Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of substances, such as pesticides, or other organic chemicals in an organism. ref http toxics.usgs.gov definitions bioaccumulation.html USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program Bioaccumulation ref Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxin toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost. Thus, the longer the biological half life of the substance the greater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxin are not very high. ref Bioaccumulation of Marine Pollutants and Discussion , by G. W. Bryan, M. Waldichuk, R. J. Pentreath and Ann Darracott Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 1979 The Royal Society. ref Bioaccumulation, for example in fish, can be predicted by models. ref Stadnicka, J Schirmer, K Ashauer, R 2012 . Predicting Concentrations of Organic Chemicals in Fish by Using Toxicokinetic Models. Environ. Sci. Technol. http dx.doi.org 10.1021 es2043728 ref Biotransformation can strongly modify bioaccumulation of chemicals in an organism. ref Ashauer, R Hintermeister, A O Connor, I Elumelu, M, et al. 2012 . Significance of Xenobiotic Metabolism for Bioaccumulation Kinetics of Organic Chemicals in Gammarus pulex . Environ. Sci. Technol. http dx.doi.org 10.1021 es204611h ref Bioconcentration is a related but more specific term, referring to uptake and accumulation of a substance from water alone. By contrast, bioaccumulation refers to uptake from all sources combined e.g. water, food, air, etc. ref http toxics.usgs.gov ... when they accumulate a toxin called ciguatoxin from reef algae. Some animal species exhibit bioaccumulation ... metal chemistry heavy metal bioaccumulation. In some eutrophic aquatic systems, biodilution can ... www.pbtprofiler.net criteria.asp http www.ecotoxmodels.org research publications projects bioaccumulation ... fr Bioaccumulation it Bioaccumulo lt Bioakumuliacija nl Bioaccumulatie ja pl Bioakumulacja pt Bioacumula o ... more details
known as the activated sludge process which is structured around the concept of bioaccumulation and is still ... from bioaccumulation to biosorption. ref Lesmana,2009 ref The differences between biosorption and bioaccumulation Though bioaccumulation and biosorption are used synonymously, they are very different ... Contaminants are adsorbed onto the cellular structure. Bioaccumulation is an active metabolic process ... ref BioaccumulationBioaccumulation occurs by absorbing contaminants which are transferred onto and within the cellular surface. Both bioaccumulation and biosorption occur naturally in all ..., biosorption is preferable to bioaccumulation because it occurs at a faster rate and can produce ... is a reversible process whereas bioaccumulation is only partially reversible. ref Vel squez,2009 ... for the removal of chromium from aqueous solutions, 2010 Chojnacka, Katarzyna. Biosorption and bioaccumulation ... and bioaccumulation of heavy metals on dead and living biomass of Bacillus sphaericus, 2009 Vijayaraghavan ... more details
interchangeably with bioaccumulation , an important distinction is drawn between the two, and with bioconcentration ... in biomagnification. Bioaccumulation occurs within a trophic level , and is the increase in concentration ... Landrum and Fisher, 1999 Thus bioconcentration and bioaccumulation occur within an organism, and biomagnification ... Croteau et al., 2005 . Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration result in buildup in the adipose .... For other contaminants, bioconcentration and bioaccumulation account for their high concentrations .... Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45 46 52. Landrum, PF and SW Fisher, 1999. Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation ... more details
Biodegradability prediction is biologically inspired computing and attempts to predict biodegradability of human impact on the environment anthropogenic materials in the Natural environment environment . Demand for biodegradability prediction is expected to increase with governments stepping up environmental regulations see, for instance, testing for bioaccumulation in the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH proposal . Citation needed date July 2008 Example Development of quantitative structure activity relationship QSARs for biodegradation , for instance, biochemical oxygen demand for chemicals released into the environment with the aid of machine learning and other artificial intelligence methods. ref http www.mdpi.org molecules papers 91200989.pdf Artificial Intelligence & biodegradability paper James R. Baker, Dragan Gamberger, James R. Mihelcic