controlled as such. Biological and toxin agents of military importance Bacterial Bio agents ... immitis OC Biological Toxins class wikitable sortable Toxin Source of Toxin Chemical weapon designation ..., including Fusarium , Trichoderma , and Stachybotrys Biological Vectors class wikitable sortable ... Biological hazard Laboratory Response Network External links http www.osha.gov SLTC biologicalagents U.S. Department of Labor Biological Agents http www.cdc.gov od sap docs salist.pdf U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Select Agents and Toxins References Reflist Bioterrorism Category Biological ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2012 For the use of biological agent s by terrorists bioterrorism Weapons of mass destruction Biological warfare also known as germ warfare is the use of Toxin Biotoxins biological ... or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons often termed bio ... considered a type of biological warfare. Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain ... deployments. Like some of the chemical weapons , biological weapons may also be useful as area denial ... Cultures Biological Weapons Since 1945 publisher Harvard University Press year 2006 pages 284 293, 301 303 isbn 0674016998 ref There is an overlap between biological warfare and chemical warfare , as the use of toxin s produced by living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological ... Offensive biological warfare, including mass production , stockpiling and use of biological weapons, was outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention BWC . The Theory of justification rationale behind this treaty , which has been Ratification ratified or acceded to by List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention 163 countries as of 2009, is to prevent a biological attack which could ... of the BWC, currently pursue research into the defense or protection against biological warfare ... has the ability to alter the terms on which other nations or groups interact with it. Biological .... Therefore, biological agents may be useful as strategic deterrents in addition to their utility ... all ref As a tactical weapon for military use, a significant problem with a biological warfare attack .... Some biological agents especially smallpox , plague disease plague , and tularemia have the capability ... containment of biological warfare transmission is less of a concern for certain criminal or terrorist ... all nations. History main History of biological warfare div style clear both div history of war Rudimentary forms of biological warfare have been practiced repeatedly throughout history. Many ... more details
incomplete date October 2010 In pharmacology , biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on organism living matter . When a drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance s active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other constituents. Activity is generally dose biochemistry dosage dependent and it is not uncommon to have effects ranging from beneficial to adverse for one substance when going from low to high doses. Activity depends critically on fulfillment of the ADME criteria. clarify date October 2010 Whereas a material is considered bioactive if it has interaction with or effect on any cell biology cell tissue in the human body , pharmacological activity is usually taken to describe beneficial effects, i.e. the effects of drug candidate s. The main kind of biological activity is a substance s toxicity . Dubious date November 2010 In the study of biomineralisation , bioactivity is often meant as the formation of calcium phosphate deposits on the surface of objects placed in simulated body fluid , a buffer solution with ion content similar to blood . See also Lipinski s Rule of Five , describing molecular properties of drugs QSAR , quantitative structure activity relationship Chemical property Molecular property Physical property Chemical structure References unreferenced date December 2009 DEFAULTSORT Biological Activity Category Pharmacodynamics Pharma stub ca Activitat biol gica de Biologische Aktivit t es Actividad biol gica he ja pl Aktywno biologiczna pt Atividade biol gica ... more details
A biological target is a biopolymer such as a protein or nucleic acid whose activity can be modified by an external stimulus. The definition is context dependent and can refer to the biological target of a pharmacological activity pharmacologically active drug Chemical compound compound , or the receptor target of a hormone like insulin . The implication is that a molecule is hit by a signal and its behavior is thereby changed. Biological targets are most commonly proteins such as enzyme s, ion channel s, and receptor biochemistry receptor s. Mechanism The external stimulus i.e. , chemical substance physically binds to the biological target. ref name pmid2536880 cite journal author Raffa RB, Porreca F title Thermodynamic analysis of the drug receptor interaction journal Life Sci. volume 44 issue 4 pages 245 58 year 1989 pmid 