about different ways the term bias is used Bias is an inclination to present or hold a partial perspective at the expense of possibly equally valid alternatives. Bias can come in many forms. In statistics main Bias statistics In judgment and decision making main Cognitive bias A cognitive bias is the human tendency to make systematic decisions in certain circumstances based on cognitive factors rather than evidence. Bias arises from various processes that are sometimes difficult to distinguish. These processes include information processing shortcuts, motivational factors, and social influence Wilcox, 2011 . Such biases can result from information processing shortcuts called heuristics . They include errors in judgment, social attribution , and memory. Cognitive biases are a common outcome ... main Media bias Media bias is the bias of journalist s and news producer s within the mass ... media bias implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening Journalism ethics and standards the standards ... and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed. Practical limitations to media ... bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the printing ... a law contract in their favor for economic reasons. Inductive bias in machine learning. Cultural bias interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one s own culture. Racism , regionalism ... by willfull bias, assumption or, putting conclusion ahead of evidence. In practice, this includes emphasizing, distorting, or fabricating exceptional news stories to boost popularity. Funding bias in scientific studies also known as the agent principle dilemma . Medical bias is also known as a physician ... Source criticism Weasel word Detection theory Experimenter s bias Social desirability bias Political correctness References reflist Wilcox, C. W. 2011 Bias The Unconscious Deceiver. Bloomington, IN Xlibris Corporation External links Wikiquote Wiktionary Biases Category Bias fa fr Biais distorsion ... more details
other uses2 Bias advert date November 2011 Infobox company company name BIAS company logo Image Biaslogo.png ... Software industry Technology homepage http www.bias inc.com www.bias inc.com BIAS originally known ..., BIAS Peak Peak , which remains as BIAS flagship product to this day. BIAS Inc. was founded in 1994 in Sausalito, California, by Steve and Christine hush meow. Products Peak BIAS Peak Peak is a full featured professional stereo sample editor and BIAS flagship product. Peak s approach to editing differs ... Express . Peak runs on Mac OS X computer systems. SoundSoap BIAS SoundSoap SoundSoap is a noise reduction .... edition &ndash and runs on Mac OS X and Windows XP computer systems. SoundSoap Pro BIAS SoundSoap ... in Anaheim, CA. br 11 96 BIAS Introduces Peak LE entry level stereo editor br 1 97 SFX Machine 1.0 multi effects plug in introduced br 9 98 BIAS acquires Deck DAW from Macromedia br 12 98 Peak 2.0 introduced ... Disambiguation needed date June 2011 plug in support, and CD burning br 8 99 BIAS Brings Peak to BeOS ... ASIO driver support expands compatibility with third party audio hardware br 1 01 BIAS introduces Deck LE entry level DAW br 7 01 BIAS introduces Deck 3.0 adds real time VST plug in support br 8 01 Vbox ... for Mac OS X br 1 02 Peak and Peak LE 3.0 introduced run on Mac OS 8.6, 9.x, X br 1 02 BIAS introduces SuperFreq paragraphic equalizer plug in for Mac OS 8.6, 9.x, X br 6 02 BIAS introduces Deck 3.5 the first professional DAW to run on Mac OS X adds 5.1 surround mixing br 7 02 Entire BIAS product line now runs on Mac OS X br 8 02 BIAS introduces Vbox 1.1 runs on Mac OS X and Windows operating systems br 12 02 BIAS introduces SoundSoap runs on Mac OS X and Windows XP operating systems br ..., drag and drop file support br 8 05 BIAS introduces Peak Pro 5 adds industry leading sample rate ... br 9 05 BIAS introduces Peak Pro XT & Peak LE 5 XT power bundle includes Peak Pro 5, SoundSoap 2 ... links http www.bias inc.com BIAS website http www.bias inc.com forums BIAS User Discussion Forum DEFAULTSORT ... more details
Infobox French commune name Bias image Bias glise 4.JPG caption Maison de l airial et glise Saint Michel Bias glise Saint Michel region Aquitaine department Landes d partement Landes arrondissement Arrondissement of Mont de Marsan canton Canton of Mimizan INSEE 40043 postal code 40170 mayor Ren Teule term 2008&ndash 2014 intercommunality Communaut de communes de Mimizan longitude 1.2275 latitude 44.1469 elevation m 40 elevation min m 20 elevation max m 70 area km2 20.95 population 673 population date 2006 demonym Biassutes Bias is a Communes of France commune in the Landes department Landes Departments of France department in Aquitaine in south western France . See also Communes of the Landes department Landes communes Category Communes of Landes department Landes geo stub ca Biars Landes ceb Bias, Landes es Bias Landas eu Bias Landak fr Bias Landes id Bias, Landes it Bias Landes la Bias Landae mg Bias, Landes ms Bias, Landes nl Bias Landes oc Biars Lanas pms Bias Landes pl Bias Landy pt Bias Landes sk Bias Landes sr sv Bias, Landes uk vi Bias, Landes vo Bias Landes war Bias, Landes ... more details
