A berm is a level space, shelf, or raised barrier separating two areas. The word berm originates in the Middle Dutch and German berme and came into usage in English via French. ref name oed cite book year 1989 title Oxford English Dictionary publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford, England ref File Ragoeser damm 2.jpg thumb Embankment dam with two berms Military use History In medieval military engineer ing, a berm or berme was a level space between a parapet or defensive wall and an adjacent steep walled ditch fortification ditch or moat . ref name oed It was intended to reduce soil pressure on the walls of the excavated part to prevent its collapse. It also meant that debris dislodged from fortifications would not fall into and fill a ditch or moat . In the trench warfare of World ... rest for riflemen . Modern usage In modern military engineering, berm has come to mean the earthen ... the soil from which the berm is constructed. Walls constructed in this manner are an effective obstacle .... publisher Cnn.com date 2010 06 03 accessdate 2010 06 23 ref Uses in other applications Berm has been ... in modern highway construction, a berm is a noise barrier constructed of earth, often landscaped ... , a berm is a wall of snow built up in a corner. ref cite web author Pro Snowboarder url http expn.go.com ... 2010 06 23 ref In Mountain biking , a berm is a banked turn formed by soil, commonly dug from the track, being deposited on the outer rim of the turn. In Flat coast Berm coastal systems, a berm is a raised ..., a berm or windrow refers to the linear accumulation of snow cast aside by a Snowplow plow . ref http ... of Snow and Ice Control Terms ref In open pit mining , a berm refers to dirt and Rock geology rock ... are common around military and nuclear facilities. An example is the berm proposed for Vermont Yankee ... architectural elements Category Snow removal cs Berma da Berme de Berme et Berm es Berma eu Berma fr Risberme io Bermo it Berma nl Berm nds nl Baarm ja pl Berm uk ... more details
A bell barrow , sometimes referred to as a Wessex type barrow , campanulate form barrow , or a bermed barrow is a type of tumulus identified as such by both John Aubrey and William Stukeley . Image Heywood sumner bell barrow.png thumb right Section and plan of a bell barrow with a narrow berm In the United Kingdom they take the form of a circular mound or mounds within a circular ditch, the mounds being separated from the ditch and each other by a berm . There is sometimes present an additional bank, external to the ditch. The ditch is typically the source of the material used to create the mound and is therefore described as a quarry ditch . A burial pit beneath the mound usually contains human remains, sometimes cremated, sometimes simply interred. Grave goods such as daggers or pottery vessels are commonly found within the burial pit also. An example at Sutton Veny included a bronze age wooden coffin. ref http www.magic.gov.uk rsm 12347.pdf Extract from English Heritage s Record of Scheduled Monuments Bell barrow 350m north of Haydon Farm, Sutton Veny ref The bell barrow Milton Lilbourne 2 in Wiltshire has no burial associated with it. ref http www.pastscape.org.uk hob.aspx?hob id 918833 English Heritage National Monuments Record Monument No. 918833 ref Most bell barrows in the United Kingdom date to the early Bronze Age . Leslie Grinsell constructed a Typology archaeology typology for bell barrows Type Ia A single mound with a narrow berm Type Ib A single mound with a normal berm Type Ic A single mound with a wide berm Type II Two mounds Type III Three mounds Type IV Four mounds See also Devil s Humps, Stoughton Devil s Jumps, Treyford References references External links http www.eng h.gov.uk mpp mcd bell.htm Bell Barrows monument class description Category Bronze Age Britain Category Monument types Category Barrows UK archaeology stub es T mulo en campana ... more details
Wainono Lagoon is a shallow lake in the southern Canterbury, New Zealand Canterbury region of New Zealand s South Island . ref LINZ 15794 22 October 2007 ref A number of rivers flow into the lagoon, including the Hook River from the north and the Waihao River from the south. Nearby settlements include Hook, New Zealand Hook and Studholme , with the town of Waimate approximately eight kilometres west. Although it is within metres of the Pacific Ocean , the Wainono Lagoon is fresh water and separated from the sea by a gravel berm . Tests have revealed that the level of the lagoon does not fluctuate with the tide and its level of salinity is low. Fresh water, however, seeps from the lagoon into the sea. ref Derek Goring, http www.tideman.co.nz DGGWainono.htm Seepage