2536880 doi 10.1016 0024 3205 89 90182 3 ref ref name pmid7939660 cite journal author Moy VT, Florin EL, Gaub HE title Intermolecular forces and energies between ligands and receptors journal Science volume 266 issue 5183 pages 257 9 year 1994 pmid 7939660 doi 10.1126 science.7939660 ref The interaction between the substance and the target may be noncovalent bonding noncovalent reversible covalent bond covalent A chemical reaction occurs between the stimulus and target in which the stimulus becomes chemically bonded to the target, but the reverse reaction also readily occurs in which the bond can be broken. irreversible covalent The stimulus is permanently bound to the target through irreversible chemical bond formation. Depending on the nature of the stimulus, the following can occur There is no direct change in the biological target, except that the binding ... of receptors is referred to as inverse agonist inverse agonism . Drug targets The term biological ... activity is modified by a drug resulting in a desirable therapeutic effect . In this context, the biological ... containing biological targets information Therapeutic Targets Database TTD DrugBank Binding DB References ... more details
Image CO2 pump hg.svg thumb 350px Air sea exchange of CO sub 2 sub In ocean ic biogeochemistry , the biological pump is the sum of a suite of biologically mediated processes that transport carbon from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean s interior. Overview The organic carbon that forms the biological pump is transported primarily by sinking particulate material, for example dead organisms including algae algal mats or faecal pellets. However, some carbon reaches the deep ocean as dissolved organic carbon DOC by physical transport processes such as downwelling rather than sinking. Carbon reaching the deep ocean by these means is either organic carbon or particulate inorganic carbon such as calcium carbonate CaCO sub 3 sub . The former is a component of all organisms, the latter only of calcifying ... material is sinking, the biological pump transports material from the surface of the ocean to its depths. As the biological pump plays an important role in the Earth s carbon cycle, significant ... ecological interactions usually at depth, the processes that form the biological pump are difficult .... From these it is possible to derive the so called f ratio , a proxy for the local strength of the biological ... 10.1038 nature04883 pmid 16791191 ref The biological pump has a physico chemical counterpart known ... sub , and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II 49 , 1601 1622. ref ref ... the ocean. However, the biological pump is not believed to play a significant role in the elevation in CO sub 2 sub . This is because the biological pump is primarily limited by the availability of light ... Enhanced biological carbon consumption in a high CO sub 2 sub ocean. Nature journal Nature 450 , 545 548. ref However, climate change may affect the biological pump in the future by warming and stratification ... success of calcifying organisms caused by ocean acidification may affect the biological pump by altering ... Biological Pump Category Aquatic ecology Category Biological oceanography Category Carbon Category ... more details
Biological thermodynamics is a phrase that is sometimes used to refer to bioenergetics , the study of energy transformation in the biological science s. Biological thermodynamics may be defined as the quantitative study of the energy transductions that occur in and between living organisms, structures, and cells and of the nature and function of the chemical processes underlying these transductions. Biological thermodynamics may address the question of whether the benefit associated with any particular phenotype phenotypic trait is worth the energy investment it requires. History German British medical doctor and biochemist Hans Adolf Krebs Hans Krebs 1957 book Energy Transformations in Living Matter written with Hans Kornberg ref cite journal author Robert Alberty Alberty R title A short history of the thermodynamics of enzyme catalyzed reactions journal J Biol Chem volume 279 issue 27 pages 27831 6 year 2004 pmid 15073189 url http www.jbc.org cgi content full 279 27 27831 doi 10.1074 ... how biological organisms can develop from disorder. Ilya Prigogine developed methods for the thermodynamic ... sunlight energy which reaches Earth. The energy transformations in biological communities ... rather than photosynthesis. The focus of thermodynamics in biology The field of biological .... Presently, biological thermodynamics concerns itself with the study of internal biochemical dynamics .... ref Haynie, Donald T. Biological Thermodynamics. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 2001. Print. ref From the first ... of Biological and Medical Physics. New York McGraw Hill Book, 1955. Print. ref Second Law ... by an increase in the entropy of the universe. ref Haynie, Donald T. Biological Thermodynamics ... at Equilibrium. Chichester, West Sussex Wiley, 1983. Print. ref Gibbs Free Energy In biological ... in Gibbs Free Energy is the basic principle behind all enzymatic action in biological organisms ... Equations Harris Benedict Equations References references Further reading Haynie, D. 2001 . Biological ... more details
