiary will also frequently figure in contracts other than insurance policies. A third party beneficiary of a contract is a person whom the parties intend to benefit from its provisions but who is not a party ... relief . Some publications and speakers improperly use the term beneficiary to refer to an organization ... is inspired by the principle, accurate in other contexts, that the entity that receives a donation is the beneficiary ..., formal recipient. See also Beneficiary trust Estate planning Inheritance Birth certificate Legal ... more details
Cestui que use redirects here. See also, Cestui que . globalize UK date December 2010 In trust law , a beneficiary or cestui que use , a.k.a. cestui que trust , is the person or persons who are entitled to the benefit of any trust arrangement. A beneficiary will normally be a natural person , but it is perfectly possible to have a company law company as the beneficiary of a trust, and this often happens in sophisticated commercial transaction structures. ref See for example Quistclose trust Quistclose trusts and orphan structure s, both of which commonly involve non human beneficiaries of trusts. ref With the exception of charitable trust s, and some specific anomalous purpose trust non charitable purpose trust s, all trusts are required to have ascertainable beneficiaries. Generally speaking, there are no strictures as to who may be a beneficiary of a trust a beneficiary can be a minor, or under a mental disability in fact many trusts are created specifically for persons with those legal disadvantages . It is also possible to have trusts for unborn children, although the trusts must ... The nature of a beneficiary s interest in the trust fund varies according to the type of trust. In the case of a fixed trust, the beneficiary s interest is proprietary they are the owners of an equitable ... 553 it was argued that because a beneficiary might receive all the income, he should be treated as being ... held that it could not be said that any individual beneficiary under a discretionary trust was entitled ... beneficiary, this is still a species of property that can be dealt with, much in the same was as a contingent ... trust, the beneficiary may renounce his position as a class member see Re Gulbenkian s Settlement ... the trustees to transfer absolute legal title to the trust assets to the beneficiaries. See also BeneficiaryBeneficiary general Trust law Trustee Settlor Cestui que Birth certificate Legal fiction Footnotes Reflist DEFAULTSORT Beneficiary Trust Category Equity Category Wills and trusts ru ... more details
contingent contract a contingent contract is one in which a promise is conditional and the contract shall be performed only on the happening of some future uncertain events In the context of an insurance policy, the condition is generally the death of the insurance contract holder, who is regarded as the primary beneficiary ref Morris, Virginia Morris, Kenneth. http books.google.com books?id uwF3Iy7psCEC&pg PA41 Standard & Poor s dictionary of financial terms . Lightbulb Press, Inc., 2007, p. 41. ref . References Reflist finance stub Category Wills and trusts Category Inheritance ... more details
The beneficiary principle is a policy of English trusts law , and trusts in Commonwealth jurisdictions that trusts which do not have Charitable organization charitable objects, as under the UK Charities Act 2006 sections 2 and 3, and also do not make the trust property available for the benefit of defined people ie beneficiaries are void. Law In Morice v Bishop of Durham it was said every non charitable trust must have a definite object. There must be someone in whose favour the court can decree performance. ref 1804 9 Ves Jr 399 ref With a charitable trust, this power of enforcement is usually vested in the Attorney General . However, such conceptual objections seem less strong since the decision of the Judicial functions of the House of Lords House of Lords in McPhail v Doulton 1971 AC 424 where Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce Lord Wilberforce rode roughshod over objections to widening the class of valid discretionary trust s on the basis that there would be difficulty ascertaining beneficiaries for the court to enforce the trust in favour of. Where the objects of a trust are a purpose rather than an individual or individuals, there is much greater risk that a trust would not be enforceable due to lack of certainty. Cases such as Morice v Bishop of Durham 1804 9 Ves Jr 399 and Re Astor 1952 Ch 534 re affirm the court s disinclination to enforce trusts that are not specific and detailed. It is noteworthy that the common law exceptions to the general prohibition on purposes trusts tend to relate to specific and detailed matters, such as maintenance of a specific tomb, or caring for a particular animal. United States In various jurisdictions in the United States, the beneficiary principle has been abolished, so that a trust can be for a purpose, even if it is not charitable, and the courts will enforce it. See also English trusts law Notes refs 2 References Category Trusts and wills Category English trusts law ... more details
