Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Biologicaldata are data or measurement s collected from biological sources, which are often stored or exchanged in a digital form. Biologicaldata are commonly stored in files or databases. Examples of biologicaldata are DNA sequence DNA base pair sequences , and population data used in ecology . See also Bioinformatics Biological database Biological model disambiguation Data modeling DNA sequencing Data mining DEFAULTSORT BiologicalData Category Data Category Biology Biology stub ar ... more details
biologicaldata. The links below link lists of such systems, grouped by application areas ... BioVis IEEE Symposium on BiologicalData Visualization http www.sbforum.org earchive.php ... CIBDV Computational Intelligence for BiologicalData Visualization http www.graphicslink.co.uk ... Workshop on Visualizing BiologicalData References references DEFAULTSORT BiologicalData Visualization ...Biology Data Visualization is a branch of bioinformatics concerned with the application of computer graphics , scientific visualization , and information visualization to different areas of the life sciences . This includes visualization of sequences , genomes , sequence alignment alignments , phylogenies , macromolecules macromolecular structures , systems biology , microscopy , and magnetic resonance imaging data. Software tools used for visualizing biologicaldata range from simple, stand alone programs to complex, integrated systems. State of the art and perspectives Today we are experiencing a rapid growth in volume and diversity of biologicaldata, presenting an increasing challenge for biologists. A key step in understanding and learning from these data is visualization. Thus, there has been a corresponding increase in the number and diversity of systems for visualizing biologicaldata. An emerging trend is the blurring of boundaries between the visualization of 3D structures at atomic resolution, visualization of larger complexes by cryo electron microscopy , and visualization of the location of proteins and complexes within whole cells and tissues. ref cite journal pmid 15952904 ... of time resolved data from systems biology , electron microscopy ref cite journal pmid 17178466 year ..., as datasets are increasing in size, complexity, and interconnectness, biological visualization systems are improving in usability , data integration and standardization . List of visualization ... small.png Genomic and assembly data File Tree of life SVG.svg List of alignment visualization ... more details
of books. See also div col 5 BiologicaldataData acquisition Data analysis Data cable Data domain ...two other uses data in computer science Data computing pp move indef Editors please keep the count mass discussion and etymology in the body, not the intro. Data IPAc en icon d e t respell DAY t , IPAc en d t respell DA t , or IPAc en d t respell DAH t are values of Qualitative data qualitative or Quantitative data quantitative variable and attribute research variable s, belonging to a set of items. Data in computing or data processing are often represented by a combination of items organized in rows and multivariate analysis multiple variables organized in columns. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be data visualisation visualised using graph data structure graph s or image s. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data , i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of number s, character computing characters and is a relative term data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the processed data from one stage may be considered the raw data of the next. Field work Field data refers to raw data collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment. Experimental data refers to data generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording. The word data is the plural of datum , Grammatical gender neuter past participle ... , engineering , and so on, the terms givens and data are used interchangeably. Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science or data processing data are numbers, words, images ... datum from which distances to all other data are measured. Any measurement or result is a datum , but data point is more usual, ref cite web author Matt Dye year 2001 title Writing Reports url http ... and the originally Latin plural data are used as the plural of datum in English, but data is commonly ... more details
as mentioned above is as per only for biological database in case of attaching biological function. Output Biologicaldata comes in many formats. These formats include text, sequence data, protein ... Information NCBI dbSNP PubMed Interactome Biologicaldata MetaBase Quertle Snpstr References ...Inappropriate tone date March 2010 Biological databases are libraries of life sciences information, collected ... . ref cite journal author Altman RB title Building successful biological databases journal ... in biological databases includes gene function, structure, localization both cellular and chromosomal , clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences and structures ... library digital libraries are important for understanding biological databases. Biological database ... cite journal author Bourne P title Will a biological database be different from a biological journal ... doi 10.1371 journal.pcbi.0010034 url pmc 1193993 ref Data contents include gene sequences, textual ... data. These are often described as semi structured data , and can be represented as tables, key ... Accession number bioinformatics accession numbers. Overview Biological databases are an important tool in assisting scientists to understand and explain a host of biological phenomena from the structure ... timeline history of life . Biological knowledge is distributed amongst many different general .... Biological databases cross reference other databases with Accession number bioinformatics accession ... biological databases is a special yearly issue of the journal Nucleic Acids Research NAR . The http ... Regarding the Biological database concerning Bioinformatics, one can create database, on the basis ... is the only term that can be applied to Biological database which refers to attaching a biological ... are provided by PubMed and OMIM . Sequence data is provided by GenBank , in terms of DNA, and UniProt , in terms of protein. Protein structures are provided by Protein Data Bank PDB , SCOP , and CATH ... more details