separation of a cell or organelle from its surroundings. Biological membranes also have certain ... protein or are taken in by means of endocytosis . Diversity of biological membranes Many types ... , and chromaffin granule s . Different types of biological membranes have diverse lipid and protein compositions. The content of membranes defines their physical and biological properties. Some ... 08 00091 2 refend External links MeSH name Membranes DEFAULTSORT Biological Membrane Category Membrane biology Category Biological matter membrane bg ca Membrana biol gica cs Bun n ... more details
The term Biological Radio is also used by Russian scientists to mean telepathy . Unreferenced date January 2011 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Biological Radio Type studio Longtype Artist Dreadzone Cover BiologicalRadio.jpg Released 28 July 1997 Recorded Rollover, Blah Street & Eden Studios Genre Electronic Length 58 37 Label Virgin Records CDV 2808 Producer Adam Wren Reviews Last album Second Light br 1995 This album Biological Radio br 1997 Next album Sound Dreadzone album Sound br 2001 Biological Radio is the third album by the British band Dreadzone , released in 1997 by Virgin Records . Although less successful than its predecessor, Biological Radio represents a mellowing of style, none of the tracks being as energetic as, say Little Britain . Track listing All tracks credited to Greg Roberts & Leo Williams except where noted br Biological Radio plus Dan Donovan, Earl Daley 6 19 Moving On 6 35 http www.chartstats.com artistinfo.php?id 7399 charted at 58 Third Wave 8 09 The Lost Tribe 6 09 Earth Angel 7 04 http www.chartstats.com artistinfo.php?id 7399 charted at 51 Messengers 6 59 Heat the Pot 6 11 Ali Baba John Holt singer John Holt 5 01 Dream Within a Dream 6 10 Samples and influences The timings above are those listed on the sleeve, however the tracks tend to flow sometimes without obvious boundaries and some of the samples listed below may relate to the preceding or following track. Biological Radio contains a sample from Lightning Flash by Big Youth the quotation this is ZQI is a sample from the 1982 film Countryman film Countryman . The Yabby Yabby You chant is from Conquering Lion by Yabby You . Moving On samples Daisy, Daisy sung by the computer HAL in the film 2001 A Space Odyssey film 2001 A Space Odyssey . Third Wave includes a sample of dialogue a new electric dimension from the 1992 film The Lawnmower Man film The Lawnmower Man . The Lost Tribe contains the quotation Earth, a biosphere a complex, subtly balanced life support system ... more details
model ref Miake J, Marban E, Nuss HB. Gene therapy Biological pacemaker created by gene transfer. Nature ... s ref Plotnikov AN, Sosunov EA, Qu J et al. Biological pacemaker implanted in canine left bundle ... gene into the heart muscle a biological cardiac pacemaker can be created ref Ruhparwar A, Kallenbach K, Klein G et al. Adenylate Cyclase VI Transforms Ventricular Cardiomyocytes Into Biological Pacemaker Cells. Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association 2007, Orlando, Florida. ref . Biological ... of animals. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Biological Pacemaker Category American inventions Category ... more details
A Biological specimen also called a biospecimen is a Biology biological laboratory specimen held by a biorepository for research. Such a specimen would be taken by Sampling medicine sampling so as to be representative of any other specimen taken from the source of the specimen. When biological specimens are stored, ideally they remain equivalent to freshly collected specimens for the purposes of research. Human biological specimens are stored in a type of biorepository called a biobank , and the science of preserving biological specimens is most active in the field of biobanking. Quality control Setting broad standards for quality of biological specimens was initially a underdeveloped aspect of biobank growth. ref name foundation cite doi 10.1097 CCO.0b013e32834161b8 ref There is currently discussion on what standards should be in place and who should manage those standards. Since many organizations set their own standards and since biobanks are necessarily used by multiple organizations and typically are driven towards expansion, the harmonization of standard operating procedures for lab practices are a high priority. ref name foundation The procedures have to be evidence based and will change with time as new research and technology becomes available. ref name foundation Policy makers Some progress for the creation of policy making organizations include the National Cancer Institute s 2005 creation of the Office of Biobanking and Biospecimen Research OBBR ref name foundation and the annual Biospecimen Research Network Symposia. ref cite doi 10.1158 0008 5472.CAN 09 1795 ref The International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories , International Agency for Research on Cancer, Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development , and the Australasian Biospecimen ... techniques associated with biological specimen storage include phenol chloroform extraction , PCR ... Category Biological specimens ... more details