and Aleksandar Sablji 2004 Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Based Models for Chemical Biodegradability Prediction , Molecules , 9, 989 1004 ref The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis and Biodegradation Database UM BBD , which contains information on microbial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways for primarily xenobiotic, chemical compounds. One of its many features allows the prediction of microbial catabolic reactions using substructure searching, a rule base, and atom to atom mapping. See also Anaerobic digestion Biodegradation Composting Landfill gas monitoring List of environment topics List of ecology topics References Reflist External links http umbbd.ahc.umn.edu UM BBD DEFAULTSORT Biodegradability Prediction Category Biodegradation Category Biodegradable waste management ... more details
Bioconcentration factor BCF is the concentration of a particular chemical in a Tissue biology biological tissue per concentration of that chemical in water surrounding that tissue. That is, a dimensionless number representing how much of a chemical is in a tissue relative to how much of that chemical exists in the environment. math BCF frac Concentration Organism Concentration Environment math This physical property characterizes the accumulation of chemicals, including pollutants, through chemical partitioning from the aqueous phase into an organic phase. This may occur as in gills of a fish, or cell walls of aqueous plants. In the context of setting exposure criteria it is generally understood that the terms BCF and steady state BCF are synonymous. A steady state condition occurs when the organism is exposed for a sufficient length of time that the ratio does not change substantially. Tissues with BCF greater than 1,000 are considered high, and under 250 low, with those between classified as moderate. See also Bioaccumulation Biomagnification BCF is correlated to the Partition coefficient via a logarithmic equation of the form math log BCF Y times log KOW Z math where Y ranges from 0 and 1 depending on the compound. Notes unreferenced date October 2010 references DEFAULTSORT Bioconcentration Factor Category Pollution Category Toxicology chem stub med toxic stub ... more details
In high concentrations, selenium acts as an environmental contaminate. Sources of pollution include waste materials from certain mining, agricultural, petrochemical, and industrial manufacturing operations. In Belews Lake North Carolina, 19 species of fish were eliminated from the lake due to 150 200 ug Se L wastewater discharged from 1974 to 1986 from a coal fired power plant. At the Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in California, thousands of fish and waterbirds were poisoned by selenium in agricultural irrigation drainage. Substantial physiological changes may occur in fish with high tissue concentrations of selenium. Fish affected by selenium may experience swelling of the gill lamella zoology lamella e, which impedes oxygen diffusion across the gills and blood flow within the gills. Respiratory capacity is further reduced due to selenium binding to hemoglobin . Other problems include degeneration of liver tissue, swelling around the heart, damaged egg follicles in ovaries, cataracts, and accumulation of fluid in the body cavity and head. Selenium often causes a malformed fish fetus which may have problems feeding or respirating, distortion of the fins or spine is also common. Adult fish may appear healthy despite their inability to produce viable offspring. Selenium is Bioaccumulation bioaccumulated in aquatic habitats, this results in higher concentrations in organisms than the surrounding water. Organoselenium compounds can be concentrated over 200,000 times by zooplankton when water concentrations are in the .5 to .8 ug Se L range. Inorganic selenium bioaccumulates more readily in phytoplankton than zooplankton. Phytoplankton can concentrate inorganic selenium by a factor of 3000. Further concentration through bioaccumulation occurs along the food chain, as predators consume selenium rich prey.It is recommended that a water concentration of 2 ug Se L be considered highly hazardous to sensitive fish and aquatic birds. Selenium poisoning can b ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Desulfovibrio image Dvulgaris micrograph.JPG image width 210px image caption Desulfovibrio vulgaris regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Delta Proteobacteria ordo Desulfovibrionales familia Desulfovibrionaceae genus Desulfovibrio genus authority Kluyver & van Niel 1936 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Desulfovibrio africanus