File Slime.mold.jpg thumb 250px Yellow slime mold growing on a bin of wet paper Biodegradation or biotic degradation or biotic decomposition is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means. The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment bioremediation and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly .... A term related to biodegradation is biomineralisation , in which organic matter is converted into minerals. Biosurfactant , an extracellular surfactant secreted by microorganisms, enhances the biodegradation ... biodegradation have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other ... conditions. ref name Diaz cite book author Diaz E editor . title Microbial Biodegradation ... at different rates. To be able to work effectively, most microorganisms that assist the biodegradation ... of biodegradation. This is because microorganisms tend to reproduce faster in warmer conditions. Biodegradation ... and produce carbon dioxide the resulting amount of CO2 serves as an indicator of degradation. Biodegradation ... weight. These smaller, lower molecular weight fragments are then amenable to biodegradation. OBPs ... the standards for composting . It has to be understood that composting and biodegradation are not identical ... environment. They are not biodegradation standards. Both were developed for hydro biodegradable polymers where the mechanism including biodegradation is based on reaction with water and state that in order ... and microbial growth Inherent biodegradation conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide to the level ..., formulations catalyze and accelerate the biodegradation process. ref Agamuthu, P. http wmr.sagepub.com ... prediction Biodegradable electronics Biodegradable polythene film Biodegradation journal ... topics Microbial biodegradation References Reflist External links http www.biodeg.org The Oxo biodegradable ... digestion Category Biodegradable waste management Category Biodegradation ar ca Biodegradaci ... more details
Infobox journal title Biodegradation cover editor Edward Bouwer discipline Biodegradation peer reviewed yes language English former names abbreviation publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency history openaccess license impact 2.012 impact year 2010 website http www.springer.com life sciences microbiology journal 10532 link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0923 9820 eISSN 1572 9729 boxwidth Biodegradation is a peer review scientific journal focusing on biotransformation, mineralization, detoxification, recycling, amelioration or treatment of chemicals or waste materials by naturally occurring microbial strains, microbial associations or recombinant organisms. References reflist Category Springer academic journals Category English language journals Category Ecology journals Science journal stub ... more details
Interest in the microbial biodegradation of pollutant s has intensified in recent years as humanity strives ... . title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology edition 1st publisher Caister Academic .... Aerobic biodegradation of pollutants The burgeoning amount of bacterial genomic data provides unparalleled ... Insights Into the Aerobic Pathways for Degradation of Organic Pollutants title Microbial Biodegradation ... Anaerobic biodegradation of pollutants Anaerobic organism Anaerobic microbial mineralization of recalcitrant ... cite book author Heider J and Rabus R year 2008 chapter Genomic Insights in the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Organic Pollutants title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher ... biodegradation of pollutants. O Loughlin et al. 2000 ref O Loughlin, E. J, S. J. Traina, and G. K. Sims. 2000. Effects of sorption on the biodegradation of 2 methylpyridine in aqueous suspensions ... of kaolinite clay, most soil clays and cation exchange resins attenuated biodegradation of 2 ... Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press isbn 978 1 904455 17 2 ref Oil biodegradation Petroleum oil contains aromatic compounds that are toxic for most ... into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular ... 4 309 340. ref Cholesterol biodegradation Many synthetic steroidic compounds like some sexual hormones ... chapter Emerging Technologies to Analyze Natural Attenuation and Bioremediation title Microbial Biodegradation ... in the fine chemical industry, but also in the field of biodegradation . In many cases, these catalysts ... Degradation Machinery title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press isbn 978 1 904455 17 2 ref Fungal biodegradation In the ecosystem, different substrates ... Press isbn 978 1 904455 53 0 ref See also Biodegradation Bioremediation Biotransformation Bioavailability ... External links http www.horizonpress.com gateway biodegradation.html Microbial Biodegradation http ... more details