Biological imaging may refer to any imaging technique used in biology . Typical examples include Bioluminescence imaging , a technique for studying laboratory animals using luminescent protein Calcium imaging , determining the calcium status of a tissue using fluorescent light Diffuse optical imaging , using near infrared light to generate images of the body Diffusion weighted imaging , a type of MRI that uses water diffusion Fluorescence lifetime imaging , using the decay rate of a fluorescent sample Gallium imaging , a nuclear medicine method for the detection of infections and cancers Imaging agent , a chemical designed to allow clinicians to determine whether a mass is benign or malignant Imaging studies , which includes many medical imaging techniques Magnetic resonance imaging MRI , a non invasive method to render images of living tissues Medical imaging , creating images of the human body or parts of it, to diagnose or examine disease Microscopy , creating images of objects or features too small to be detectable by the naked human eye Molecular imaging , used to study molecular pathways inside organisms Optical imaging , a technique to allow cognitive neuroscientists to see brain activity Optoacoustic imaging , using the photothermal effect , for the accuracy of spectroscopy with the depth resolution of ultrasound Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine Photoacoustic Imaging , a technique to detect vascular disease and cancer using non ionizing laser pulses Ultrasound imaging , using very high frequency sound to visualize muscles and internal organs Category Biological techniques and tools Category Imaging ... more details
notability date March 2012 Infobox journal title Biological Theory cover Image biologicaltheorylowres.jpg editor Werner Callebaut discipline Evolution , cognition abbreviation publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency Quarterly history 2005 present openaccess impact impact year website http www.springer.com philosophy epistemology and philosophy of science journal 13752 link1 http www.springerlink.com openurl.asp?genre issue&issn 1555 5542&issue current link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 603260377 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1555 5542 eISSN 1555 5550 Biological Theory is a peer reviewed scientific journal devoted to theoretical advances in the fields of evolution and cognition . It was established in 2005 and is published online and in hard copy by Springer Science Business Media on behalf of the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research . See also Portal Evolutionary biology Evolutionary biology External links Official http www.springer.com philosophy epistemology and philosophy of science journal 13752 Category Biology journals Category Springer academic journals Category Quarterly journals Category Publications established in 2005 Category English language journals sci journal stub ... more details
Image Brain chrischan.jpg thumb right Biological Naturalism states that consciousness is a higher level function of the human brain s physical capabilities. Biological naturalism is a monism monist theory about the relationship between mind and body i.e. Human brain brain , and hence an approach to the mind body problem . It was first proposed by the philosopher John Searle in 1980 and is defined by two main theses 1 all mental event mental phenomena from Pain and nociception pains , tickles, and itches to the most abstruse thoughts are caused by lower level neurobiology neurobiological processes in the brain and 2 mental phenomena are higher level features of the brain. This entails that the brain has the right causality causal powers to produce intentionality . However, Searle s biological naturalism does not entail that brains and only brains can cause consciousness. Searle is careful to point out that while it appears to be the case that certain brain functions are sufficient for producing conscious states, our current state of neurobiological knowledge prevents us from concluding that they are necessary for producing consciousness. In his own words blockquote The fact that brain processes cause consciousness does not imply that only brains can be conscious. The brain is a biological ... are not yet in a position to know how to do it artificially. Biological Naturalism, 2004 blockquote ... been several criticisms of Searle s idea of biological naturalism. Jerry Fodor suggests that Searle ... arrangements of matter bringing forth consciousness other than biological brains. He also disputes that Biological naturalism is dualistic in nature in a brief essay entitled Why I Am Not a Property ... Biological Naturalism . John R. Searle, http socrates.berkeley.edu jsearle Consciousness1.rtf Consciousness ... 95 194.html What Brain for God s eye? Objectivism, Biological Naturalism and Searle philosophy of mind DEFAULTSORT Biological Naturalism Category Materialism Category Theories of mind Category Naturalism ... more details