Through the Wainono Lagoon Gravel Berm , accessed 22 October 2007. ref The Department of Conservation New Zealand Department of Conservation DOC has established the Wainono Lagoon Conservation Area to protect the natural environment of the lagoon. The Waitangi Tribunal in 1995 directed DOC to develop the lagoon as a traditional fishery resource with the Ng i Tahu . ref http www.bennion.co.nz mlr 1995 may.html The Ngai Tahu Ancillary Claims Report 1995 , Maori Law Review May 1995 , accessed 22 October 2007. ref References reflist coord 44 42 S 171 09 E display title region NZ type waterbody source GNS enwiki Category Geography of the Canterbury Region Category Lagoons of New Zealand Canterbury geo stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Overwash is the flow of water and sediment over the crest of the beach that does not directly return to the water body such as ocean, sea, bay or lake hereafter, ocean where it originated after water level fluctuations return to normal. There are two kinds of overwash overwash by runup and overwash by inundation . In the fields of coastal geology and geomorphology, overwash refers to a landward flux of sediment due to overtopping of a dune system. Washover is the sediment deposited inland of a beach by overwash. Washover can be deposited onto the berm crest or as far as the back barrier bay , estuary , or lagoon . Category Geology Geology stub ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Shadow Lake Dam is a dam on Nut Swamp Brook in Monmouth County, New Jersey . Built in 1931, it has a length of convert 600 ft m and is convert 16 ft m high. The dam impounds Shadow Lake. It has a main overflow spillway , an earthfill berm and an emergency spillway on the right. It has a discharge capacity of 1,912 cubic feet per second. Hubbard Road County Route 12 Monmouth County, New Jersey County Route 12 crosses over its crest. References http findlakes.com shadow lake new jersey nj00090.htm Shadow Lake coord 40.3530 74.0852 region US NJ type landmark display title Category Buildings and structures in Monmouth County, New Jersey NewJersey struct stub US dam stub ... more details
Subdivisions of Western Sahara include the following Wilayah, see provinces of Western Sahara Daerah, see districts of Western Sahara Corresponding Moroccan Regions Image Westernsaharamap.png thumb 300px Three Moroccan regions overlap the territory of Western Sahara Guelmim Es Semara also includes Moroccan territory outside of Western Sahara La youne Boujdour Sakia El Hamra Oued Ed Dahab Lagouira Morocco controls territory to the west of the berm border wall while the Polisario Front controls territory to the east see map on right . Africa topic Subdivisions of Category Geography of Western Sahara ... more details
can form a dune cliff. Berm File TheGulfOfSalerno.jpg thumb The berm where the gravel is no longer ... of sand or a gravel ridge parallel to the shoreline and a few tens of centimetres high, known as the berm . On its landward side there is often a shallow runnel . The berm is formed by material transported ... that can no longer be washed away by the backwash remains behind. The location and size of the berm ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image San Francisco Great Highway& Ocean Beach.jpg thumb 275px The northern end of the Great Highway and Ocean Beach, as seen from Sutro Heights Park The Great Highway is a road in San Francisco that forms the city s western edge along the Pacific Ocean Pacific coast. It runs for approximately Convert 3.5 mi km next to Ocean Beach, San Francisco, California Ocean Beach . Its southern end is at Skyline Boulevard California State Route 35 State Route 35 near Lake Merced it extends to Point Lobos Avenue and the Cliff House at its northern end. The Great Highway also forms the western border of Golden Gate Park . For approximately half its length, from Sloat Boulevard to Lincoln Way, the Great Highway is both an Limited access road expressway and a parallel street. The expressway is built atop a raised berm , which overlays a pre existing wall built to keep the adjacent area clear from frequent encroachment by sand dunes. Also atop the berm is a gravel jogging path and a cement walking bicycling path. The parallel street, also named Great Highway , is immediately adjacent below and to the east of the expressway, with buildings on its east side. The only access to the upper level highway is at each end. There are crosswalk s with traffic light s along this section to allow pedestrian s to reach the beach. The Dutch Windmill is situated in the north western corner of the park near the intersection of Fulton Street and the Great Highway, and the Murphy Windmill sits in the south western corner near Lincoln Way both were built to pump water into Golden Gate Park. The N Judah , a San Francisco Municipal Railway streetcar line , ends at Great Highway and Judah, while the L Taraval , another streetcar line, ends two blocks from Great Highway at Wawona and 46th Avenue. See also 49 Mile Scenic Drive Ocean Beach Public Policy Streets in San Francisco Category Streets in San Francisco, California California road stub ... more details