Biodegradability prediction is biologically inspired computing and attempts to predict biodegradability of human impact on the environment anthropogenic materials in the Natural environment environment . Demand for biodegradability prediction is expected to increase with governments stepping up environmental regulations see, for instance, testing for bioaccumulation in the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals REACH proposal . Citation needed date July 2008 Example Development of quantitative structure activity relationship QSARs for biodegradation , for instance, biochemical oxygen demand for chemicals released into the environment with the aid of machine learning and other artificial intelligence methods. ref http www.mdpi.org molecules papers 91200989.pdf Artificial Intelligence & biodegradability paper James R. Baker, Dragan Gamberger, James R. Mihelcic and Aleksandar Sablji 2004 Evaluation of Artificial Intelligence Based Models for Chemical Biodegradability Prediction , Molecules , 9, 989 1004 ref The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis and Biodegradation Database UM BBD , which contains information on microbial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways for primarily xenobiotic, chemical compounds. One of its many features allows the prediction of microbial catabolic reactions using substructure searching, a rule base, and atom to atom mapping. See also Anaerobic digestion Biodegradation Composting Landfill gas monitoring List of environment topics List of ecology topics References Reflist External links http umbbd.ahc.umn.edu UM BBD DEFAULTSORT Biodegradability Prediction Category Biodegradation Category Biodegradable waste management ... more details
There are three distinct chemical compounds which are dichlorobenzenes 1,2 Dichlorobenzene or ortho dichlorobenzene 1,3 Dichlorobenzene or meta dichlorobenzene 1,4 Dichlorobenzene or para dichlorobenzene. Biodegradation Rhodococcus phenolicus is a bacterium species able to degrade dichlorobenzene as sole carbon sources. ref cite doi 10.1016 j.syapm.2005.05.011 ref References reflist Chemistry disambiguation fr C6H4Cl2 ko it C6H4Cl2 nl Dichloorbenzeen pt Diclorobenzeno ... more details
Orphan date June 2011 Abiotic decomposition or abiotic degradation is degradation of a substance by chemical or physical processes, for example hydrolysis , redox reduction and oxidation . ref Water Quality Vocabulary. ISO 6107 6 1994 ref References reflist See also Biotic decomposition Chemical decomposition DEFAULTSORT Abiotic Decomposition Category Biodegradation ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 context October 2009 unreferenced July 2007 SESOIL SEasonal SOIL is a one dimensional vertical transport screening level model for the unsaturated Vadose zone vadose zone. It simulates contaminant transport and fate based on diffusion , adsorption , volatilization , biodegradation , and hydrolysis . SESOIL is a public domain program written in FORTRAN developed in 1981 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA , written by Bonazountas and Wagner of the Arthur D. Little corporation. Category Hydrology Science software stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Aromatoleum regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Beta Proteobacteria ordo Rhodocyclales familia Rhodocyclaceae genus Aromatoleum subdivision ranks Species subdivision Aromatoleum aromaticum Aromatoleum is a genus of proteobacteria capable of microbial biodegradation of organic pollutants. The 4.7 Mb genome of the facultative denitrifying Aromatoleum aromaticum strain EbN1 was the first to be determined for an anaerobic hydrocarbon degrader using toluene or ethylbenzene as Substrate chemistry substrate s . The genome sequence revealed about two dozen gene cluster s including several paralog s coding for a complex catabolic network for anaerobic and aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. The genome sequence forms the basis for current detailed studies on regulation of pathways and enzyme structures. ref name chapter1 cite book author McLeod MP and Eltis LD year 2008 chapter Genomic Insights Into the Aerobic Pathways for Degradation of Organic Pollutants title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press id ISBN 978 1 904455 17 2 ref The strain EbN1 has not been Bacterial taxonomy described in detail , therefore, according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria , ref cite pmid 21089234 ref the name Aromatoleum aromaticum is not valid cf. ref lpsn allnamesac index ref and is officially it is referred to Azoarcus sp. EbN1 as it belongs to the Azoarcus Thauera cluster. ref name naming cite doi 10.1002 pmic.200600987 ref The discovery of the strain was published in 1995, ref cite pmid 7710331 ref and was subsequently referred to in the literature as Aromatoleum aromaticum and cited as Rabus, unpublished data . ref name naming References reflist External links http www.horizonpress.com gateway biodegradation.html Microbial Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation Category Biodegradation Proteobacteria stub es Aromatoleum ... more details