Contract law A third party beneficiary , in the law of contract s, is a person who may have the right ... beneficiary of the contract, as opposed to an incidental beneficiary penitus extraneus . It vests ... the object of the contract was to benefit the third party s interests and the third party beneficiary ... of creating an opportunity for C third party beneficiary to acquire a benefit, conditional ... distinct rule, the intended beneficiary of a third party contract does not need to be in existence ... party beneficiary must be named or referred to, or is a member of a distinct class referred .... Acceptance A third party beneficiary only acquires a right of action to enforce his benefit once ..., however, prior to formal acceptance of the benefit, the third party beneficiary only ... Zimmermann Edinburgh Edinburgh UP, 2006 , 215 6. ref Intended vs. incidental beneficiary In order for a third party beneficiary to have any rights under the contract, he must be an intended beneficiary , as opposed to an incidental beneficiary . The burden is on the third party to plead and prove that he was indeed an intended beneficiary. Incidental beneficiary An incidental beneficiary is a party ... that house painter has an excellent reputation, then the house painter is an incidental beneficiary ..., General Motors would have no grounds upon which to recover for the lost sale. Intended beneficiary The distinction that creates an intended beneficiary is that one party called the promisee makes an agreement ... s agreement to provide some product, service, or support to the third party beneficiary named ..., then Charlie is still considered to be the intended beneficiary of that contract. This would be illegal ... common situations in which the intended beneficiary relationship is created One is the creditor beneficiary , which is created where Andrew owes some debt to Charlie, and Andrew agrees to provide ... owed. The other is the donee beneficiary , which is created where Andrew wishes to make a gift to Charlie ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 A voluntary employees beneficiary association VEBA is a form of Trust law trust fund permitted under United States American tax law whose sole purpose must be to provide employee benefit s. ref name Hopkins Hopkins, Bruce R. The Law of Tax Exempt Organizations. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley, 2007, p. 490. ref Among the types of benefits with a VEBA may provide are Accidental death and dismemberment insurance accident insurance benefits , childcare costs, employee continuing education , the cost of legal services, life insurance benefits, Severance package severance pay , supplemental unemployment benefits , sick leave pay, training benefits, and vacation pay. ref name Hopkins ref name Rattiner Rattiner, Jeffrey H. Financial Planning Answer Book 2009. CCH Inc., 2008, p. 3 37. ref A VEBA cannot, however, provide Employer transportation benefits in the United States commuter benefits , miscellaneous Employee benefit fringe benefits , or Pension retiree income . ref name Rattiner The plan may pay benefits to employees, their Dependant dependents , or their designated Beneficiary beneficiaries , or to Disability disabled , Layoff laid off , or Retirement retired former employees. ref name Hopkins ref name Rattiner The organization must also meet the following additional requirements It must be a voluntary association of employees ref name Rattiner . Substantially all of its operations are for the purpose of providing benefits Its earnings may not benefit of any private individual, organization, or shareholder other than through the payment of benefits ref Hopkins, Bruce R. The Law of Tax Exempt Organizations. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley, 2007, p. 492 493. ref It must be controlled by its members, in whole or part by their trustee s, or by an independent trustee and ref Hopkins, Bruce R. The Law of Tax Exempt Organizations. Hoboken, N.J. Wiley, 2007, p. 491. ref It must ... pub irs tege eotopicf84.pdf Selected Problems of Voluntary Employees Beneficiary Associations VEBAs ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Wills, trusts, estates A beach bum trust provision , in the law of Trust property trusts , ties the ability of a beneficiary trust trust beneficiary to take from the trust to the beneficiary s own earnings. Such a provision serves to prevent a beneficiary from lazily living off the trust funds i.e. a beach bum . If the beneficiary earns no income, then he reaps nothing from the trust. DEFAULTSORT Beach Bum Trust Provision Category Wills and trusts Law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Banking An advising bank also known as a notifying bank advises a beneficiary exporter that a letter of credit L C opened by an letter of credit issuing bank for an letter of credit applicant importer is available. Advising Bank s responsibility is to authenticate the letter of credit issued by the issuer to avoid fraud. The advising bank is not necessarily