Biological Physics Energy, Information, Life is the title of a book by Philip Nelson, published by W. H. Freeman in the 2000s. It is a work on biology with an emphasis on the application of Physics physical principles. At the dawn of the twentieth century, it was already clear that, chemically speaking, you and I are not much different from cans of soup. And yet we can do many complex and even fun things we do not usually see cans of soup doing. dl dd A quote from the book s introduction, To the Student . dl References Dobson, C. M. 25 November 2004 . Crossing the boundary. In Nature, 432 , 444 &ndash 445. K. Sneppen and G. Zocchi, 2005 Physics in Molecular Biology , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 521 84419 3 Category Science books science book stub ... more details
science Artificial life Biological systems engineering Systems biology Systems ecology Systems .... Synthesis and Analysis of a Biological System , by Hiroyuki Kurata, 1999. http www.semantic systems biology.org Semantic Systems Biology organ systems composition Biology Systems Category Biological ... more details
In France and in other countries like Portugal, Spain, Belgium or Switzerland, a Biological pharmacist called Pharmacien biologiste in France is a Pharmacist specialized in Clinical Biology a speciality similar to Clinical Pathology . They have almost the same rights as Medical Doctors specialized in this discipline. They both are called a Clinical biologist . These Pharm.D. follow a post graduate formation in hospital s medical laboratories. In France, these specialization called Internat de Biologie m dicale are a pharmacy residency residency and lasts fours years after the five undergraduate years common to all pharmacist s. External links http www.sante.gouv.fr adm dagpb bo 2003 03 05 a0050272.htm Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology Biologie m dicale http www.education.gouv.fr bo 2003 32 MENS0301444A.htm Curriculum Content of French Resident formation in Clinical Pathology, First Level and http www.education.gouv.fr bo 2006 19 MENS0601080A.htm Second Level See also Pathology Medical laboratory Anatomic pathology Medical technologist Veterinary pathology Clinical Biologist Pathology Category Pathology fr pharmacien biologiste ... more details
Biological value BV is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated ... usability the BV. Unlike some measures of protein usability, biological value does not take ... A Method of Determining the Biological Value of Protein . Journal of Biol. Chem. 58 3 873. ref ... Biological value is determined based on this formula. ref name Mitchell 1923 ref Chick H., Roscoe, M.H. 1930 . http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov picrender.fcgi?artid 1254795&blobtype pdf The biological ... the biological value of proteins . Biochem J. 24 6 1780 2. ref BV N sub r sub N sub a sub 100 ... www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov picrender.fcgi?artid 1254798&blobtype pdf The biological value of purified caseinogen and the influence of vitamin B sub 2 sub upon biological values, determined by the balance ... effect. All proteins are made up of combinations of the 21 biological amino acids. Some of these can ... them. If a protein source is missing critical EAAs, then its biological value will be low ... DOCREP MEETING 004 M2835E M2835E00.HTM title The Use Of Biological Value Of A Protein In Evaluating .... ref name BVisBest Mitchell, H.H. A method for determining the biological value of protein. 1924 ..., H.H. and G.G. Carman. The biological value of the nitrogen of mixtures 1926 of patent white flour and animal foods. J. Biol. Chem., 68, 183. ref In animals The Biological Value method is also used ... chicken. Although the process remains the same, the biological values of particular proteins in humans differs from their biological values in animals due to physiological variations. ref http ... of the biological value methodology . ref http www.fao.org DOCREP MEETING 004 M2835E M2835E00.HTM Joint FAO WHO UNU Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements, The use of biological ... name Pellett Pellet et al., concluded that biological measures of protein quality conducted at suboptimal ... Of Biological Value Of A Protein In Evaluating Its Quality For Human Requirements. ref Another ... more details