D. africanus br Desulfovibrio baculatus D. baculatus br Desulfovibrio desulfuricans D. desulfuricans br Desulfovibrio gigas D. gigas br Desulfovibrio halophilus D. halophilus br Desulfovibrio magneticus D. magneticus br Desulfovibrio multispirans D. multispirans br Desulfovibrio pigra D. pigra br Desulfovibrio salixigens D. salixigens br Desulfovibrio sp. br Desulfovibrio vulgaris D. vulgaris br Desulfovibrio is a genus of Gram negative sulfate reducing bacteria . Some species of Desulfovibrio are capable of transduction genetics transduction . Desulfovibrio species are commonly found in aquatic environments with high levels of organic material, as well as in water logged soils, and form major community members of extreme Oligotrophic Oligotrophic environments oligotrophic habitats such as deep granitic fractured rock aquifers. Like other sulfate reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio was long considered to be Obligate anaerobe obligately anaerobic . This is not strictly correct while growth may be limited, these bacteria can survive in O sub 2 sub rich environments. These types of bacteria are known as aerotolerant . Some Desulfovibrio species have in recent years been shown to have bioremediation potential for toxic radionuclides such as uranium by a reductive bioaccumulation process. References cite book editor Madigan M Martinko J title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 isbn 0 13 144329 1 External links cite book last1 Czechowski first1 Melvin last2 Rossmore first2 H.W. year 1981 title Developments in Industrial Microbiology url http www. ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 image ciguatoxin.svg thumb 300px right Chemical structure of the ciguatoxin CTX1B The ciguatoxins are a class of poison ous organic compound s found in some fish that causes ciguatera . There are several different chemicals in this class. CTX is often used as an abbreviation in their names. PubChem 5311333 Ciguatoxin 1 PubChem 6441260 Ciguatoxin 2 PubChem 6444399 Ciguatoxin 3 PubChem 6450530 Ciguatoxin 4B also called Gambiertoxin 4b Toxic Effect Ciguatoxin lowers the threshold for opening voltage gated sodium channel s in synapses of the nervous system . Opening a sodium channel causes depolarization , which could sequentially cause paralysis, heart contraction, and changing the senses of hearing and cold. Because they do not cross the blood brain barrier BBB , ciguatoxins solely affect the peripheral nervous system PNS . The major symptoms will develop within a few hours of toxin ingestion vomiting, diarrhea, numbness of extremities, mouth and lips, reversal of hot and cold sensation, muscle and joint aches. The symptoms may last from days to weeks or even months depending on each individual situation. There is no antidote for ciguatoxin poisoning. Bioaccumulation route Ciguatoxin is produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus , a type of dinoflagellate , which are eaten by big coral reef fish, such as grouper , wrasse , triggerfish , lionfish , and amberjack . Ciguatoxin usually accumulates in skin, head, viscera, and roe of the fish. Ciguatoxin cannot be destroyed by cooking. ref name Swift 1993 cite journal author Swift A, Swift T title Ciguatera journal J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. volume 31 issue 1 pages 1 29 year 1993 pmid 8433404 doi 10.3109 15563659309000371 ref Rapid testing for this toxin in fish marketed as food is not standard. References reflist External links MeshName Ciguatoxins Category Marine toxins Category Ion channel toxins Category Neurotoxins biochem stub de Ciguatoxine it Ciguatossina ja pl Ciguatoksyna sv Ciguatoxin ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date May 2010 Image Yatsushiro Sea.png thumb right 250px The Yatsushiro Sea and surroundings The Nihongo Yatsushiro Sea Yatsushiro kai , which is also called the Nihongo Shiranui Sea Shiranui kai , is a shallow semi enclosed Inland sea geology inland sea separating the island of Ky sh from the Amakusa Amakusa Islands . It lies mostly within Kumamoto Prefecture and at the southern end of the sea it also borders Kagoshima Prefecture . To the north is the Ariake Sea to the south, the East China Sea . Cities of note that lie on the Yatsushiro Sea include Yatsushiro, Kumamoto Yatsushiro itself and Minamata, Kumamoto Minamata . Mercury Pollution The sea was heavily pollution polluted with Mercury element mercury during the 1950s and 1960s from the Chisso Corporation s chemical factory in Minamata Yoshida 2006 date May 2010 . This highly toxicity toxic chemical Bioaccumulation bioaccumulated in shellfish and fish in the Yatsushiro Sea which, when eaten by the local populace, gave rise to Minamata disease . The pollution disease was responsible for the deaths and disabling of thousands of residents, all around the Yatsushiro Sea. The marine ecosystem was also extensively damaged. coord 32 20 N 130 25 E scale 500000 source GNS display title Category Seas of Japan Category Geography of Kumamoto Prefecture Category Geography of Kagoshima Prefecture Kumamoto geo stub Yoshida, F. 2006 . Environmental restoration of Minamata new thinking brings new advances. Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, 2, 85 93 See also Shiranui Optical phenomenon de Yatsushiro See es Mar de Yatsushiro eo Yatsushiro maro fr Mer de Yatsushiro ko lv Jacu iro j ra ja pt Mar de Yatsushiro zh ... more details
Benzoylureas are chemical compounds best known for their use as insecticide s. They inhibit synthesis of chitin in the insect s body after the chemical has been eaten, acting as insect growth regulators. One of the more commonly used benzoylurea pesticides is diflubenzuron . Others include chlorfluazuron , flufenoxuron , hexaflumuron , and triflumuron . Lufenuron is the active compound in flea control medication for pet dogs and cats. Certain types of benzoylurea compounds have been investigated as potential chemotherapy anticancer agents . Environmental Toxicity These chemicals have a broad spectrum effect making them toxic to a wide range of insect species, many of which are beneficial to human activities, including crop pollinators such as bees. In addition, as with many insecticides, application may result in the killing of natural predators or controls along with the pest , risking the possibility of a Environmental impact of pesticides Pest rebound and secondary pest outbreaks rebound effect or pest resurgence, where the original target for the treatment returns with equal or even greater veracity. Flufenoxuron trade names include Cascade and Tenopa, both manufactured by BASF was banned across the EU in 2011 ref http eur lex.europa.eu LexUriServ LexUriServ.do?uri OJ L 2011 246 0013 0015 EN PDF Commission Implementing Regulation EU No 942 2011 of 22 September 2011 concerning the non approval of the active substance flufenoxuron ref notably due to its high potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain and high risk to aquatic organisms. Cascade is marketed as having high persistence in the environment and the product data sheet states that it does not biodegrade easily ref http www.agro.basf.es agroportal es es crop protection crop protectionproduct catalogue product details 1790.html BASF Cascade Product Details ref . It is classified as highly hazardous by the Forestry Stewardship Council ref http www.michigan.gov documents dnr FSC Pesticides Policy Guidance ... more details
This is a list of conservation issues . These articles are related to the human impact on the environment anthropogenic man made effects on species and ecosystem s. List of issues Ecosystem s Anoxic waters Biodiversity Biosecurity Coral bleaching Edge effect Global warming Habitat destruction Habitat fragmentation Illegal dumping Fishing Blast fishing Bottom trawling By catch Cetacean bycatch Gillnet ting Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Environmental effects of fishing Overfishing Marine pollution Whaling Forest s Clearcutting Deforestation Illegal logging Natural resources Resource depletion Exploitation of natural resources Ozone depletion Chlorofluorocarbons CFC Pollution Light pollution Land pollution Noise pollution Visual pollution Nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Water pollution Acid rain Eutrophication Marine pollution Ocean dumping Oil spills Thermal pollution Urban runoff Water crisis Marine debris Microplastics Ocean acidification Ship pollution Wastewater Fish kill Algal bloom Mercury in fish Air pollution Smog Tropospheric ozone Indoor air quality Volatile organic compound Particulate matter Sulphur oxide Species Habitat destruction Holocene extinction Invasive species Poaching Pollinator decline Red listed species Species extinction Wildlife trade Genetic diversity Toxin s Chlorofluorocarbons Environmental impact of DDT DDT Endocrine disruptor s Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins Dioxin Toxic metal Toxic heavy metals Herbicides Pesticides Toxic waste Polychlorinated biphenyl PCB Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Waste E waste Litter Category Waste disposal incidents Waste disposal incidents Marine debris Medical waste Landfill Leachate Recycling Incineration ICE demolition protocol Great Pacific Garbage Patch See also Portal box Extinction Environment Ecology Sustainable development