A microbicide is any compound or substance whose purpose is to reduce the infectivity of microbes, such as virus es or bacterium bacteria . One example is Wood Tar ref cite journal last Paulus first W title Microbicides for the protection of materials yesterday, today and tomorrow journal Biodeterioration and Biodegradation volume 8 year 1991 ref . See also Antibiotics Bactericide Disinfectant Fungicide Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases References Reflist Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases Category Antimicrobials Category Microbicides antiinfective drug stub de Mikrobizid ... more details
Multiple issues notability March 2010 unreferenced April 2011 orphan March 2010 Soilon is a fine mesh made from corn starch . It was designed for and often used in teabag s. It was chosen to replace the materials in teabags, since it can be Biodegradation biodegraded and broken down readily by microorganism s in the soil. It is a safe and non toxic alternative to the paper bags usually employed. Category Biodegradable materials Category Packaging materials material stub pl Soilon ... more details
up contaminated environments. ref name Diaz cite book author Diaz E editor . title Microbial Biodegradation ... relevant microorganism s providing unprecedented insights into biotransformation and microbial biodegradation ... called enzymatic biotransformation. Oil Biodegradation Petroleum oil is toxic for most ... Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular ... for application in the fine chemical industry, but also in the field of biodegradation . In many cases ... and Biocatalytic Applications of the Pollutant Degradation Machinery title Microbial Biodegradation ... biod ISBN 978 1 904455 17 2 ref See also Microbial biodegradation Xenobiotic metabolism Biodegradation ... gateway biodegradation.html Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation http www.horizonpress.com blogger 2007 09 microbial biodegradation bioremediation.html Microbial Biodegradation http www.ecotoxmodels.org ... Category Bioremediation Category Biotechnology Category Biodegradation cs Biotransformace de Biotransformation ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Staphylococcus arlettae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Bacilli ordo Bacillales familia Staphylococcaceae genus Staphylococcus species S. arlettae binomial Staphylococcus arlettae binomial authority Schliefer et al. 1985 Staphylococcus arlettae is a Gram positive , coagulase negative member of the bacteria l genus Staphylococcus consisting of clustered coccus cocci . It has been isolated from the skin of mammals and birds and is novobiocin resistant. ref Schleifer, K. H., R. Kilpper Balz, and L. A. Devriese. 1984. Staphylococcus arlettae sp. nov., S. equorum sp. nov. and S. kloosii sp. nov. three new coagulase negative, novobiocin resistant species from animals. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 5 501 509. ref A strain of this species isolated from effluent from a textile factory was found to be able to degrade azo dyes . ref cite journal last Elisangela first Franciscon coauthors Andrea, Zille, Fabio, Dias Guimaro, de Menezes Cristiano, Ragagnin, Regina, Durrant Lucia, Artur, Cavaco Paulo title Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN 11 using a sequential microaerophilic aerobic process journal International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation year 2008 volume 63 issue 3 pages 280 288 doi 10.1016 j.ibiod.2008.10.003 ref References Reflist Category Staphylococcaceae bacteria stub ... more details
An extremotroph from Latin lang la extremus meaning extreme and Greek lang grc Latn troph lang grc meaning food is an organism that feeds on matter that is not typically considered to be food to most life on Earth. These anthropocentric definitions that we make of extremophily and extremotrophy focus on a single environmental extreme but many extremophiles may fall into multiple categories, for example, organisms living inside hot rocks deep under the Earth s surface. ref Horikoshi, Koki Extremophiles Handbook 2010, pg.5 ref Examples Pestalotiopsis microspora Pestalotiopsis microspora Plastic eater ref http www.activistpost.com 2012 02 jungle fungus eats plastic beats cancer.html ref Halomonas titanicae Halomonas titanicae Metal eater Geotrichum candidum Geotrichum candidum Compact Disk eater Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus Fumigatis Printed circuit board Printed Circuit Board eater Deinococcus radiodurans Deinococcus radiodurans Radioactive waste eater ? Space debris eaters ref http rt.com news iss bacteria mir mutation 765 ref Industrial uses Extremotrophs are employed as Bioremediation Bioremediation and Biodegradation Biodegradation agents. See also div style moz column count 3 column count 3 Lithoautotroph Chemotroph Extremophile div References reflist Further reading External links ... more details