otheruses Data disambiguation Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa or DATA was a multinational Non governmental organization non government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 s Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III Bobby Shriver and activist s from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign. DATA was created for the purposes of obtaining social equality equality and justice for Africa through debt relief adjusting trade rules which burden Africa eliminating the AIDS in Africa African AIDS epidemic strengthening democracy furthering accountability by the wealthiest nations and African leaders and Transparency humanities transparency towards the people. In 2007, DATA and Bono were jointly awarded the National Constitution Center s 2007 Liberty Medal for their groundbreaking efforts to address the AIDS crisis and extreme poverty in Africa. Start up funds came from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , financier George Soros , and technology entrepreneur Edward W. Scott . ref cite news url http www.time.com time printout 0,8816,1142270,00.html title The Constant Charmer author Josh Tyrangiel date 2005 12 19 work Time Magazine ref In 2007, DATA and the ONE Campaign decided to join forces, and in January 2008, they formally merged under the name ONE. ref cite news url http www.reuters.com article idUSN2953856520071029 title Bono s U.S. based anti poverty groups to merge author Lesley Wroughton date 2007 10 29 work Reuters ref DATA received support from the Christian rock Alternative rock bands Switchfoot and Third Day . References references External links http www.one.org ONE official site Category International nongovernmental organizations Category HIV AIDS in Africa Category Organizations founded by Bono int org stub de Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa it DATA sv DATA f rening vi DATA ... more details
A biological model may refer to a model organism a mathematical model of a biological system the Model of Abnormality The Biological .28Medical.29 Model biological medical model of abnormality disambig ... more details
In epidemiology and biomedicine , the term biological plausibility refers to the proposal of a causal association a relationship between a putative cause and an outcome that is consistent with existing biological and medical knowledge. Biological plausibility is one component of a method of reasoning that can establish a cause and effect relationship between a biological factor and a particular disease or adverse event. It is also an important part of the process of evaluating whether a proposed therapy drug, vaccine, surgical procedure, etc. has a real benefit to a patient. This concept has application to many controversial public affairs debates, such as that over the causes of Vaccine controversy adverse vaccination outcomes . Biological plausibility is an essential element of the intellectual background of epidemiology. The term originated in the seminal work of determining the causality ... , the association between a biological factor and a disease or other bad outcome should be biologically ... we cannot demand. What is biologically plausible depends upon the biological knowledge of the day. To quote again from my Alfred Watson Memorial Lecture 1962 , there was no biological knowledge ... in chimney sweep s. It was lack of biological knowledge in the 19th that led to a prize essayist ... might be infected. And coming to nearer times, in the 20th century there was no biological knowledge ... . This involves the gathering and analysis of biochemical, tissue or animal data which are eventually found to point to a mechanism of action or to demonstrate the desired biological effect. This process is said to confer biological plausibility. Since large, definitive RCTs are extremely expensive ... of final confirmation or refutation in them. In distinction to biological plausibility , clinical data from epidemiological studies , case report s, case series and small, formal open or controlled ..., biological plausibility is lacking for most alternative medicine complementary and alternative ... more details