responsible for the payment of the credit which it advises the beneficiary of. The advising bank is usually located in the beneficiary s country. It can be 1 a branch office of the issuing bank or a correspondent bank, or 2 a bank appointed by the beneficiary. Important point is the beneficiary has to be comfortable with the advising bank. In case 1 , the issuing bank most often sends the L C through its branch office or correspondent bank to avoid fraud. The branch office or the correspondent bank maintains specimen signature s on file where it may counter check the signature s on the L C, and it has a coding system a secret test key to distinguish a genuine L C from a fraudulent one authentication . In case 2 , the beneficiary can request the applicant to specify his her bank the beneficiary s bank as the advising bank in an L C application. In many countries, this is beneficial to the beneficiary, who may avail the reduced bank charges and fees because of special relationships with the bank. Under normal circumstances, advising charges is standard and minimal. In addition, it is more convenient to deal with the beneficiary s own bank over a bank with which the beneficiary does not maintain an account. DEFAULTSORT Advising Bank Category Banks ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Hutchens v Stout case citation 79 N.C. App. 292, 339 S.E.2d 103 was a case before the North Carolina Court of Appeals in 1986. Facts The beneficiary trust beneficiary of a charitable trust was on Social security welfare . The government wanted to force the trustee to make distributions to the beneficiary which would cut the beneficiary s welfare and save the government money . However, since the trustee had absolute discretion, the trustee could choose not to make a distribution to the beneficiary. Note Recent legislation makes it easier for the government to compel the trustee to make a distribution Citation needed date July 2010 . Source Bogert, Law of Trusts , 7th edition Category North Carolina state case law ... more details
Wills, trusts, estates A bare trust sometimes referred to as a simple trust is a trust law trust in which the beneficiary trust beneficiary has a right to both income and capital and may call for both to be remitted into his own name. ref cite web url http www.hmrc.gov.uk trusts types bare.htm title Bare trusts publisher HM Revenue & Customs , UK accessdate April 12, 2012 ref The beneficiary is also entitled to take actual ownership and control of the trust property . Although there are trustee s, they are only effectively nominees and must act according to the beneficiary s instructions. References reflist Category Equity Category Wills and trusts law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A Charitable Remainder Annuity Trust , is a Planned Giving vehicle that entails a donor placing a major gift of cash or property into a trust. The trust then pays a fixed amount of income each year to the donor or the donor s specified beneficiary trust beneficiary . When the donor dies, the remainder of the trust is transferred to the charity. Charitable trusts such as a CRAT require a trustee . Sometimes the charity is named as trustee, other times it is a third party such as an Lawyer attorney , a bank or a financial advisor . Charity Category Charitable organizations ... more details
Wills, trusts, estates An interest in possession Trust law trust is a form of legal arrangement which gives a person a present right to the present enjoyment of something . ref Viscount Dilhorne in Pearson v IRC 1980 STC 318 at 323 ref At least one of the beneficiary beneficiaries of this type of trust will have the right to receive the income generated by the trust if trust funds are invested or the right to enjoy the trust assets for the present time in another way, for example by living in a property owned by the trustees. The beneficiary with the right to enjoy the trust property for the time being is said to have an interest in possession and is colloquially described though not always strictly accurately as an income beneficiary. A trust can give the interest in possession to a beneficiary for a fixed period, for an indefinite period or, more usually, for the rest of the beneficiary s life. Such a life interest trust is the most common example of an interest in possession trust . In the example of a life interest trust, the interest in possession ends when the income beneficiary, also called the life tenant , dies. The Capital economics capital of the trust will then pass to another beneficiary or more than one . Where a charity has the right to income under a trust, it will also have an interest in possession, but this will clearly not be a life interest trust an example would be a trust under which an art gallery has the right to display works owned by the trustees for a certain period. Either the Will law will or Trust law trust deed establishing the trust, or the general law, will set out how tax and trustee trustees expenses will be divided between the income beneficiary and the capital of the trust. Trustee investment policies will also allow emphasis on either present income which may reduce the real value of the capital or capital growth increasing income in the long term and capital remaining when the interest in possession is terminated or a balance. ... more details