wiktionary degradation Degradation may refer to Biodegradation , the processes by which organic substances are broken down by living organisms Cashiering or degradation ceremony, a ritual performed when cleric is deprived of office or a knight is stripped of the honour Chemical decomposition , the degradation of chemical compounds Corruption philosophical concept Defamation Degradation a song by the Violent Femmes, from Add It Up 1981 1993 Degradation telecommunications , the loss of quality of an electronic signal Elegant degradation , in engineering, the gradual failing of a machine Environmental degradation , in ecology, damage to the ecosystem and loss of biodiversity Graceful degradation, in a fault tolerant system Degradation geology disambiguation ca Degradaci cs Degradace de Degradation et Degradatsioon fr D gradation id Degradasi it Degradazione pl Degradacja sk Degrad cia ... more details
Refimprove date October 2008 Halorespiration is the use of halogenated compounds as sources of energy . The halogen serves as terminal electron acceptor . It is also called dehalorespiration. ref http biomikro.vscht.cz trp documents mackova Lecture 2008.orgcompoundspdf.pdf Lecture 08 ref Halorespiration is a major form of anaerobic respiration , and can play a part in microbial biodegradation . The most common substrates are chlorinated aliphatics PCE, TCE , chlorinated phenols. Halorespiring bacteria HRB include some proteobacteria, chloroflexi green nonsulfur bacteria and low G C gram positive Clostridia. ref http www.eurochlor.org upload documents document36.pdf Review of scientific literature on microbial dechlorination and chlorination of key chlorinated compounds 2001 ref References references Category Electrochemistry biochem stub ... more details
Controlled waste is waste type waste that is subject to legislative control in either its handling or its disposal. ref http www.legislation.gov.uk uksi 1992 588 contents made The Controlled Waste Regulations 1992a UK Government Legislation ref . As a legal term, Controlled waste applies exclusively to the UK but the concept is enshrined in laws of many other countries. The types of waste covered includes domestic, commercial and industrial waste . They are regulated because of their toxicity , their hazardous nature or their capability to do harm to human health or the environment either now or at some time in the future. A prime concern is the effects of biodegradation or biochemical degradation and the by products produced. References references See also List of waste types Waste management Waste DEFAULTSORT Controlled Waste Category Waste Waste stub Industry company stub ... more details
and there is much interest in using Microbial biodegradation to clean up contaminated sites ... title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press id http www.horizonpress.com biod ISBN 978 1 904455 17 2 ref Bioremediation Interest in the microbial biodegradation ... Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology edition 1st ed. publisher Caister Academic Press ... more details
File Blue baling twine.jpg thumb Synthetic baling twine tied around bales of hay. Baling twine or baler twine is a small diameter sisal or synthetic twine used to bind a quantity of fibrous material notably hay or straw into a more compact and easily stacked form. Load strengths range near 350 lbs. Traditional sisal baler twine is naturally biodegradation biodegradable , and modern synthetic polypropylene twines are also designed to be. External links Commons category inline Baling twine material stub agriculture stub Category Ropework de Pressengarn ... more details
In biology , a hotbed is a pile of decaying organic matter warmer than its surroundings due to the heat given off by the metabolism of the microorganisms in the decompose decomposing pile. A hotbed covered with a small glass cover also called a hotbox is used as a small version of a hothouse heated greenhouse . The bed is often made of manure from animals such as horse s that pass much undigested plant cellulose in their droppings . Thus hotboxes are to cold frame s what hothouses are to greenhouses. Some egg laying animals make or use hotbeds to Avian incubation incubate their eggs for example the brush turkey . Category Composting Category Biodegradation Category Ecology ar cs Pa eni t ... more details
Wikify date January 2012 Orphan date January 2012 Disodium cocoamphodiacetate DSCADA is a synthetic amphoteric surfactant routinely used in personal care products. ref name Sharvelle S Biodegradability A 2008 study suggested DSCADA is toxic to bacteria in wastewater treatment processes. ref name Sharvelle S cite journal journal Water Environ Res year 2008 volume 80 issue 3 pages 276 81 title Biodegradation of disodium cocoamphodiacetate by a wastewater microbial consortium author Sharvelle S, Skvarenina E, Banks MK pmid 18419016 ref Results from the 2008 research indicated that DSCADA has limited biodegradability and recalcitrant metabolites may develop. ref name Sharvelle S References reflist Category Antiseptics Category Cosmetics chemicals ... more details