selfref For Wikipedia s editorial policy on avoiding bias, see Wikipedia Neutral point of view . selfref For systemic bias on Wikipedia and how to reduce it, see Wikipedia Systemic bias . wiktionary BiasbiasBias is an inclination towards something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection. Bias may also refer to tocright Social sciences Cultural bias , interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one s own culture Cognitive bias , any of a wide range ... list Funding bias , bias relative to the commercial interests of a study s financial sponsor Infrastructure bias , the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on scientific observations Media bias , the influence journalists and news producers have in selecting stories to report and how they are covered Publication bias , bias towards publication of certain experimental results Mathematics and engineering Bias statistics , the systematic distortion of a statistic Biased sample , a sample falsely taken to be typical of a population Estimator bias , a bias from an estimator whose expectation differs from the true value of the parameter Exponent bias , the constant offset of an exponent ... Grid bias of a vacuum tube, used to control the electron flow from the heated cathode to the positively charged anode Tape bias also AC bias , a high frequency signal generally from 40 to 150 kHz added to the audio signal recorded on an analog tape recorder Places Bias, Landes , in southwestern France Bias, Lot et Garonne , on the coast of southwestern France Bias Bay , now called Daya Bay, in China s Guangdong Province People Bias of Priene , one of the Seven Sages of Greece Len Bias 1963 1986 , basketball player Bias mythology , the brother of Melampus in Greek mythology In other areas BIAS Berkley Integrated Audio Software , a software company specializing in sound processing software such as Peak and SoundSoap Bias book Bias book , a book by journalist Bernard Goldberg Bias genus ... more details
Information bias may refer to Information bias epidemiology , bias arising in a clinical study because of misclassification of the level of exposure to the agent or factor being assessed and or misclassification of the disease or other outcome itself. Information bias psychology , a type of cognitive bias , involving e.g. distorted evaluation of information. disambig ... more details
The term inherent bias refers to the effect of underlying factors or assumptions that skew viewpoints a subject under discussion. There are multiple formal definitions of inherent bias which depend on the particular field of study. In statistics , the term is used in relation to an inability to measure accuarately and directly what one would wish to measure, meaning that indirect measurements are used which might be subject to unknown distortions. See also systemic bias and systematic bias , or cognitive bias implicit assumption , paradigm shift Hawthorne effect Notes references References In opinion polls or statistics OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms Inherent bias Definition at OECD.org, April 2003, webpage http stats.oecd.org glossary detail.asp?ID 3681 Statistical Terms Inherent bias . In journalism Audeamus How dare we... The Press s Inherent Bias at Audeamus.com by Miche , September 2007, webpage http www.audeamus.com 50226711 the presss inherent bias.php The Press s Inherent Bias . Category Sampling statistics Category Polling terms Category Statistical terminology Category Bias fr Biais inh rent none yet ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In Greek mythology , Bias lang grc was a brother of Melampus who received one third of Argos see Melampus for more information . Bias married his cousin Pero and had one child, Talaus , with her. When Pero died he remarried Iphianassa, daughter of Proetus, after Melampus had cured her from madness. He received one third of Proetus s kingdom. Bias and Iphianassa had a daughter Anaxibia who married Pelias , to whom she bore Acastus and several daughters. According to Pausanias geographer Pausanias , Amythaon is the father of Bias and Melampus . Their mother was Idomene mythology Idomene , daughter of Pheres . Characters in the Iliad DEFAULTSORT Bias Mythology Category Mythological kings Category Characters in the Iliad Category Kings of Argos Greek myth stub ca Biant cs Bi s de Bias Sohn des Amythaon eu Bias fr Bias fils d Amythaon it Biante mitologia lb Bias Mythologie ja pl Bias syn Amytaona pt Bias mitologia ru sk Bias syn Amytha na sr fi Bias mytologia uk ... more details