List of invasive species List of endangered species List of environmental issues List of environment topics List of conservation topics Environmental ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Nerita balteata image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked superfamilia clade Neritimorpha br clade Cycloneritimorpha superfamilia Neritoidea familia Neritidae subfamilia genus Nerita subgenus species N. balteata binomial Nerita balteata binomial authority Reeve, 1855 synonyms ref ref name WoRMS synonyms Nerita lineata Gmelin, 1791 non M ller, 1774 Nerita balteata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family biology family Neritidae . ref name WoRMS Bouchet, P. 2010 . Nerita balteata Reeve, 1855. Accessed through World Register of Marine Species at http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 549379 on 2012 02 09 ref Description The length of the shell is 11.5 33.8 mm. ref name Yap 2009 Distribution Peninsular Malaysia ref name Yap 2009 Yap C. K. & Cheng W. H. 2009 . Heavy metal concentrations in Nerita lineata the potential as a biomonitor for heavy metal bioavailability and contamination in the tropical intertidal area . Marine Biodiversity Records 2 e46. doi 10.1017 S1755267209000505 ref Habitat Mangrove forests. ref cn icon Chen G., Ye Y., Lu C., Li R., Weng J. & Xu Y. 2006 . Distribution of Littoraia melanostoma Gray Littorinidae and Nerita lineata Gmelin Neritidae in rehabilitated mangroves . Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 17 9 1721 1725. PMID 17147188 ref This species can be used as bioindicator of Heavy metal chemistry heavy metal s in its environment, because it Bioaccumulation accumulates cadmium, nickel and lead in its shell and copper, zinc and iron in its soft tissues. ref name Yap 2009 References reflist External links http www.gastropods.com 8 Shell 1168.shtml Category Neritidae Neritidae stub ... more details
Chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 445856103 ImageFile Phorate.svg ImageSize 200px IUPACName O , O Diethyl S ethylsulfanyl methyl phosphorodithioate OtherNames Thimet Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 298 02 2 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem 4790 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4626 ChEBI Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEBI 38764 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 510014 SMILES S P OCC SCSCC OCC InChI 1 C7H17O2PS3 c1 4 8 10 11,9 5 2 13 7 12 6 3 h4 7H2,1 3H3 InChIKey BULVZWIRKLYCBC UHFFFAOYAA StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C7H17O2PS3 c1 4 8 10 11,9 5 2 13 7 12 6 3 h4 7H2,1 3H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey BULVZWIRKLYCBC UHFFFAOYSA N Section2 Chembox Properties C 7 H 17 O 2 P 1 S 3 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Phorate is an organophosphate used as an insecticide and acaricide . At normal conditions, it is a pale yellow mobile liquid poorly Solubility soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvent s. It is relatively stable and hydrolyse s only at very acidic or Basic chemistry basic conditions. It is very toxic both for target organisms and for mammalians including human . It inhibits acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase . ref name pds http www.inchem.org documents pds pds pest75 e.htm Data sheets on pesticides No. 75 Phorate ref Phorate is most commonly applied in granular form. It is non Bioaccumulation biocumulative and has no residual action. But some metabolite s may persist in soil . It also damages some seed s. ref name pds Phorate is absorbed readily through all ways. Its toxicity is high. Oral LD50 LD sub 50 sub to rat s is 1.1 3.2 mg kg, to mouse mice 3.5 6.5 mg kg technical phorate . Similar values has been found out to birds . ref name pds References references Insecticides Category Organophosphate insecticides Category Organosulfur compounds cs For t fa ... more details
research publications projects bioaccumulation biotransformation Biotransformation and Bioaccumulation in freshwater invertebrates http www.ecotoxmodels.org Ecotoxicology & Models ... more details