Geothermal is related to energy and may refer to The geothermal gradient and associated heat flows from within the Earth Renewable technology Earth sheltering , constructing a building into a hill side or Earth berm to reduce heating and cooling requirements Earth cooling tubes , using ambient Earth temperature to cool and dehumidify air Geothermal desalination , the production of fresh water using heat energy extracted from underground rocks Geothermal heating , methods of heating and cooling a building using underground heat Geothermal electricity , electricity generated from naturally occurring geological heat sources Geothermal heat pump , a device used for heating and cooling using the earth as a heat reservoir Direct exchange geothermal heat pump , a method of heating and cooling with the energy of the earth using direct exchange of heat Hot dry rock geothermal energy , Heating water in hot deep rock disambig ca Geot rmia ... more details
In April 2006, Saudi Arabia began to call for tenders to construct a separation barrier in the form of a fence along its border with Iraq in an attempt to prevent the violence in Iraq spilling over into Saudi Arabia. The proposed fence would run for approximately convert 900 km along Saudi Arabia s isolated northern desert border with Iraq. It is part of a larger package of fence building to secure all of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia s 6,500 kilometers of border. It would supplement the existing 7 meter high sand berm that runs along the border, in front of which there is an 8 kilometer stretch of no mans land which is regularly swept smooth so that trespassers can be tracked. See also Separation barrier Saudi Iraqi neutral zone Iraq Saudi Arabia relations External links http www.timesonline.co.uk article 0,,7374 2126835,00.html Times News story http www.cbsnews.com stories 2006 01 18 eveningnews main1218975.shtml CNN News story http www.ft.com cms s 77ec0632 744e 11db 8dd7 0000779e2340.html FT Category Separation barriers Category Iraq Saudi Arabia border ... more details
thumb right 310px Noise barrier earth berm along Highway 12 , Sonoma County , California ... atop an earth berm . Sound abatement walls are commonly constructed using steel, concrete, masonry ..., a major factor is the availability of excess soil in the immediate area which could be used for berm construction. If the soil is present, it is often cheaper to construct an earth berm noise barrier than to haul away the excess dirt, provided there is sufficient land area available for berm construction. Generally a four to one ratio of berm cross sectional width to height is required. Thus, for example, to build a convert 6 ft m adj mid high berm, one needs an available width of convert 24 ft m . Essay date December 2009 Earth berm noise barriers can be constructed solely of excess earth ... nuance of this particular project is that the residential side of the berm is over excavated ... the aesthetic s of the earth berm which blends with scenic elements of the natural hills of Annadel State Park in the background. It may be a surprise to find out this berm is over six feet high, since ... more details
6 months to build. Issues include the length of time necessary to construct miles of berm and the anticipated ... article.cfm?id oil spill may change shape of gulf coast louisiana Slosh and Berm ... of the project by the state, there would be a total of 22 miles of berm. As of October, 2010 opposition ... berm work. A total of 17 million yards of sand had been dredged by November, 2010, 12 million from ... Blog post including photographs of berm erosion lacoastpost.com Category Artificial islands ... more details
designation. The UN calls it simply east of the Berm , and refers to territories under Moroccan control as west of the Berm , thus not giving sanction to the claims of either party. According ... forces face restrictions on their side of the Berm. The MINURSO http www.minurso.unlb.org ceasefire.htm ... Strip BS to the South and East side of the Berm Two convert 30 km mi 0 wide Restricted Areas RA along the Berm. The Buffer Strip is included in the Restricted Area on the POLISARIO side and the Berm ... sides of the Berm are considered calm by peacekeeping standards. Annual demonstrations against ... more details