Wills, trusts, estates A residuary estate , in the law of will law wills , is any portion of the testator s estate that is not specifically devised to someone in the will, or any property that is part of such a specific devise that fails. http www.nolo.com definition.cfm Term DB9F6C78 01F8 4A95 8B7DC729C0CEE3D4 alpha R http definitions.uslegal.com w wills residuary estate It is also known as a residual estate or simply residue . The will may identify the taker of the residuary estate through a residuary clause or residuary bequest . The person identified in such a clause is called the residuary taker , residuary beneficiary , or residuary legatee . If no such clause is present, however, the residuary estate will pass to the testator s heirs by intestacy . At common law, if the residuary estate was divided between two or more beneficiaries, and one of those beneficiaries was unable to take, the share that would have gone to that beneficiary would instead pass by intestacy, under the doctrine that there was no residuary of a residuary . The modern rule, however, is that the failure of a residuary gift to one beneficiary causes that beneficiary s share to be divided among the remaining residuary takers. Unreferenced date November 2007 Category Wills and trusts law term stub ko ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 Wills, trusts, estates An honorary trust , under the law of trust property trusts , is a device by which a person establishes a trust for which there is neither a charitable trust charitable purpose , nor a private beneficiary trust beneficiary to enforce the trust. While such a trust would normally be void law void for lack of a beneficiary, many jurisdictions have carved out two specific exceptions to this rule trusts for the care of that person s pet s and trusts to provide for the maintenance of cemetery plots. The name of the device derives from the lack of any beneficiary legally capable of enforcing an honorary trust the trustee is bound by honor , but not by law, to carry out the wishes of the creator of the trust. Like many states, New York has only recently allowed such trusts by statute . See also Purpose trust Category Wills and trusts law term stub ... more details
Lucky Dog may refer to The Lucky Dog , the first film to include both Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy Lucky Dog , a 2004 play by Leo Butler Lucky dog, a rule in motorsport also known as the Beneficiary rule disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A Henson trust sometimes called an absolute discretionary trust , in Canada Canadian law, is a type of trust designed to benefit disability disabled persons. Specifically, it protects the assets typically an inheritance of the disabled person, as well as the right to collect government benefits and entitlements. The key provision of a Henson trust is that the trustee has absolute discretion in determining whether to use the trust asset s to provide assistance to the beneficiary trust beneficiary , and in what quantity. This provision means that the assets do not vesting vest with the beneficiary and thus cannot be used to deny means test means tested government benefits. An example of such a benefit is the Ontario Disability Support Program . In addition, the trust may provide income tax relief by being taxed at a lower marginal rate than if the beneficiary s total assets were considered. However if the trust was established for a person with a disability in Canada, who has qualified for the Disability Tax Credit the trustees can use the Preferred Beneficiary election and attribute the trust income to the beneficiary of the trust without actually paying it out. The trust beneficiary would file a tax return as if they earned the trust income. The trust beneficiary would use their personal exemptions and tax credits to reduce their taxable income. It can also be used to shield assets from matrimonial division in case of divorce of the beneficiary. In most cases, the trust assets are immune from claims by creditors of the beneficiary. The Henson trust was first used in Ontario in the late 1980s. It became of wider interest when the Supreme Court of Ontario ruled in 1989 that the trust assets were not vested in the beneficiary and thus could not be used to terminate government benefit programs. A Henson trust can be established as either a living trust , or a will law testamentary trust. The case Leonard Henson of Guelph , Ontario had set up an ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Wills, trusts, estates The Protective Trust is a form of settlement found in England and Wales and several Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth countries. It has marked similarities to asset protection trusts found in several offshore jurisdictions and US Spendthrift trust s. In such a trust assets are