Image Bias textile .gif right thumb 200px Bias of cloth. The bias direction of a piece of weave woven Textile fabric , usually referred to simply as the bias , is at 45 degrees to its Warp weaving warp and weft threads. Every piece of woven fabric has two biases, perpendicular to each other. Non woven fabrics such as felt or interfacing do not have a bias. Woven fabric is more elastic as well as more fluid in the bias direction, compared to the on grain direction. This property facilitates clothing garments and garment details that require extra elasticity, drapability or flexibility, such as bias cut skirts and dresses, necktie s, piping trim sewing trims and decorations, bound seams, etc. The bias cut is a technique used by designers for cutting clothing to utilize the greater stretch in the bias or diagonal direction of the fabric, thereby causing it to accentuate body lines and curves and drape softly. For example, a full skirted dress cut on the bias will hang more gracefully or a narrow dress will cling to the figure. Bias cut garments were an important feature of the designs of Madeleine Vionnet in 1920s and 1930s and bias cut styles are revived periodically. In the Middle Ages, before the development of knitting, hose were cut on the bias in order to make them fit better. The old spelling was byesse. Citation needed date October 2011 A garment made of woven fabric is said to be cut on the bias when the fabric s warp and weft threads are at 45 degrees to its major seam lines. Note The term cross grain in the US refers to the direction perpendicular to the length of grain selvage edges , not the diagonal. See also Bias tape sewing Category Fabrics Category Sewing simple Bias textile ... more details
Albino bias may refer to Negative, unrealistic and stereotyping depictions of albinism in popular culture Actual persecution of people with albinism Disambig ... more details
Bias tape or bias binding is a narrow strip of fabric, cut on the bias textile bias UK cross grain . The strip s fibers, being at 45 degrees to the length of the strip, makes it stretchier as well as more fluid and more drapeable compared to a strip that is cut on the grain. Many strips can be pieced together into a long tape. The tape s width varies from about 1 2 to about 3 depending on applications. Bias tape is used in making Piping sewing piping , Bound seam binding seams , finishing raw edges, etc. It is often used on the edges of quilts, placemats, and bibs, around armhole and neckline edges instead of a facing, and as a simple strap or tie for casual bags or clothing. Commercially available bias tape is available as a simple bias tape, single fold bias tape, and double fold bias tape. Image Blue single fold bias tape w inch scale P1083630.jpg left thumb Single fold bias tape Single fold bias tape is bias tape with each raw edge folded in toward the center, wrong sides together, and pressed. br clear all Image Lavender 0.25 inch double fold bias tape.jpg left thumb Double fold bias tape Double fold bias tape is single fold bias tape which has been folded in half and pressed, with the single folds to the inside. br clear all Devices are available commercially to aid the home sewer in making folded bias tape. The fabric strip is fed through the device, which folds the fabric. The folds are then pressed into place. The resulting folded tape will be 1 4 the width of the original fabric strip. File Extra Wide Double Fold Bias Tape.jpg thumb This photo shows extra wide double fold bias tape being sewn as a binding on a decorative quilt. Photo provided by http www.lovetosew.com Love to Sew Studio br clear all See also Trim sewing External links http pir8.freeservers.com quilting CBT How to Make Continuous Bias Tape, by Shelley Rodgers Sewing DEFAULTSORT Bias Tape Category Sewing ja ... more details
cleanup date June 2010 confusing date June 2010 In experimental science , experimenter s bias is subjectivity subjective bias towards a result expected by the human experimenter. David Sackett, ref cite journal last Sackett first D. L. title Bias in analytic research journal Journal of Chronic Diseases ... being to be objectivity philosophy objective is the ultimate source of this bias. It occurs more ... the bias. But experimenter s bias can also be found in some physical sciences, for instance, where ... electronic or computerized data acquisition techniques have greatly reduced the likelihood of such bias, but it can still be introduced by a poorly designed analysis technique. Experimenter s bias was not well ... the biases of rhetoric the all s well literature bias one sided reference bias positive results bias hot stuff bias In specifying and selecting the study sample popularity bias centripetal bias referral filter bias diagnostic access bias diagnostic suspicion bias unmasking detection signal bias mimicry bias previous opinion bias wrong sample size bias admission rate Berkson bias prevalence incidence Neyman bias diagnostic vogue bias diagnostic purity bias procedure selection bias missing clinical data bias non contemporaneous control bias starting time bias unacceptable disease bias migrator bias membership bias non respondent bias volunteer bias In executing the experimental manoeuvre or exposure contamination bias withdrawal bias compliance bias therapeutic personality bias bogus control bias In measuring exposures and outcomes insensitive measure bias underlying cause bias rumination bias end digit preference bias apprehension bias unacceptability bias obsequiousness bias expectation bias substitution game family information bias exposure suspicion bias recall bias attention bias instrument bias In analyzing the data post hoc significance bias data dredging bias looking for the pony scale degradation bias tidying up bias repeated peeks bias In interpreting the analysis mistaken ... more details