. small ref name lambiek berm small After Warren s collapse, he would draw for Skorpio and Lancio in Italy ... from the works of Isaac Asimov and Raymond Chandler . small ref name lambiek berm small Sources ... more details
of the Moroccan military berm. Moreover, most of Polisario s army is thought to be concentrated .... The cease fire line corresponds to the route of the weaponized Moroccan Wall the military berm ... more details
File Mcleod tool.jpg thumb 150px right This combination heavy duty rake and hoe tool is named after Ranger Malcolm McLeod. Firefighters use this tool to cut through matted litter and duff and clearing loose surface materials. The McLeod is a wildland firefighting tool with a large hoe like blade on one side and tined blade on the other. It is commonly used in the mountains of the American west . This tool is called a Rake Hoe in Australia and a Streif in the American southwest . ref http www.americantrails.org resources info tools5.html American Trails Retrieved July 15, 2006 ref It was originally intended for raking fire lines with the teeth and for cutting branches and sod with the sharpened hoe edge. The McLeod is useful for removing slough and berm from a trail and tamping or compacting tread. It can also be used to shape a trail s backslope. Because of its shape, the McLeod is an awkward tool to transport and store. Ideally it is carried with the tines pointing toward the ground for safety, with a sheath over the cutting edge. However, the mass distribution makes it difficult to carry in this orientation consistently. ref http www.fs.fed.us r5 stanislaus heritage voices voices25.shtml A1 dead link date June 2011 U.S. Forest Service Heritage Resources Retrieved May 13, 2008 ref See also Driptorch Fire flapper tool Flare pyrotechnic Pulaski tool Fire rake Notes Reflist Category Wildland fire suppression Tool stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Seaman Stadium is a 1,600 seat stadium in Okotoks, Alberta Okotoks , Alberta , Canada with capacity for 2,700 with the grass berm. It is primarily used for baseball , and is the home field of the Okotoks Dawgs List of collegiate summer baseball leagues collegiate summer baseball team in the Western Major Baseball League . ref name WMBL Okotoks Dawgs cite web title Seaman Stadium url http www.wmbl.ca index.php?option com content&view article&id 89&Itemid 109 publisher Western Major Baseball League ref Seaman Stadium was built for the 2007 season after the Dawgs used Foothills Stadium in Calgary from 2003 2005 It is named after the ballpark s primary benefactors, Darryl Seaman Darryl and Doc Seaman . The Dawgs have won the Western Major Baseball League Championship in 2007 and 2008 in front of sellout crowds of 2700 at Seaman Stadium both years. The dimensions in feet are 330 Left Field, 325 Right Field, 400 Center Field. The ballpark cost 8 million dollars to complete. Construction of Duvernay Fieldhouse was completed in 2009. S start Succession box title Home of the br Okotoks Dawgs years 2007 &ndash current before Foothills Stadium after incumbent End references Coord 50.7189536 113.9475346 type landmark display title Category Minor league baseball venues Category Sports venues in Alberta Alberta struct stub Canada sports venue stub ... more details
Location map Isle of Wight label Horseshoe Bay no.2 lat dir N lat deg 50.595 lon dir W lon deg 1.19 position above width 250 float right caption Horseshoe Bay on the Isle of Wight Image Horseshoe Bay no.2.jpg thumb Horseshoe Bay Horseshoe Bay is a bay on the south east coast of the Isle of Wight , England . It lies to the south east of the village of Bonchurch . It faces south east towards the English Channel and its shoreline is approx. 200m in length. It should not be confused with a similarly named bay about 15km north near Culver Down . The coast of the bay is lined by a concrete seawall , built in 1988 to protect the cliff face from erosion. The seawall comprises a set of steps at the base of the wall, a concrete berm and stepped apron and finally a curved wave return wall. The wall contains approximately 6000 cubic metres of concrete and cost 1.4 million to build. The Isle of Wight Coastal Path runs along the length of this seawall. External links Crossings navbox structure Around the Bay s place Isle of Wight bridge Horseshoe Bay bridge signs upstream text West upstream Wheelers Bay upstream signs downstream text East downstream Monks Bay downstream signs coord 50.595 1.19 region GB display title Category Geography of the Isle of Wight Category Bays of the Isle of Wight ... more details