Orphan date October 2011 Oil Spill Eater II is a Biocatalysis biocatalytic system of preformed multi enzyme liquid concentrate. When combined with fresh or salt H2O water and oxygen , it will cause crude oil and other organic substances to rapidly decompose, eventually Biodegradation biodegrading them to carbon dioxide and water . References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist references External links http www.osei.us Company website http www.epa.gov emergencies content ncp products oseater.htm OSE II listed on the United State Environmental Protection Agency NCP List Categories Category Articles created via the Article Wizard Category Oil spill remediation technologies ... more details
Mineral salts pyridone broth is a selective medium for bacterium bacteria that can metabolism metabolize pyridone which is an unusual carbon source that only a select few types of bacteria can use . This medium is used to isolate bacteria belonging to the Arthrobacter genus among other bacteria genera. table border 1 caption Mineral Salts Pyridone Broth caption tr td INGREDIENT td td g L tr tr td sodium Na font size 1 sub 2 sub font hydrogen H phosphorus P oxygen O font size 1 sub 4 sub font td td 1.6 tr tr td potassium K H font size 1 sub 2 sub font PO font size 1 sub 4 sub font td td 21.0 tr tr td nitrogen N H font size 1 sub 4 sub font font size 1 sub 2 sub font sulfur S O font size 1 sub 4 sub font td td 2.6 tr tr td magnesium Mg SO font size 1 sub 4 sub font 7H font size 1 sub 2 sub font O td td 0.1 tr tr td Pyridone Sole carbon C source td td 2.0 tr tr table References cite journal author O Loughlin EJ, Sims GK, Traina SJ title Biodegradation of 2 methyl, 2 ethyl, and 2 hydroxypyridine by an Arthrobacter sp isolated from subsurface sediment journal Biodegradation volume 10 year 1999 pages 93 104 doi 10.1023 A 1008309026751 pmid 10466198 issue 2 Category Growth media ... more details
Polymer Science 1981 26 2917 2926. Biodegradation of polyethylene films with prooxidant additives ... 2003 80 39 43. Environmentally Degradable Plastics Based on Oxo biodegradation of Conventional ... biodegradation by a developed Penicillium Bacillus Biofilm. Gamini Seneviratne, N. S. Tennakoon, M. L. M. A. W. Weerasekara, K. A. Nandasena. Current Science, 2006 90 1 . Biodegradation of thermally ... Degradation and Stability 2003 81 341 351. A Review of Plastic Waste Biodegradation. Ying Zheng, Ernest K. Yanful, and Amarjeet S. Bassi. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 2005 25 243 250. Biodegradation ... Category Biodegradation Category Plastics es Oxo Biodegradable pt Pl stico oxi biodegrad vel ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443863507 Name Hydroxyquinol ImageFile Hydroxyhydrochinon.svg ImageSize 120px ImageName Chemical structure of hydroxyquinol ImageAlt Chemical structure of hydroxyquinol IUPACName benzene 1,2,4 triol OtherNames Hydroxyhydroquinone br Oxyhydroquinone br 1,2,4 Benzenetriol br 1,2,4 Trihydroxybenzene br Benzene 1,2,4 triol br 4 Hydroxycatechol br 2,5 Dihydroxyphenol br 1,3,4 Benzenetriol br 1,3,4 Trihydroxybenzene Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 10331 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C02814 InChIKey GGNQRNBDZQJCCN UHFFFAOYAX StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H6O3 c7 4 1 2 5 8 6 9 3 4 h1 3,7 9H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey GGNQRNBDZQJCCN UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 533 73 3 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASOther PubChem 10787 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 16971 SMILES Oc1cc O c O cc1 InChI 1 C6H6O3 c7 4 1 2 5 8 6 9 3 4 h1 3,7 9H MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 6 sub H sub 6 sub O sub 3 sub MolarMass 126.11 g mol ExactMass 126.031694 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Hydroxyquinol is a benzenetriol . It is a catechin biodegradation product formed by Bradyrhizobium japonicum . ref http www.springerlink.com content l2157ux170001514 Degradation of catechin by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Waheeta Hopper and A. Mahadevan, Biodegradation, Num ro Volume 8, Number 3 may 1997, Pages 159 165, DOI 10.1023 A 1008254812074 ref Hydroxyquinol 1,2 dioxygenase is an enzyme that uses hydroxyquinol and O sub 2 sub to produce 3 hydroxy cis,cis muconate . References Reflist Category Hydroxyquinols Aromatic stub de Hydroxyhydrochinon fr Hydroxyquinol lv Oksihidrohinons ja pt Hidroxiquinol ... more details
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