In telecommunication , the term bias distortion has the following meanings Signal information theory Signal distortion resulting from a shift in the bias . In digital Signalling telecommunication signaling , distortion of the signal in which all the significant intervals have uniformly longer or shorter durations than their theoretical durations. Bias distortion is expressed in percent of the system specified unit interval . References FS1037C MS188 Category Telecommunications terms telecommunications stub ... more details
Clinical bias may refer to Any form of bias , when it appears in a clinic . Pigheadedness , according to Rosenthal and Kosciulek 1996 , referring it to initial impressions that are resistant to change, even when contradictory evidence emerges ref http www.highbeam.com doc 1G1 152639373.html Article The ethics of bias in counselor terminology. Article from Counseling and Values. Article date October 1, 2006. Author Dorre, Anne Kinnier, Richard T. ref References reflist disambig ... more details
In empirical research , reporting bias refers to a tendency to under report unexpected or undesirable experimental results, attributing the results to sampling statistics sampling or measurement error, while being more trusting of expected or desirable results, though these may be subject to the same sources of error. Over time, reporting bias can lead to a status quo where multiple investigators discover and discard the same results, and later experimenters justify their own reporting bias by observing that previous experimenters reported different results. Thus, each incident of reporting bias can make future incidents more likely. ref http www.cochrane.org resources handbook Green S, Higgins S, editors Glossary. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.5. ref ref http www.trialsjournal.com content pdf 1745 6215 11 37.pdf McGauran N, Wieseler B, Kreis J, Sch ler YB, K lsch H, Kaiser T. Reporting bias in medical research a narrative review. Trials. 2010 11 37. doi 10.1186 1745 6215 11 37 ref Type of reporting bias Publication bias The publication or nonpublication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results. Time lag bias The rapid .... Multiple duplicate publication bias The multiple or singular publication of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results. Location bias The publication of research findings ... and direction of results. Citation bias The citation or non citation of research findings, depending on the nature and direction of the results. Language bias The publication of research findings ... bias The selective reporting of some outcomes but not others, depending on the nature and direction ... Wiley year 2008 pages 297 334 isbn 9780470699515 ref See also Confirmation bias Funding bias Meta analysis Publication bias Peer review Selection bias References references Biases Category Academic publishing Category Bias Category Research methods Category Systematic review es Sesgo de informaci n ... more details
Response bias is a type of cognitive bias which can affect the results of a statistical survey if respondents answer questions in the way they think the questioner wants them to answer rather than according to their true belief s. This may occur if the questioner is obviously angling for a particular answer as in push polling or if the respondent wishes to please the questioner by answering what appears to be the morally right answer. An example of the latter might be if a woman surveys a man on his attitudes to domestic violence , or someone who obviously cares about the natural environment environment asks people how much they value a wilderness area . This occurs most often in the wording of the question . Response bias is present when a question contains a leading opinion. For example, saying Given that at the age of 18 people are old enough to fight and die for your country, don t you think they should be able to drink alcohol as well? may yield a response bias, in comparison with simply Do you think 18 year olds should be able to drink alcohol? It also occurs in situations of voluntary response, such as phone in polls, where the people who care enough to call are not necessarily a statistically representative sample of the actual population. Non response bias is not the opposite of response bias and is not a type of cognitive bias it occurs in a statistical survey if those who respond to the survey differ in the outcome variable for example, evaluation of the need for financial aid from those who do not respond. Often, the differences, which may include race, gender or socioeconomic ... of the results. See also Total survey error Acquiescence bias Compound question Heckman correction ... Potential for inaccuracy Opinion poll Social desirability bias External links http nces.ed.gov pubsearch pubsinfo.asp?pubid 9613 Estimation of Response Bias in the NHES 95 Adult Education Survey http www.srs.fs.usda.gov pubs 20254 Effects of road sign wording on visitor survey non response bias ... more details