Biological pollution , or biopollution , is a term that defines adverse effects of invasive species invasive alien species IAS on quality of aquatic and terrestrial environment. Biopollution is a synonym for biological invasion impacts bioinvasion impacts . br Biopollution may cause adverse effects at several levels of biological organization an individual organism internal biological pollution by parasites or pathogens , a population by genetic change, i.e. hybridization of IAS with a native species , a community or biocoenosis by structural shifts, i.e. dominance of IAS, replacement or elimination of native species , a habitat by modification of physical chemical conditions , an ecosystem by alteration of energy and organic material flow . Biopollution may also cause decline in naturalness of nature conservation areas, adverse economic consequences and impacts on human health. The notion of biological pollution and biological pollutants described by Elliott 2003 ref Elliott, M. 2003 Biological pollutants and biological pollution an increasing cause for concern. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46, 275 280 ref is generally accepted in invasion biology it was used to develop the concept of biopollution ... of the biological invasion impact, ranging from no impact BPL 0 through weak BPL 1 , moderate ... according to the quality of the data available. br The method is simple to undertake and provide ... Sea case. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60 2010 1691 1700 ref . Biological Invasion Impact Biopollution Assessment System BINPAS This is a free online system that calculates the magnitude of the biological ..., A. Zaiko, D. Minchin. 2012. Biological invasion impact assessment system From idea to implementation ... the existing data on miscellaneous invasive alien species impacts on population, community, habitat ... at for anyone interested in biological invasions. Experts willing to perform the assessment for their studied ... BINPAS Biological Invasion Impact Biopollution Assessment System Category Ecology terminology Category ... more details
about the medical field of biological psychiatry the journal Biological Psychiatry Biological psychiatry ... of the biology biological function of the nervous system . It is interdisciplinary in its approach ... to investigate the biological bases of behavior and psychopathology . Biopsychiatry is that branch speciality of medicine which deals with the study of biological function of the nervous system in mental disorders. ref name Cancerweb cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?query biological ... upon Tyne ref ref name Webster cite web url http www.websters online dictionary.org Bi Biological Psychiatry.html title Webster s Dictionary definition of biological psychiatry publisher Webster ... of Biological Psychiatry publisher Society of Biological Psychiatry ref ref name Infoplease cite web url http www.infoplease.com ipd A0342210.html title Infoplease dictionary definition of Biological Psychiatry publisher Infoplease dictionary ref While there is some overlap between biological psychiatry ... deals with behavioral disturbances in the context of apparent brain disorder. Biological psychiatry ... with the phenomena at different levels of explanation. Because of the focus on the biological function of the nervous system, however, biological psychiatry has been particularly important in developing ... volume 35 title Biological basis of psychiatry journal Psychiatry Pol pmid 11877886 ref The history ... author Payk, T.R. publisher The Delano Report ref but the term biological psychiatry was first ... 1953 month October title Biological Psychiatry journal American Journal of Psychiatry volume 110 issue 4 pages 244 52 pmid 13092281 ref The field, however, is not without its critics and the phrase biological ... definition see also Biological psychology Biological psychiatry is a branch of psychiatry where the focus is chiefly on researching and understanding the biological basis of major mental disorders ... a helpful result of the research. On a research level, it includes all possible biological bases of behavior ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2012 For the use of biological agent s by terrorists bioterrorism Weapons of mass destruction Biological warfare also known as germ warfare is the use of Toxin Biotoxins biological ... or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons often termed bio ... considered a type of biological warfare. Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain ... deployments. Like some of the chemical weapons , biological weapons may also be useful as area denial ... Cultures Biological Weapons Since 1945 publisher Harvard University Press year 2006 pages 284 293, 301 303 isbn 0674016998 ref There is an overlap between biological warfare and chemical warfare , as the use of toxin s produced by living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological ... Offensive biological warfare, including mass production , stockpiling and use of biological weapons, was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention BWC . The Theory of justification rationale behind this treaty , which has been Ratification ratified or acceded to by List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention 163 countries as of 2009, is to prevent a biological attack which could ... of the BWC, currently pursue research into the defense or protection against biological warfare ... has the ability to alter the terms on which other nations or groups interact with it. Biological .... Therefore, biological agents may be useful as strategic deterrents in addition to their utility ... all ref As a tactical weapon for military use, a significant problem with a biological warfare attack .... Some biological agents especially smallpox , plague disease plague , and tularemia have the capability ... containment of biological warfare transmission is less of a concern for certain criminal or terrorist ... all nations. History main History of biological warfare div style clear both div history of war Rudimentary forms of biological warfare have been practiced repeatedly throughout history. Many ... more details