File OLD SARUM ditch.jpg thumb right A ditch and earth bank at Old Sarum , near Salisbury in England , dating from the Iron Age . A ditch in military engineer ing is an obstacle, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is intended to provide cover military cover to the defenders. In military fortifications the side of a ditch or gorge farthest from the enemy and closest to the next line of defence is known as the scarp fortification scarp while the side of a ditch closest to the enemy is known as the counterscarp . Uses In medieval fortification , a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall to hinder Mining military mining and escalade activities from an attacker. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat . Later star fort s designed by military engineers like Vauban , comprised elaborate networks of ditches and parapet s, carefully calculated so that the soil for the raised earthworks engineering earthworks was provided, as nearly as possible, entirely by the excavations whilst also maximising defensive firepower . Today ditches are obsolescent as an anti personnel obstacle, but are still often used as anti vehicle obstacles see also berm . A fence concealed in a ditch is called a ha ha . Fortifications Category Fortification obstacles sv Fortgrav uk ... more details
File Black.swans.slimb.750pix.jpg thumb right 250px The lake is an important site for Black Swans Lake Wollumboola is a 648 ha coastal lake in the City of Shoalhaven Shoalhaven region of New South Wales , Australia . It lies to the immediate south of the town of Culburra Beach, New South Wales Culburra Beach and to the north of Jervis Bay . It forms part of Jervis Bay National Park . The lake is separated from the ocean by a berm about 100 m wide which breeches only when the lake fills to over 2.5 m above mean sea level. ref BirdLife International. 2011 . Important Bird Areas factsheet Lake Wollumboola. Downloaded from http www.birdlife.org on 01 08 2011. ref Birds The lake has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area IBA because it often supports over 1 of the world population of Black Swan s, especially in drought years, as well as of Chestnut Teal s. ref cite web url http www.birdata.com.au iba.vm title IBA Lake Wollumboola accessdate 2011 08 01 work Birdata first last publisher Birds Australia date ref References reflist coord 34 57 06 S 150 45 43 E display title region AU NSW type waterbody Category Important Bird Areas of New South Wales Category Lakes of New South Wales Wollumboola Category City of Shoalhaven NewSouthWales geo stub ... more details
About civil engineering earthworks in archaeology Earthworks Archaeology Unreferenced date June 2010 File D10N atwork01.JPG thumb 300px Caterpillar D10 bulldozer at work Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving or processing of quantities of soil or unformed rock geology rock . Civil engineering use Typical earthworks include road Construction roads , railway beds, causeways , dam Earth dams dams , levee s, canal s, and berm s. Other common earthworks are land grading to reconfigure the topography of a site, or to stabilize slopes. Military use In military engineer ing, earthworks are, more specifically, types of fortification s constructed from soil. Although soil is not very strong, it is cheap enough that huge quantities can be used, generating formidable structures. Examples of older earthwork fortifications include moat s, sod defensive wall walls , motte and bailey castles, and hill fort s. Modern examples include trench warfare trenches and berm s. Equipment Heavy equipment construction Heavy construction equipment is usually used due to the amounts of material to be moved &mdash up to millions of cubic metres. Earthwork construction was revolutionised by the development of the Fresno Scraper Fresno Wheel tractor scraper scraper and other engineering vehicle earth moving machines such as the loader equipment loader , production trucks , the grader , the bulldozer , the backhoe , and the dragline excavator . Mass haul planning Engineers need to concern themselves with issues of geotechnical engineering such as soil density and strength and with quantity estimation to ensure that soil volumes in the Cut earthmoving cuts match those of the Fill dirt fills , while minimizing the distance of movement. In the past, these calculations were done by hand using a slide rule and with methods such as Simpson s rule . Now they can be performed with a computer and specialized Civil engineering software software , including optimisation on haul cost and n ... more details