FUTON bias short for Full Text On the Net bias refers to the bias in academic research , when researchers concentrate on research published in journals that are available as full text on the internet , and ignore relevant studies that are not available in full text, thus introducing an element of bias into their search result . ref name cite pmid 12401287 cite pmid 12401287 ref As a result, articles that are available as full text on the Internet have more visibility and impact, as they are more likely to be accessed, read, quoted, and incorporated into new research. ref name cite pmid 15301326 cite pmid 15301326 ref ref name cite pmid 12937253 cite pmid 12937253 ref ref name cite pmid 16517987 cite pmid 16517987 ref ref name cite pmid 18974812 cite pmid 18974812 ref The FUTON bias may have a similar effect as publication bias or language bias. ref name cite pmid 1672966 cite pmid 1672966 ref The FUTON bias may affect the impact factor of academic journal s . ref name cite pmid 12401287 FUTON bias may be a result of several factors It may affect researchers and students with limited experience in doing research, ref name cite pmid 12401287 especially those who believe everything is available fulltext on the internet. Few libraries in general have a full range of journals available, and if the article is available, it may be only in print or microform . FUTON bias tends to result in older sources getting less visibility, as they are less likely to have been digitized . Similarly, sources published in less developed countries are similarly adversely affected, as those countries ... available bias NAA bias is similar to FUTON bias it occurs when an article has no abstract summary ... the NAA bias by providing abstracts for editorial and letters in their journal s or promising to do ... url http commons.pacificu.edu libfac 4 ref See also Availability bias List of cognitive biases ... Futon Bias Category Bias Category Research ... more details
The inductive bias of a learning algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered Mitchell, 1980 . In machine learning , one aims to construct algorithms that are able to learn to predict a certain target output. To achieve this, the learning algorithm is presented some training examples that demonstrate the intended relation of input and output values. Then the learner is supposed to approximate the correct output, even for examples that have not been shown during training. Without any additional assumptions, this task cannot ... assumptions about the nature of the target function are subsumed in the term inductive bias Mitchell, 1980 desJardins and Gordon, 1995 . A classical example of an inductive bias is Occam s Razor , assuming ... that have been given to the algorithm. Approaches to a more formal definition of inductive bias are based on mathematical logic . Here, the inductive bias is a logical formula that, together with the training ... formalism fails in many practical cases, where the inductive bias can only be given as a rough description ... independence. This is the bias used in the Naive Bayes classifier . Minimum Cross validation statistics ... cross validation error. Although cross validation may seem to be free of bias, the No free .... This is the bias used in Support Vector Machines . The assumption is that distinct classes tend ... to the same class as the majority in its immediate neighborhood. This is the bias used in the k ... class. Shift of bias Although most learning algorithms have a static bias, some algorithms are designed to shift their bias as they acquire more data Utgoff, 1984 . This does not avoid bias, since the bias shifting process itself must have a bias. See also Bias Cognitive bias No free lunch ..., NJ. Utgoff, P.E. 1984 . Shift of bias for inductive concept learning. Doctoral dissertation, Department ... learning Category Bias de Induktiver Bias it Bias induttivo vi Thi n ki n quy n p zh ... more details