Patent law A biological patent is a patent relating to an invention or discovery in biology . It can be a composition of matter, a method for obtaining or using one or more thereof, or a product combining such things. Even when a natural biological substance itself is patented apart from any associated process or usage , this has been permitted in the United States as long as they are sufficiently isolated from their naturally occurring states. Prominent historical examples of such patents on isolated products of nature include adrenaline, insulin, vitamin B sub 12 sub , and gene patents . History The 1970s marked the first time when scientists patented methods on their biotechnological inventions with recombinant DNA . It wasn t until 1980 that patents for whole scale living organisms were permitted. In Diamond v. Chakrabarty , the U.S. Supreme Court established the patentability of living matter, provided it was truly man made. The subject for this particular case was a genetically engineered bacterium that was specifically modified to help clean up and degrade oil spills. Since that 1980 court case, there has been much patenting of genetically modified organisms . This includes bacteria as just mentioned , viruses, seeds, plants, and even non human animals. For example, a genetically modified mouse, dubbed the Oncomouse , that is useful for studying cancer, was patented by Harvard University. Isolated and manipulated cells even human cells can also be patented. In 1998, the U.S. ... biological patents occurs on many levels, driven by, for example, concern over the expense of patented ... States, biological material derived from humans can be patented if it has been sufficiently ... were Biological immortality immortalized and were patented by the university and have become widely ...?ID 163 Rebecca Eisenberg are academic law professors who believe that biological ... , United States Congressional Research Service, September 10, 2001 DEFAULTSORT Biological Patent ... more details
No footnotes date May 2011 Biological imperatives are the needs of living organisms required to perpetuate their existence to survive. Include the following hierarchy of logical imperatives for a living organism wiktionary survival survival , territory animal territorialism , competition , reproduction , quality of life quality of life seeking , and group forming . Living organisms that do not attempt to follow or do not succeed in satisfying these imperatives are described as maladaptive those that do are adaptive . Territorialism Territorialism is a fairly fundamental feature of all living organisms, by simple virtue of the fact we live in a physical universe. Bacteria evidently acquire territory as they spread out in a Petri dish. Observing living organisms in nature suggests that the step before procreation is to establish a territory within which they may hunt, breed, and ensure the growth of their offspring. Competition Competition is one of the environmental factors that constitute natural selection . Individual organisms compete for food and mates groups of living organisms compete for control of territory and Natural resource resources species though, do not so much compete, as passively adapt to their Natural environment environment . Reproduction Biological imperatives are important to the study of evolution . In order for species to persist, they must by definition reproduce to ensure the continuation of their species. Without reproduction the species ceases to exist ... of living organisms. Relationships between potentially conflicting biological imperatives ... and unconscious biological drive which first emerged as an inherent property of living cells and is echoed ... are dependent on their parents for much longer than most animals the result of this is that the biological ... then the non biological group forming can take place where tribes can split due to geography and demand ... as a way of managing a growing tribal group. The principles of Biological Imperatives have been ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 Biological immortality refers to a stable rate of mortality as a function of chronological age. Some individual cells and entire organisms in some species achieve this state either throughout their existence or after living long enough. This requires that death occur from injury or disease rather than deterioration, i.e., the absence of cellular senescence . However, this definition of immortality has been challenged in the new Handbook of the Biology of Aging , ref cite book first E.J. last Masoro coauthor Austad, S.N. ed. year 2006 title Handbook of the Biology of Aging edition Sixth publisher Academic Press location San Diego, CA, USA isbn 0 12 088387 2 ref because the increase in rate of mortality as a function of chronological age may be negligible at extremely old age s, also referred to as the late life mortality plateau . The rate of mortality may cease to increase in old age, but in most cases that rate is typically very high. ref cite journal title Late life a new frontier for physiology author Michael R. Rose Casandra L. Rauser Laurence D. Mueller journal Physiological and Biochemical Zoology date Nov Dec 2005 volume 78 pages 869 878 pmid 16228927 ... how to achieve biological immortality naturally?utm source KurzweilAI Daily Newsletter&utm campaign a7cde470e7 UA 946742 1&utm medium email title How to achieve biological immortality ... in cryonic suspension. Biogerontology Biogerontologist Marios Kyriazis suggested that biological immortality ... http www.youtube.com watch?v wo4btGHy4XI ref See also Wikipedia books Biological Immortality Immortality ... ref harv External links http www.benford rose.com bioimm atlanta05.htm Biological Immortality Slide ... Late Life A New Frontier for Physiology study indicates biological immortality in humans late in life ... , August 26, 2004 http www.elpistheory.info More on human biological immortality Longevity DEFAULTSORT Biological Immortality Category Aging Category Emerging technologies Category Immortality ... more details