to criminality. Biological determination also biologism is the interpretation of humans and human life from a strictly biological point of view, and it is closely related to genetic determinism . Another definition is that biological determinism is the hypothesis that biological factors such as an organism ... taste in music , committing murder , or writing poetry . A biological determinist would posit that such behaviours, and personality traits in general, are mediated primarily by biological factors, such as genotype genetic makeup . An extreme variant of biological determinism might assert that an organism s behavior is determined entirely by biological factors, and that all of these factors are innate to that organism e.g. DNA . By asserting that biological factors are the primary determinants of behaviour, biological determinism implies of course that non biological factors, such as social convention ..., a variant of biological determinism might consider non innate biological factors, such as the biological ... innate biological factors. Biologists sometimes regard a charge of biological determinism as a straw man , as there is currently no support for strict biological determinism in the field of genetics ... of biological determinism. However, individual scientists may disagree as to the role that genetic ... between genes and environment. In terms of the nature versus nurture debate, biological determinism ... view point. However, the tendency to see biological determinism and social determinism as polar ... is, at least to some extent, pre determined. In this sense the opposite of the biological ... which influence behaviour c.f. free will . The key difference between the theories of biological ... may influence behaviour. A critique has been developed against the uncritical use of biological determinism .... Proponents of eugenics, based on biological determinism, wanted to improve the human species through ... also Anthropological criminology Biological determination sociology Conscious Robots Epigenetics ... more details
In biology , often biological defense mechanism , a form of adaptation that promotes the survivability of an organism by protecting it from its natural enemies. Also see chemical defense . In law , a claim that some biological factor present in the defendant provides a defense against the accused crimes, as in the so called Twinkie defense . disambig Category Criminal defenses Category Evolutionary biology Category Ecology ... more details
wiktionary biological clock Biological clock may refer to Circadian rhythm , living organisms adaptations to solar related rhythms Senescence Age , as a Female infertility general factor of female infertility disambiguation fr Horloge biologique ur sv Biologisk klocka ... more details
Biological Abstracts is a database produced by Thomson Reuters through its subsidiary BIOSIS . It includes abstract summary abstracts from Peer review peer reviewed academic journal articles in the fields of biology , biochemistry , biotechnology , botany , pre clinical and experimental medicine , pharmacology , zoology , agriculture , and veterinary medicine published since 1926. ref name BA cite web url http wokinfo.com products tools specialized ba title Biological Abstracts format Online work accessdate 2009 08 30 ref ref name o BA About Cite web title Biological Abstracts publisher Ovid Technologies, Inc. url http www.ovid.com site catalog DataBase 24.jsp format Online accessdate 2011 07 26 ref It can be accessed through the ISI Web of Knowledge Web of Knowledge . ref name BA Biological Abstracts RRM is similar, except that it covers meetings and conferences, literature reviews, U.S. patents, books, software and other media instead of journal articles. ref name BARRM cite web url http www.thomsonreuters.com products services science science products a z biological abstracts rrm?parentKey 441594 title Biological Abstracts RRM format work accessdate 2009 08 30 ref The combination of the two is marketed as BIOSIS Previews . ref name BIOSIS cite web url http www.thomsonreuters.com products services science science products scholarly research analysis research discovery biosis previews?parentKey 441594,430193 title BIOSIS Previews format online work accessdate 2009 08 30 ref References Reflist External links http wokinfo.com media pdf qrc baqrc.pdf Biological Abstracts QRC. Accessed 2011 07 26 EBSCO http www.ebscohost.com academic biological abstracts Biological Abstracts . Accessed 2011 07 26. This database is produced by Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters Category Thomson Reuters Category Bibliographic databases Category Online databases Category Thomson family es Biological Abstracts ru Biological Abstracts ... more details
Patent law A biological patent is a patent relating to an invention or discovery in biology . It can be a composition of matter, a method for obtaining or using one or more thereof, or a product combining such things. Even when a natural biological substance itself is patented apart from any associated process or usage , this has been permitted in the United States as long as they are sufficiently isolated from their naturally occurring states. Prominent historical examples of such patents on isolated products of nature include adrenaline, insulin, vitamin B sub 12 sub , and gene patents . History The 1970s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological inventions with recombinant DNA . It wasn t until 1980 that patents for whole scale living organisms were permitted. In Diamond v. Chakrabarty , the U.S. Supreme Court established the patentability of living matter, provided it was truly man made. The subject for this particular case was a genetically engineered bacterium that was specifically modified to help clean up and degrade oil spills. Since that 1980 court case, there has been much patenting of genetically modified organisms . This includes bacteria as just mentioned , viruses, seeds, plants, and even non