Articles related to waste management include CompactTOC8 side yes num yes seealso yes nobreak yes extlinks no center yes A Anaerobic digestion Autoclave B Best management practice for water pollution BMP Bioaccumulation Biodegradability prediction Biodegradation Biodrying Biogas Biogas powerplant see Anaerobic digestion Biomedical waste C Carbon management see Low carbon economy Charity shop Chartered Institution of Wastes Management Composting Cruise ship D Dry cleaning E Electronic waste F G Gasification Global warming H I ICE demolition protocol , from the Institute of Civil Engineers ICE In vessel composting Industrial waste Industrial wastewater treatment Industrialisation International Solid Waste Association J K Kerbside collection L Landfill List of solid waste treatment technologies List of waste water treatment technologies Litter M Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical heat treatment Medical waste Mobile incinerator N O P Packaging and labelling Paperless office Pay as you throw Pneumatic refuse conveying system Pollution Post consumer waste Priority product Pyrolysis Q R Radioactive waste Waste hierarchy Reduction Recycling Reuse S Sewage Sewage collection and disposal Sewage treatment Space debris Stormwater T Tunnel composting see Aerated static pile composting U Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion V W Waste Waste collection Waste management Waste minimisation Water Environment Federation Water pollution Windrow composting X Y Z See also List of environment topics List of waste management concepts List of waste treatment technologies List of waste water treatment technologies External links http www.ciwm.co.uk Chartered Institute of Wastes Management UK http www.environment agency.gov.uk Environment Agency Waste Technology Data Centre UK http www.iswa.org International Solid Waste Association http www.juniper.co.uk Publications mbt report.html Juniper Mechanical Biological Treatment Report http www.swana.org Solid Waste Association of North ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Citrobacter image Citrobacter freundii.jpg image width 240px image caption Citrobacter freundii regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gammaproteobacteria ordo Enterobacteriales familia Enterobacteriaceae genus Citrobacter genus authority Werkman and Gillen, 1932 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Citrobacter amalonaticus C. amalonaticus br Citrobacter braakii C. braakii br Citrobacter farmeri C. farmeri br Citrobacter freundii C. freundii br Citrobacter gillenii C. gillenii br Citrobacter koseri C. koseri br Citrobacter murliniae C. murliniae br Citrobacter rodentium C. rodentium br Citrobacter sedlakii C. sedlakii br Citrobacter werkmanii C. werkmanii br Citrobacter youngae C. youngae Citrobacter is a genus of Gram negative bacteria Gram negative coliform bacteria coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family biology family . The species biology species C. amalonaticus , C. koseri , and C. freundii use solely citrate as a carbon source. Citrobacter species are differentiated by their ability to convert tryptophan to indole , ferment lactose , and use malonate . ref Lipsky BA, Hook III EW, Smith AA, et al. Citrobacter infections in humans Experience at the Seattle Veterans Administration Medical Center and a review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis 1980 2 746 760. ref Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes. ref cite journal title Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO sub 2 sub PO sub 4 sub author L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis journal Science volume 257 issue 5071 year 1992 pages 782 784 doi 10.1126 science.1496397 pmid 1496397 bibcode 1992Sci...257..782M ref Clinical significance These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil , water , wastewater , etc. They can also be found in the human intestine . They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infecti ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2012 Chlorinated paraffins CPs are a complex mixture of polychlorinated alkane n alkanes and were introduced in the 1930s. The chlorination degree of CPs can vary between 30 and 70 . CPs are subdivided according to their carbon chain length into short chain CPs SCCPs, C sub 10 13 sub , medium chain CPs MCCPs, C sub 14 17 sub and long chain CPs LCCPs, C sub 17 sub . Currently, over 200 CP formulations are in use for a wide range of industrial applications, such as flame retardant s and plasticiser s, as additives in metal working fluids, in sealants, paints and coatings and as a solvent for Dichloramine T germicide . SCCPs are classified as persistent and their physical properties logK sub OW sub 4.4 8, depending on the chlorination degree imply a high potential for bioaccumulation . Furthermore, CPs are classified as toxic to aquatic organisms, and carcinogenic to rats and mice. SCCPs was categorised in List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens group 2B as possibly carcinogenic to humans from the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC . A global ban on SCCPs is being considered under the