citation style date October 2011 ref improve date October 2011 A Biological network is any network that applies to biological system s. A network is any system with sub units that are linked into a whole, such as species units linked into a whole food web . Biological networks provide a graph theory mathematical analysis of connections found in ecological network ecological , phylogenetic network evolutionary , and physiological studies, such as neural networks . ref name Proulx05 cite journal last1 Proulx first1 S. R. last2 Promislow first2 D. E. L. last3 Phillips first3 P. C. title Network thinking in ecology and evolution journal Trends in Ecology and Evolution volume 20 issue 6 pages 345 353 year 2005 doi 10.1016 j.tree.2005.04.004 url http eeb19.biosci.arizona.edu Faculty Dornhaus courses materials papers Proulx 20Promislow 20Phillips 20networks 20ecol 20evol.pdf pmid 16701391 ref Network biology and bioinformatics Complex biological systems may be represented and analyzed as computable network mathematics networks . For example, ecosystems can be modelled as networks of interacting species or individuals. Similarly, a protein can be modelled as a network of amino acid s with vertex graph theory nodes and edge graph theory edges . Amino acids can be represented as a network of atom s such as carbon , nitrogen and oxygen . As early as the 1980s, researchers started viewing DNA or genome s as the dynamic storage of a language system with precise computable finite state computer science states represented as a finite state machine Searls, 1993 . Recent complex system s research has also suggested some far reaching commonality in the organization of information in problems from biology, computer science , and physics , such as the Bose Einstein condensate a special state of matter, Bianconi and A.L. Barab si, 2001 . Bioinformatics truly shifted its focus from individual gene s, proteins, structures clarify date October 2009 reason what structures? protein structures ... more details
brain evolution, and of culture as neurological adaptation to environment. In two centuries biological ... is the Biological Anthropology Section while the principal professional organization is the American Association of Physical Anthropologists . The term biological anthropology emerged with the rise ... of nature and environment on bipedal ity or the use of opposable thumb , with hominid Biological ... stresses and variation. Human biology, an interdisciplinary field of biology, biological anthropology ... 1980 , in Bones, Bodies, Behavior Essays on Biological Anthropology , of the History of Anthropology ... Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology , biological anthropology, nutrition ... found in U.S. academic and public health settings, that incorporates perspectives from the biological ... medical.php , offer biomedical tracks within more traditional biological or biocultural anthropology ... is now thoroughly discredited, ref O Neil, Dennis. Palomar College. Biological Anthropology ... anthropometry Physiognomy Phrenology Notable biological anthropologists Anthropology William M. Bass ... http www.babao.org.uk British Association of Biological Anthropologists and Osteoarchaeologists ... ijba current.xml The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology The Free Online Journal http www.isita ... Biological Anthropology Categories Category Physical anthropology Category Biology Category ... more details
Biological constraints are factors which make populations resistant to evolutionary change. Constraint has played an important role in the development of such ideas as homology biology homology and body plan s. Types of constraint Any aspect of an organism that has not changed over a certain period of time could be considered to provide evidence for constraint of some sort. In order to make the concept more useful, then, it is necessary to divide it into smaller units. First, one can consider the pattern of constraint as evidenced by phylogenetic analysis. However, it is not clear that mere documentation of lack of change in a particular character is good evidence for constraint in the sense of the character being unable to change. It has often been considered more fruitful, to consider constraint in its causal sense what are the causes of lack of change? Stabilizing selection The most common explanation for biological constraint is that stabilising selection acts on an organism to prevent it