human animals. For example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the Oncomouse , that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by Harvard ... biological patents occurs on many levels, driven by, for example, concern over the expense of patented ... States, biological material derived from humans can be patented if it has been sufficiently ... were Biological immortality immortalized and were patented by the university and have become widely ...?ID 163 Rebecca Eisenberg are academic law professors who believe that biological ... Medicine. There is data showing that such patents have little to no effect on basic university research ... , United States Congressional Research Service, September 10, 2001 DEFAULTSORT Biological Patent ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A biological unit abbreviated BU consists of the smallest number of protein molecules which form a biologically active eg. catalytically active unit. Category Biochemistry biochem stub ... more details
About the journal Biological Psychiatry the field of study Biological psychiatry Infobox journal cover File Biological Psychiatry.gif editor Dr. John H. Krystal , M.D. discipline Psychiatry , Genetics , Biological psychiatry , Behavioral Sciences , Biology , Life Sciences , Neuroscience , Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Medical Sciences abbreviation Biol. Psychiatry publisher Elsevier country Netherlands ... history 1969 present Electronic versions available from 1985 ISSN 0006 3223 OCLC LCCN CODEN Biological ... published by Elsevier since 1985 and the Society of Biological Psychiatry. The journal ... disorders. Biological Psychiatry is a selective and highly cited journal in the field of psychiatric ... Impact Factor score for Biological Psychiatry is 8.674. ref Cite web url http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505750 description title Biological Psychiatry Elsevier accessdate 2010 01 29 ref History Biological Psychiatry was established in 1969 and is the official journal of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. It is published by Elsevier on the 1st and 15th of each month ... of Biological Psychiatry. The founding Editor in Chief was Joseph Wortis , who edited the journal ... term M.D. a new position Founding editor journal Biological Psychiatry date 1993 01 01 first David ... bps aims Biological Psychiatry Aims and Scope page ref It is abstracted in BIOSIS Beck Medical ... S. Charney , 1998 2006 John H. Krystal, 2006 present See also Portal Neuroscience Biological psychiatry References Reflist External links http www.sobp.org Society of Biological Psychiatry website http www.sobp.org journal Biological Psychiatry website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 505750 description description Elsevier website for Biological Psychiatry http journals.elsevierhealth.com periodicals bps authorinfo Biological Psychiatry Guide for Authors Category Psychiatry ... Elsevier academic journals Sci journal stub uk Biological Psychiatry ... more details
orphan date April 2009 Biological psychopathology is the study of the biological basis of mental illness . It attempts to elucidate the genetics genetic and neurological etiology behind psychological disorders, including schizophrenia , mood disorders , and anxiety disorders . Although it interacts with clinical psychology, it is a specialized subset that usually takes place in an experimental context. It is known by several alternative names, including clinical neuroscience and experimental psychopathology ..., biochemistry,genetics,and physiology, in order to examine the biological basis of behavior and specifically psychopathology. Biological psychopathology and other approaches relating to mental ... different levels of explanation. Due to the focus on the biological processes of the nervous system, however, biological psychopathology has been particularly important in developing and prescribing ... therapy are used in synchronization to treat mental illness. Biological psychopathology is specifically ... psychology department. ref http www.psych.umn.edu areas bp index.htm Biological Psychopathology ref Some famous scientists studying biological psychopathology include Rachel Clark of Northeastern University . ref http online.psych.umn.edu dynamo roster.php Roster ref Scope of Biological Psychopathology Biological Psychopathology is a field that focuses mostly on the research and understanding the biological ... within this field. Significant research includes investigations relevant to biological bases ... noticeable biochemical changes. br Origins and Basis of Biological Psychopathology Sigmund Freud initially concentrated on the biological causes of mental illness and its relationship to evident behavioral factors. His belief in biological factors lead to the concept that certain drugs such as cocaine .... 6 ed., pp. 642 715 . New York, NY W W Norton & Co Inc. Hariri, A. R. 2009, November . Biological ... Kalat, J. W. 2010 . Biological psychology. 10 ed. . Belmont, CA Wadsworth Pub Co. Pennington, B ... more details