More footnotes date May 2011 Image Bias Pio Clementino Inv279.jpg thumb right 220px Hermaic pillar representing Bias of Priene, Vatican Museums Bias Pronunciation needed needing not the original Latin Greek pronunciation, but the Anglicized pronunciation that Classics Philosophy History etc. scholars use in English Greek , 6th century BCE , the son of Teutamus and a citizen of Priene was a ancient Greece Greek philosopher. Satyrus the Peripatetic Satyrus puts him as the wisest of all the Seven Sages of Greece . He was renowned for his goodness. One of the examples of his great goodness is the legend that says that he paid a ransom for some women who had been taken prisoner. After educating them as his own daughters, he sent them back to Messina , their homeland, and to their fathers ... For the Wisest , the fathers of the damsels came into an assembly. They concluded that Bias was the wisest ... had done for the city. Bias refused the honor with the words Apollo is the wisest . Another author ... decisions than Bias of Priene . Diogenes Laertius , Book I, Chapter The Life of Bias He also wrote ... side had spoken, the judges decided in favor of Bias s client. At the end of the trial he was found ... Vatican Hall of Philosophers there is the bust of Bias with the inscription of ..., 30 ref Notes Reflist References and external links Commons category Bias of Priene ws Diogenes La rtius , s Lives of the Eminent Philosophers Book I Bias Life of Bias , translated by Robert Drew ..., ISBN 0 85496 540 8 Seven Sages of Greece DEFAULTSORT Bias Of Priene Category 6th century BC Greek people Category Seven Sages of Greece ar be ca Bies de Prienne de Bias von Priene el es B as fa fr Bias de Pri ne it Biante he la Bias Prienensis hu Biasz arz nl Bias van Pri ne pt Bias de Priene ru sk Bias z Pri ny sh Bijant iz Prijene fi Bias sv Bias fr n Priene uk ... more details
Bias knitting is a method by which the grain of a knitted fabric is skewed from the vertical, by decreasing on one side and increasing on the other. The term bias derives from sewing , where bias refers to the diagonal between the weft and warp threads, where the Elasticity fabrics elasticity of woven s is greatest. A classic use of bias knitting is in making a saw toothed knitted hemline for a garment , with a central double decrease knitting decrease flanked by single increase knitting increases on either side. References June Hemmons Hiatt 1988 The Principles of Knitting , Simon and Schuster, pp. 170 175. ISBN 0 671 55233 3 knitting Category Knitting methods for shaping textile arts stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Esperan a Bias is a Mozambique Mozambican politician. She is current Political minister Minister of Mineral Resources since February 2005 . Previous to that, Bias was the Deputy Minister of Mineral Resources beginning in 1999 . ref http www.poptel.org.uk mozambique news newsletter aim293.html Mozambique News Agency 16 February 2005 ref References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Bias, Esperanca ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Bias, Esperanca Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category Government ministers of Mozambique Category FRELIMO politicians Category Mozambican women in politics Mozambique politician stub ... more details
Participation bias is a phenomenon in which the results of elections , studies , Opinion poll polls , etc. become non representative because the participants disproportionately possess certain traits which affect the outcome. For instance, a study found that those who refused to answer a survey on AIDS tended to be older, attend church more often, are less likely to believe in the confidentiality of surveys, and have lower sexual self disclosure. ref cite web url http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1G1 54128117.html title Participation Bias in AIDS Related Telephone Surveys Results From the National AIDS Behavioral Survey NABS Non Response Study. ref See also Selection bias References reflist Category Social sciences Category Bias science stub ... more details
In digital photography , a bias frame is an image obtained from an opto electronic image sensor , with no actual exposure time. The image so obtained only contains noise due to the electronics that elaborate the sensor data, and not noise from charge accumulation e.g. from dark current within the sensor itself. A bias frame is complementary to a dark frame , which has a charge integration time but in darkness. Since a dark frame contains noise including a fixed pattern noise component, some of which corresponds to the bias frame, and some of which is due to dark current and is proportional to the exposure time, it is possible to obtain an image representing only the dark current component by subtracting a bias frame from a dark frame. The resulting image allows obtaining an artificial dark frame when multiplied by a factor depending on exposure time and then added back to the bias frame. Although this technique is less accurate than shooting a dark frame for each specific exposure duration, it has the advantage of drastically reducing the time needed to obtain dark frame data for dark frame subtraction . See also Flat field correction Links http users.libero.it mnico glossary bias.htm Bias Frame Category Photographic techniques Category Photogrammetry Category Astrophotography photo stub it Bias Frame ... more details