ordinarily held to pay an income to the beneficiary trust beneficiary . The beneficiary may also have access to capital of the trust with the trustee s permission. The right to receive income from a trust would ordinarily be an asset in the hands of the beneficiary and could be sold, thwarting the intention of the donor to spread the gift over the recipient s lifetime. Additionally on a bankruptcy the right to the income would be sold by the beneficiary s trustee in bankruptcy. To give protection to beneficiaries, a protective trust automatically converts into a discretionary trust , under which the beneficiary has no right to the income, if he or she does anything which breaches a condition specified in the document creating the trust. The establishment of this discretionary trust is ordinarily exempt from the charge to UK inheritance tax on the establishment of discretionary trusts. Such protective trusts have a longstanding history. To reduce the verbose definitions that had previously to be recited in the establishing documents of a protective trust, in England and Wales s33 of the Trustee Act 1925 and equivalent legislation in other jurisdictions provides that this protection will arise in any trust described as a protective trust in its trust deed. Protective trusts are subject to challenge under creditor protection legislation as are any other forms of asset protection. However many jurisdictions do not permit a trust to be broken where a debtor who remains a discretionary beneficiary only under a trust and cannot access the fund without the exercise of the trustees discretion in his fav ... more details
beneficiary is absolutely entitled to the income and capital. No tax on the trustees. Beneficiary taxed ... of the beneficiary concerned, who must be absolutely entitled on or before age ... accumulation and maintenance trust, or in the will of the parent of the beneficiary concerned ... property trust see below upon the beneficiary attaining 18 therefore a maximum exit charge of 7 10ths of 6 4.2 where the beneficiary becomes entitled at 25 . Immediate post death interest. An interest ... treatment see below . Spouse exemption available if the interest in possession beneficiary ... beneficiary is a spouse or civil partner of the previous interest in possession beneficiary. Disabled trust. Certain trusts for the benefit of a beneficiary with a disability. Interest in possession ... trust treatment see below . NOTES An interest in possession means that a specific beneficiary has ... usually by Trust law Terminology appointment to a beneficiary. Simplifying a little, the rate of IHT ... it applies, such trusts are taxed by attributing the trust s value to the beneficiary who is currently ..., when created by will. A spouse exemption is available where the interest in possession beneficiary ... is taxed at death rates upon the death of the interest in possession beneficiary. It aggregates with that beneficiary ... Kingdom PET where the beneficiary s right to receive income ceases in his or her lifetime. Source ... more details
, specifically. If the anti lapse statute does indeed apply, then the issue of the deceased beneficiary will inherit whatever was willed to the beneficiary. The testator can prevent the operation of an anti lapse statute by providing that the gift will only go to the named beneficiary if that beneficiary ... a beneficiary was intended to inherit part of the residuary estate who predeceases the testator, and that beneficiary is not covered by the anti lapse statute, then that beneficiary s inheritance ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Wills, trusts, estates Satisfaction of legacies is a common law doctrine that affects the disposition of property under a will law will . Under the doctrine, any gift that the maker of the will the testator gives during his lifetime to a named beneficiary of the will is presumptively treated as a satisfaction of that beneficiary s inheritance. After the death of the testator, the amount of the gift would then be deducted from the amount that the beneficiary would otherwise have received, even if it operates to entirely cancel out the inheritance. The presumption applies only when the gift is made after the will has already been executed. Many jurisdictions have repealed the satisfaction of legacies doctrine by statute. Even in those jurisdictions, however, a gift may still be treated as a satisfaction of legacy if such an intention is expressed in a written document made close to the time of the gift and signed by either the testator or the beneficiary. Jurisdictions that have enacted such a statute include Virginia . A similar common law doctrine operates regarding inheritance by intestacy i.e., without a will such a gift is then called an Advancement inheritance advancement . The concepts work similarly, but are independent of one another jurisdictions that have repealed the doctrine of satisfaction of legacies may still have the traditional doctrine of advancement in place. This may be because the law presumes that a person who was possessed of enough sophistication to make a will would know how to amend that will or otherwise document their desire that the gift be deemed satisfied. DEFAULTSORT Satisfaction Of Legacies Category Wills and trusts Category Common law rules ... more details