changing, for example, so that it can continue to function in a tightly defined ecological niche niche . This may be considered to be a form of external constraint, in the sense that the organism is constrained not by its makeup or genetics, but by its environment. The implication would be that if the population was in a new environment, its previously constrained features would potentially begin to evolve. Functional coupling and physico chemical constraint Related to the idea of stabilising selection is that of the requirement that organisms function adequately in their environment. Thus, where stabilising selection acts because of the particular niche that is occupied, mechanical and physico chemical constraints act in a more general manner. For example, the acceleration due to gravity places constraints on bone density and strength for a particular sized animal. Similarly, the properties of water mean that tissues must have certain osmotic properties in order to function properly ... more details
About biological dispersal in ecosystems other forms of dispersion Dispersion disambiguation Image Photos photos 1088103921 Floating.jpg thumb right Wind dispersal of dandelion seeds. Biological dispersal refers to species movement away from an existing population or away from the parent organism . Through simply moving from one habitat Landscape ecology Patch and mosaic patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness biology fitness , but also for population dynamics , population genetics , and species distribution . ref Dunning, J. B. J., Stewart, D. J., Danielson, B. J., Noon, B. R., Root, T. L., Lamberson, R.H. & Stevens, E. E. 1995 . Spatially explicit population models current forms and future uses. Ecological Applications ref ref Hanski, I. & Gilpin, M. E. eds. 1997 . Metapopulation biology ecology, genetics and evolution, Academic Press, San Diego. ref ref HANSKI, I. 1999 . Metapopulation Ecology, Oxford University Press, Oxford. ref Understanding dispersal and the consequences both for evolutionary strategies at a species level, and for processes at an ecosystem level, requires understanding on the type of dispersal, the dispersal Range biology range of a given species, and the dispersal mechanisms involved. Biological dispersal may be contrasted with geodispersal , which is the mixing of previously isolated populations or whole biotas following the erosion of geographic barriers to dispersal or gene flow Lieberman, 2005 ref Lieberman, 2005. Geobiology and paleobiogeography tracking the coevolution of the Earth and its biota. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 219 23 33 ref ref http www.sciencedirect.com ... Patch and mosaic patch to another. Therefore, biological dispersal is critical to the stability ... date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Biological Dispersal Category Reproduction Category Population ecology Category Biological evolution Category Geological history of Earth de Ausbreitung Biologie fr ... more details
Biological interactions are the effects organism s in a Community ecology community have on one another. In the natural world no organism exists in absolute isolation, and thus every organism must interact with the environment and other organisms. An organism s interactions with its environment are fundamental to the survival of that organism and the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole. ref Elton, C.S. 1968 reprint. Animal ecology. Great Britain William Clowes and Sons Ltd. ref Image Black Walnut middle.JPG right thumb The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of amensalism . File Interaction bird giraffe.jpg right thumb The mutualism biology mutualism interaction between the Red billed Oxpecker and the giraffe . ref Charles L. Nunn, Vanessa O. Ezenwa,Christian Arnold and Walter D. Koenig 2011 . Mutualism or parasitism? phylogentic approach to characterize the oxpecker ungulate relationship . Evolution 65 5 1297 1304. doi 10.1111 j.1558 5646.2010.01212.x ref In ecology , biological interactions can involve individuals of the same species intraspecific interactions or individuals of different species interspecific interactions . These can be further classified by either the mechanism of the interaction or the strength, duration and direction of their effects. ref cite journal last1 Wootton first1 JT last2 Emmerson first2 M title Measurement of Interaction Strength in Nature journal Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics volume 36 pages 419 44 year 2005 jstor 30033811 ref Species may interact once in a generation ... Surindar Paracer and Vernon Ahmadjian, Symbiosis An Introduction to Biological Associations Oxford ... and berries a study of an ecological interaction . Poyser, London ISBN 0 85661 049 6 Biology nav Biological interaction footer modelling ecosystems expanded none DEFAULTSORT Biological Interaction Category Biological interactions ca Interacci biol gica da Biologisk samvirke de Interspezifische Wechselbeziehungen ... more details
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