A forecast bias occurs when there are consistent differences between actual outcomes and previously generated forecasts of those quantities that is, forecasts may have a general tendency to be too high or too low. A normal property of a good forecast is that it in not biased. ref APICS Dictionary 12th Edition. Available for download at http www.apics.org Resources APICSDictionary.htm ref . As a quantitative measure, the forecast bias can be specified as a probabilistic or statistical property of the forecast error . A typical measure of Bias statistics bias of forecasting procedure is the arithmetic mean or expected value of the forecast errors, but other measures of bias are possible. For example, a median unbiased forecast would be one were half of the forecasts are too low and half too high see Bias of an estimator . In contexts where forecasts are being produced on a repetitive basis, the performance of the forecasting system may be monitored using a tracking signal , which provides an automatically maintained summary of the forecasts produced up to any given time. This can be used to monitor for deteriorating performance of the system. Reference class forecasting was developed to reduce forecast bias. ref http www.sbs.ox.ac.uk centres bt Documents Curbing 20Optimism 20Bias 20and 20Strategic 20Misrepresentation.pdf Curbing Optimism Bias and Strategic Misrepresentation in Planning Reference Class Forecasting in Practice. European Planning Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, January 2008, pp. 3 21. ref See also Calculating demand forecast accuracy Consensus forecast Optimism bias Demand forecasting Forecast skill References references Category Statistical forecasting Category Bias ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Substitution bias describes a bias in economics Index economics index numbers arising from tendency to purchase inexpensive substitutes for expensive items when prices change. Substitution bias occurs when two or more items experience a change of price relative to each other. Consumers will consume more of the now comparatively inexpensive good and less of the now relatively more expensive good. This influences the Market basket CPI basket . For example, a selected good is bought by consumers and it is therefore included in the CPI basket, but when an increase in price of that selected good occurs customers may buy a cheaper substitute, while the CPI basket does not change. If product A is purchased by most consumers, and product B has a sale making it cheaper, consumers will naturally buy what is cheaper. Because of its effect on Consumption economics consumption , substitution bias can cause inflation to be overestimated. DEFAULTSORT Substitution Bias Category Index numbers Econ stub ... more details
Tape bias is the term for two phenomena, DC bias and AC bias , that improve the fidelity of analogue magnetic tape sound recording s. DC bias is the addition of a direct current to the audio signal that is being recorded. AC bias is the addition of an inaudible high frequency signal generally from 40 ... by its coercivity . Bias increases the signal quality of most audio recordings significantly ..., but it was later overturned in favour of the earlier patent US 1653467 by Joseph A. O Neill. DC bias ... of DC bias was that it left the tape with a net magnetisation which, because of the grain of the tape particles, generated significant noise on replay. Some early DC bias systems used a permanent magnet that was placed near the record head. It had to be swung out of the way for replay. DC bias was re adopted by some very low cost cassette recorders. AC bias Although the improvements are marked with such DC bias, even more dramatic improvement results if an alternating current bias is used instead. While several people around the world discovered AC bias, it was the German developments that were widely used in practice and served as the model for future work. The first patent for AC bias was filed ... . The value of AC bias was somewhat masked by the primitive state of other aspects of magnetic recording ... in 1940. Marvin Camras USA also discovered high frequency AC bias independently in 1941 and received patent US 2351004 . The improvement in distortion and noise provided by AC bias was rediscovered ... with AC bias. Comment Information from a WW2 Army publication Electrical and Mechanical Engineering ... technology. Theory As the tape leaves the tape head , the applied bias partially offsets the tape ... of the recording system change quite markedly as the level of the bias current is changed. There is a level at which the system gives the minimum distortion which is the highest bias . There is also a level at which the high frequency response is at maximum lowest bias . These conditions unfortunately ... more details
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