dablink See process anatomy for the alternate meaning, an outgrowth of tissue . otheruses Process disambiguation Cleanup date July 2008 Unreferenced date January 2008 A biological process is a process of a living organism . Biological processes are made up of any number of chemical reaction s or other events that results in a Chemical transformation transformation . Regulation of biological processes occurs where any process is modulated in its frequency, rate or extent. Biological processes are regulated by many means examples include the control of gene expression , protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. Physiological process, those processes specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. Reproduction Digestion Response to stimulus, a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism in terms of movement, secretion , enzyme production, gene expression , etc. as a result of a Stimulus physiology stimulus . Biological interaction Interaction between organisms . the processes by which an organism has an observable effect on another organism of the same or different species. Also Fermentation biochemistry fermentation , fertilisation , germination , tropism , Hybrid biology hybridisation , metamorphosis , photosynthesis , transpiration . See also Chemical process Organic reaction Chemical transformation References reflist Category Biological processes es Funciones vitales id Proses biologis ru simple Life processes uk ... more details
A biological detergent is a laundry detergent that contains enzymes harvested from micro organisms such as bacteria adapted to live in hot spring s. ref name spolem http www.spolem.co.uk worksheets docs industrial enzymes.doc www.spolem.co.uk Industrial uses of enzymes ref The description is commonly used in the United Kingdom , where other washing detergents are described as non biological or bio and non bio . Most manufacturers of biological detergents also produce non biological ones. Method of operation and effectiveness Biological detergents clean in the same way as non biological ones with additional effects from the enzymes, whose purpose is to break down protein, starches and fat in dirt and stains on clothing to be laundered, for example food stains, sweat and mud. Tests by the Which? Consumers Association in the UK published in their Which? magazine rated the cleaning performance of washing powders based on stain removal, whiteness, and colour fading. It was found that the performance of various makes of biological powders ranged from 58 to 81 , and non biological powders scored from 41 to 70 . The enzymes in biological detergents enable effective cleaning at lower temperatures than required by normal detergents, but are denatured at higher temperatures ref name spolem &mdash about 40 C is recommended. ref http www.which.co.uk reviews ns washing powders full test results index.jsp Which magazine study. Also available online to subscribers at ref Controversy regarding ... be transferred to the skin when wet clothes that have just been cleaned with biological detergents are touched ... particularly protease . A study by a manufacturer found that The biological products did not produce more irritation than the non biological products, confirming that the addition of enzymes to a detergent ... to be a consequence of mythology . ref http www.dailymail.co.uk health article 1020902 Biological washing ... of Dermatology ref ref Cite doi 10.1111 j.1365 2133.2008.08561.x ref References refs DEFAULTSORT Biological ... more details
noinclude Note the list on this page is included within Organic another diambiguation page Unreferenced date April 2010 Biological material may refer to noinclude Tissue biology , or just tissue Biomass , living or dead biological matter, often plants grown as fuel Biomass ecology , the total mass of living biological matter Biomaterial s Biocompatible material s and bioapplicable materials Biomolecule , a chemical compound that naturally occurs in living organisms Biotic material , from living things Bio based material , a processed biotic material Cellular component , material and substances of which cells and thus living organisms are composed Organic matter , derived from living things or containing carbon Viable material , capable of living, developing, or germinating under favorable conditions. see viability selection Bodily fluid noinclude See also Customs disambig noinclude Category Biological matter noinclude ... more details
Biological motion is a term used by social and cognitive neuroscientists to refer to the unique visual phenomenon of a moving, animate object. Often, the stimuli used in biological motion experiments are just a few moving dots that reflect the motion of some key joints of the moving organism. Gunnar Johansson psychophysicist Gunnar Johansson invented these point light displays ref cite journal author G. Johansson title Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis journal Percept. Psychophys. volume 14 year 1973 pages 201 211 doi 10.3758 BF03212378 issue 2 ref . History Early work suggested that the brain may contain mechanisms specialised for the detection of other humans from motion signals, but over the years this claim has been scaled down to the point where some authors now suggest that we have more generalised detectors tuned simply to the characteristic signal generated by the feet of a locomoting animal. ref cite journal title The Inversion Effect in Biological Motion Perception Evidence for a Life Detector ? journal Current Biology volume 16 issue 8 pages 821 824 author N . Troje , C . Westhoff doi 10.1016 j.cub.2006.03.022 pmid 16631591 year 2006 ref Psychophysics Perception of biological motion depends both on the motions of individual dots and the configuration ... is presented upside down. ref Mirenzi A, Hiris E, 2011, The Thatcher effect in biological motion ... for biological motion perception ref Grossman, E., & Blake, R. 2002 . Brain areas active during visual perception of biological motion. Neuron, 35, 1157 1165. ref . Also, premotor cortex is important ..., Wilson, S.M., Hagler Jr., D.J., Bates, E., & Sereno, M.I. 2004 Point light biological motion perception ... biological motion perception included the superior temporal lobe sulcus neuroanatomy sulcus and premotor ... ref . A recent study on a patient with developmental agnosia found intact biological motion, but deficient perception of non biological form from motion ref cite pmid 21237181 ref See also Motion ... more details