Rodman s Neck refers to a peninsula of land in the Bronx , New York jutting out into Long Island Sound . The southern third of the neck is used as a NYPD Rodman s Neck Firing Range firing range by the New York Police Department the remaining wooded section is part of Pelham Bay Park . The north side is joined to what used to be Hunters Island New York Hunters Island and Twin Island New York Twin Island to form Orchard Beach, New York Orchard Beach and a parking lot. Two small land berms between Rodman s Neck and City Island New York City Island are City Island s only connecting point road to the mainland. Turtle Cove Controversy Rodman s Neck now has three meadows, two of which two are natural salt water meadows, one and the other two are manmade freshwater meadows, one created by Robert Moses . There is also a roundabout called The City Island Traffic Circle and several small ballfields. Every original building has been razed. A Causeway landfill area for City Island Road crosses Turtle Cove Saltwater Marsh with a culvert made of concrete pipes connecting it to salt water Eastchester Bay . A second land berm built for horsecar that was long forgotten, had its always clogged three foot diameter culvert removed and a trench with a stainless steel bridge installed. Local birdwatchers say that the allowing of saltwater flow into northern Turtle Cove is chasing away freshwater drinking birds. Locals are bewildered that the parks department would waste money and build a pedestrian bridge, instead of removing the unused land berm. Many do not like parks departments plans to restore all flora and animals to indigenous species that are pre Columbus. History Rodman s Neck is named after a local man, Samuel Rodman . It was originally named Anne s Hoeck after Anne Hutchinson , who was killed in a Native Americans in the United States Native American massacre at nearby Split Rock, New York Split Rock . The southern tip, known as Pell s Point, is where the British landed during ... more details
Infobox Baseball Stadium stadium name Tiger Park nickname image location Baton Rouge, Louisiana broke ground 2007 opened 2009 closed demolished owner Louisiana State University operator Louisiana State University surface Natural Grass construction cost architect former names tenants LSU Tigers softball Louisiana State University Softball National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA seating capacity 1,289 2,489 including 1,200 Berm Seats dimensions L 200, C 220, R 200 Tiger Park is a college softball softball stadium located on the campus of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana . It serves as the home field of the LSU Tigers softball team and is located on Skip Bertman Drive across from the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine. The official capacity of the stadium is 1,289 people. The stadium also features an outfield berm that can accommodate an additional 1,200 fans. The stadium opened prior to the 2009 college softball season. Original Tiger Park The original Tiger Park was a college softball softball stadium located on the campus of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana . It served as the home field of the LSU Tigers softball team from 1997 2008. The official capacity of the stadium was 1,000 people, however, the stadium held more than that when important rivals come to town or during post season tournaments. The largest crowd to see a game in the original Tiger Park was on April 28, 2007 when LSU hosted Tennessee Volunteers Tennessee before a crowd of 2,326. The stadium was opened prior to the 1997 college softball season and played host to four NCAA Division I Softball Championship NCAA Regionals in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2006 and hosted the 2008 SEC Softball Tournament . The 2008 season was the twelfth and final season in the original Tiger Park. LSU closed out the original Tiger Park with a home record of 331 51, including 140 34 in the Southeastern Conference SEC and 1 1 in the Southeastern Conference SEC Tournament. External link ... more details
of it. The following is one observer s description of the Berm quotation Physically, the berm is a two ... throughout the berm. The radars are estimated to have a range of between 60 and 80 km into the Polisario ... area. ref name examplewithin For example, a sand berm with fortifications much like on the main ... of the main external berm along the southern border. Google Maps, as of 30 November 2006 ref Their exact ...?Cat 0&Board EarthMilitary&Number 974291 The Berm of Western Sahara in Google Earth Community ... more details
of new deck and terrace seating in the right field berm area Construction of a walkway connecting the left field berm and the right field berm area. Key renovations to Indian School Park included ... more details
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