trust agreement for the benefit of another party known as the beneficiary trust beneficiary . Trusts can be used as a vehicle to make assets available to a beneficiary but still significantly restrict ... assets of a beneficiary and still qualify the beneficiary for governmental benefits. Prior to the enactment ... the trustee to pay only for the support needs of the settlor beneficiary which the government did not pay. The trust was not for the unrestricted, general support of the beneficiary which is typical ... after August 11, 1993 will be treated as an available asset which can disqualify the settlor beneficiary ... distinction should be made when analyzing Medicaid trusts. Trusts created by the disabled beneficiary or a third party with legal authority over the disabled beneficiary with the disabled person s own ... beneficiary s own assets created after August 11, 1993 are countable resources for Medicaid. The Medicaid ... a quality of life for the Medicaid beneficiary. Assets can be held in the trust and used to pay for the beneficiary s special or supplemental needs which the government does not provide, while ... out to be costly, then upon the death of the beneficiary, there is a chance that assets may be preserved ... with the beneficiary s assets. The Miller trust can be named as recipient of the individual ... Individual s Trust , upon the death of the beneficiary, the State Medicaid agency must be paid ... beneficiary. All accounts are pooled for investment and management purposes. The trust or more accurately ... full control over their assets. A third party the beneficiary and trustee are the first and second ... which are created by a third party with the third party s own assets to benefit a beneficiary who ... as an asset available to the beneficiary receiving Supplemental Security Income SSI and or Medicaid benefits. Such a trust must be created by a party other than the SSI Medicaid beneficiary, must not receive any assets belonging to the beneficiary, and must be restricted not accessible or available ... more details
William Brantingham died 1548 was seneschal of the prior of Durham in 1536 1537. William Brantingham or William de Brantingham may also refer to William Brantingham MP for Surrey UK Parliament constituency William de Brantingham , a 14th century knight and clergyman William Brantingham, a beneficiary of the will of Thomas Sparke Bishop of Berwick Thomas Sparke , Bishop of Berwick Hndis name Brantingham, William ... more details
An Energy Performance Investment is a funding solution that enables entities the end beneficiary to acquire Energy conservation measure Energy Conservation Measures ECM via a third party investor and pay for them from the financial value of the proven energy savings achieved using a pay as you save mechanism. This investment model is similar in principle to an Energy Performance Contract EPC but with the exception that no guarantees are made as to the level of energy savings. Instead under the EPI the financial value of the proven and verified energy savings from the invested solution are shared between the end beneficiary and the investor at a predefined ratio. The third party investment is not a loan or a lease. One of the key benefits of the EPI investment mechanism to the end beneficiary is that they only pay a proportion of the value achieved resulting in a reduction in their energy costs. Should no financial saving be achieved then the end beneficiary has nothing to pay i.e. they make no capital investment and will never be worse off. Typically the measurement of the financial savings achieved is performed by a party unrelated to all other parties involved in the arrangement in order to ensure independence. The first EPI was performed by Decarbon Limited in 2012. ref cite web title David Lloyd Leisure raises the bar in energy saving url http www.edie.net news news story.asp?id 21998&title David Lloyd Leisure raises the bar in energy saving publisher edie Energy ref See also Energy law Energy management References references energy stub Category Energy conservation ... more details
In the law of Trust law USA trusts the term doctrine of merger refers to the fusing of legal and equitable title in the event the same person becomes both the sole trustee and the sole beneficiary of a trust. In such a case, the trust is sometimes deemed to have terminated with the result that the beneficiary owns the trust property outright . ref See R. Wellman, L. Waggoner & O. Browder, Palmer s Cases and Materials on Trusts and Succession 489 4th ed. 1983 . ref References reflist See also Merger doctrine civil procedure Merger doctrine family law Merger doctrine property law DEFAULTSORT Merger Doctrine Trust Law Category Legal doctrines and principles Category Wills and trusts law term stub ... more details
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