Stockholm Convention POPs convention. Further reading cite journal doi 10.1093 annhyg mep081 title Dermal Exposure to Metalworking Fluids and Medium Chain Chlorinated Paraffin MCCP year 2009 last1 Cherrie first1 J. W. last2 Semple first2 S. journal Annals of Occupational Hygiene volume 54 issue 2 pages 228 35 pmid 19959560 cite journal doi 10.1016 j.envint.2006.05.009 title Chlorinated paraffins A review of analysis and environmental occurrence year 2006 last1 Bayen first1 St phane last2 Obbard first2 Jeffrey Philip last3 Thomas first3 Gareth O. journal Environment International volume 32 issue 7 pages 915 29 pmid 16814386 cite journal pmid 9498901 year 1997 last1 Tolbert first1 Paige E. title Oils and Cancer volume 8 issue 3 pages 386 405 journal Cancer Causes & Control doi 10.1023 A 1018409422050 jstor 3552699 cite journal pmid 2197463 year 1990 title ... more details
no footnotes date September 2007 chembox verifiedrevid 413268205 Name 3 Nitroaniline ImageFile 3 nitroaniline chemical structure.png ImageSize 150px ImageName IUPACName 3 Nitroaniline OtherNames meta Nitroaniline, m nitroaniline Section1 Chembox Identifiers SMILES O N O c1cccc N c1 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 7145 InChI 1 C6H6N2O2 c7 5 2 1 3 6 4 5 8 9 10 h1 4H,7H2 InChIKey XJCVRTZCHMZPBD UHFFFAOYAY ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 14068 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H6N2O2 c7 5 2 1 3 6 4 5 8 9 10 h1 4H,7H2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XJCVRTZCHMZPBD UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 99 09 2 RTECS Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 6 sub H sub 6 sub N sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub MolarMass 138.14 g mol Appearance Yellow, Solid Density Solubility 0.1 g 100 ml 20 C MeltingPt 114 C BoilingPt 306 C pKa 2.47 pKb Section3 Chembox Structure CrystalStruct Dipole Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS MainHazards FlashPt ? C RPhrases SPhrases Section8 Chembox Related OtherCpds 2 Nitroaniline , 4 Nitroaniline 3 Nitroaniline , also known as meta nitroaniline and m nitroaniline, is non volatile stable solid commonly used as a raw material for dyes . 3 Nitroaniline is an aniline carrying a nitro compound nitro functional group in position 3. It is stable in neutral, acidic or alkaline solutions and is classified as not readily biodegradable with low bioaccumulation potential http 72.14.253.104 search?q cache g1SWUzuysukJ www.inchem.org documents sids sids 99092.pdf M nitroaniline&hl en&ct clnk&cd 1&gl au&client firefox a . It is used as a chemical intermediate for azo coupling component 17 and the dyes disperse yellow 5 and acid blue 29. The chemical is changed to other substances dyestuffs and m nitrophenol during the dyeing process. See also 2 Nitroaniline 4 Nitroaniline References references http www.inchem.org documents sids sids 99092.pdf search 22m nitroaniline ... more details
Taxobox name Leaf nosed Lizard image Leaf nosed lizard.jpg status EN status system iucn2.3 regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Reptilia ordo Squamata familia Agamidae genus Ceratophora species C. tennentii binomial Ceratophora tennentii binomial authority Albert C. L. G. G nther G nther , 1861 synonyms The Leaf nosed Lizard or Tennent s Leaf nosed Lizard Ceratophora tennentii is a species of lizard in the Agamidae family. It is Endemism endemic to Sri Lanka . Description The arboreal leaf nosed lizard, also known as the horn nosed lizard or Horned lizard , has a leaf like appendage on the end of its nose, the species can reach lengths of over 8 inches including the tail. The Latin word for which it was named, Ceratophora, means horn bearer. The males usually have more green in their coloration than females seem to have, although they can change color to a reddish brown. The females usually have shorter appendages on their nose. These lizards are not very agile and rely more on their coloration to avoid predators rather than speed. The lizard is Diurnality diurnal and therefore is usually only active in the day. Very little is actually known about this unusual lizard. Habitat Found in the wet tropical montane cloud forests of the Knuckles mountains in Sri Lanka , although they have been recorded in several other forest habitats. Diet The leaf nosed lizard is reported to feed on insects Reproduction The leaf nosed lizard lays eggs and is a sexually reproducing animal. Threats deforestation , pesticides , climate change , forest fire and bioaccumulation . Much of the leaf nosed lizards habitat has been cleared for illegal logging , agriculture , and the cardamom , coffee , tea , and rubber plantations over the past two centuries. Captivity As of now the leaf nosed lizard is protected because of its endangered status, making its trade is illegal. Conservation Efforts In 2000, areas above 1,067 m above sea level were protected and labeled as conservation forest. ... more details