Automata and Nearest Neighbor Interactions Biological engineering , biotechnological engineering or bioengineering including biological systems engineering is the application of concepts and methods ... inanimate tools, structure s and Process engineering processes , biological engineering uses primarily ... of living organisms . The differentiation between biological engineering and overlap with Biomedical ... engineers are specifically focused on applying biological and other sciences toward medical innovations, whereas biological engineers are focused principally on applying biology but not necessarily to medical uses. Neither biological engineering nor biomedical engineering is wholly contained within the other, as there are non biological products for medical needs and biological products for non ... is a branch of biological engineering which strives to find ways in which the structures and functions ... process of recognition of the structure, function, and precise method of operation of complex biological systems. Thus biological engineering is a science based discipline founded upon the biological ... between engineering and biology in biological engineering design, Int J Engng Ed 2005, 21, 1 7 ref Biological engineering can be differentiated from its roots of pure biology or classical engineering in the following way. Biological studies often follow a reductionist approach in viewing a system ..., approaches, and technologies from component concepts. Biological engineering utilizes both kinds ... Journal of Biological Engineering, Journal of Biological Engineering 1,1, 2007, http www.jbioleng.org, ref In addition, because it is an engineering discipline, biological engineering is fundamentally ... knowledge to solve real world problems in a cost effective way. Although engineered biological systems ... and reliably engineer biological systems that behave as expected is at present less well developed ... Engineering and Biological Engineering however, the differences are quite small. Biomedical ... more details
Not to be confused with a biometric passport . An athlete biological passport is an individual, electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results ... laboratoire lad prestations laboratoire passeport.htm title Information on the athlete biological ... is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti doping. Maybe the first ... or blood, but through the induced deviations in biological parameters, is the so called testosterone ... by direct means at that time. It is only in 2002 that the paradigm to use biological markers ... of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport. ref ... sanctioned on the basis of their biological passport The biological passport programme has allowed .... Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passport. Igor Astarloa received a two year sanction as a result of abnormalities detected in his biological passport. ref http www.cyclingnews.com news astarloa suspended and fined for uci biological passport ... in his biological passport. ref name cas hearing cite web url http velonews.competitor.com 2011 03 news cas upholds biological passport slaps pellizotti and cauchioli with 2 year bans 162823 title CAS upholds biological passport, slaps Pellizotti and Caucchioli with 2 year bans author publisher VeloNews ... control in April 2009, after having been targeted under the biological passport programme. He received a two year sanction. ref cite web url http www.velonation.com News ID 4336 Biological Passport Antonio Colom sanctioned for two years given large fine.aspx ixzz1TzAdZiui title Biological Passport ... in his biological passport. ref cite web url http www.velonation.com News ID 8827 CAS dismisses doping ban appeal by De Bonis over biological passport.aspx title CAS dismisses doping ban appeal by De Bonis over biological passport author Shane Stokes publisher Velonation.com date 22 June 2011 ref Thomas ... more details
brain evolution, and of culture as neurological adaptation to environment. In two centuries biological ... is the Biological Anthropology Section while the principal professional organization is the American Association of Physical Anthropologists . The term biological anthropology emerged with the rise ... of nature and environment on bipedal ity or the use of opposable thumb , with hominid Biological ... stresses and variation. Human biology, an interdisciplinary field of biology, biological anthropology ... 1980 , in Bones, Bodies, Behavior Essays on Biological Anthropology , of the History of Anthropology ... Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology , biological anthropology, nutrition ... found in U.S. academic and public health settings, that incorporates perspectives from the biological ... medical.php , offer biomedical tracks within more traditional biological or biocultural anthropology ... is now thoroughly discredited, ref O Neil, Dennis. Palomar College. Biological Anthropology ... Anderson. London Sage Publications. ref mapmakers create a common knowledge by displaying specific data ... anthropometry Physiognomy Phrenology Notable biological anthropologists Anthropology William M. Bass ... http www.babao.org.uk British Association of Biological Anthropologists and Osteoarchaeologists ... ijba current.xml The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology The Free Online Journal http www.isita ... Biological Anthropology Categories Category Physical anthropology Category Biology Category ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