orphan date December 2008 The Accelerated Reduction Elimination of Toxics ARET program was a Canadian program established in the early 1990s with the goal of using voluntary measures to reduce or eliminate harmful substances. Formation The program was started by the New Directions Group NDG , a group of senior industry representatives and Environmental Non Government Organizations ENGOs . After Environment Canada formally supported the initiative in 1991, the ARET Stakeholder committee was formed to participate in the program. The committee consisted of representatives from industry, provincial and federal governments, health and environmental groups, and labour organizations. The committee first evaluated a list of over 2000 chemicals, scoring them on the basis of toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation capability. By 1994, the evaluation was complete and a resulting list of 117 toxic substances were slated by the committee for voluntary elimination or reduction by the year 2000. Goals Short term goals Reduce persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substance emissions by 90 percent Reduce all other toxic substance emissions by 50 percent Long term goals Virtual elimination of releases of 30 persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances Reduction of another 87 toxic substances to levels insufficient to cause harm Results The success of the ARET program is disputed. While Environment Canada states that over 70,000 tonnes of toxic substances were prevented from release because of the success of the program, the multi stakeholder nature of the committee lead to disagreements over which substances would be given priority. Environmental and labour groups withdrew from the committee over the emphasis placed on reductions , rather than eliminations , of these substances by industry representatives. Nils Axel Braathen also claims that knowing to what extent the reductions were actual improvements from the business as usual reduction scenario is very difficult, meaning t ... more details
Taxobox image Mycena pura 041111 Chambord 002.jpg image caption regnum Fungi divisio Basidiomycota classis Basidiomycetes ordo Agaricales familia Mycenaceae genus Mycena species M. pura binomial Mycena pura binomial authority Christian Hendrik Persoon Pers. Paul Kummer P. Kumm. mycomorphbox name Mycena pura hymeniumType gills capShape conical whichGills adnate stipeCharacter bare sporePrintColor white ecologicalType saprotrophic howEdible unknown Mycena pura , commonly known as the lilac bonnet , ref cite web url http www.fungi4schools.org Reprints ENGLISH NAMES.pdf title Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK format PDF publisher British Mycological Society ref is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family. First called Agaricus prunus in 1794 by Christian Hendrik Persoon , it was assigned its current name in 1871 by German Paul Kummer . ref name Kummer1871 cite book title Der F hrer in die Pilzkunde last Kummer P. year 1871 publisher Zerbst page 107 ref Mycena pura is known to bioaccumulation bioaccumulate the element boron . ref cite journal last Vetter Y. year 1995 title Boron content of edible mushrooms of Hungary journal Zeitschrift fur Lebensmittel Untersuchung und Forschung volume 201 issue 6 pages 524 27 ref Bioactive compounds Mycena pura contains the chemical puraquinonic acid, a sesquiterpene . This compound induces mammalian cells specifically, the cell line HL60 to differentiate into granulocyte or macrophage like cells. The fungus also contains the Fungicide antifungal metabolite strobilurin D, previously found in Cyphellopsis anomala . ref cite journal last Becker U, Erkel G, Anke T, Sterner O. year 1997 title Puraquinonic acid, a novel inducer of differentiation of human HL 60 promyelocytic leukemia cells from Mycena pura Pers. Ex Fr. first4 O. last4 Sterner first3 T. last3 Anke journal Natural Product Research first2 G. volume 9 issue 3 last2 Erkel pages 229 36 doi 10.1080 10575639708048319 first1 U. ref External links http www.speciesfu ... more details
s and bioaccumulation bioaccumulate in the fatty tissue s of living organisms. ref name ritter Long ... smash get diva2 216812 FULLTEXT01 Diva Portal.org , Persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity ... more details
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