Syringomycin is a general name given to a class of lipodepsinonapeptide molecules which are secreted by the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae . Lipodepsinonapeptides comprise a closed ring of nine nonribosomally synthesized amino acid s bonded to a fatty acid hydrocarbon tail ref Scholz Schroeder B.K., Soule J.D., and Gross D. C. 2003. The sypA, sypS, and sypC synthetase genes encode twenty two modules involved in the nonribosomal peptide synthesis of syringopeptin by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B301D. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 16 271 80 ref . A commonly encountered pathovar pv of P. syringae is P. syringae pv syringae , which secretes a number of closely related forms of the molecule. Syringomycins are virulence determinants, which means that their secretion is required for the manifestation of disease symptoms on a number of stone fruit crop plants. Syringomycins have two widely recognized mechanisms of action ref Hutchison, M. L., Tester, M. A., and Gross D. C. 1995. Role of biosurfactant and ion channel forming activities of syringomycin in transmembrane ion flux A model for the mechanism of action in the plant pathogen interaction. Mol. Pl. Microb. Interact. 8 610 620. ref . They can function as detergent s which are powerful enough to dissolve plant membranes at high concentrations. It is not clear whether concentrations high enough to dissolve membranes are ever reached in planta . In addition to being surfactants, aggregates of syringomycins can insert into plant cell membrane s and form small pores. These pores allow the leakage of ions from the plant cell cytoplasm . Affected plant cells are unable to maintain their required levels of electrolyte and ultimately cell death and lysis occurs. It is believed that P. syringae benefits from the release of nutrients that occurs as a consequence of cellular lysis. References reflist Non ribosomally synthesized channels Category Plant toxins ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 427627026 ImageFile Sophorose.svg ImageSize 300px IUPACName 2 S ,3 R ,4 S ,5 S ,6 R 2 hydroxymethyl 6 2 S ,3 R ,4 S ,5 S ,6 R 2,4,5 trihydroxy 6 hydroxymethyl oxan 3 yl oxyoxane 3,4,5 triol alpha Sophorose OtherNames 2 O beta D Glucopyranosyl alpha D glucose Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 534 46 3 PubChem 88719 SMILES C C H 1 C H C H C H C H O1 O O C H 2 C H C H C H C H O2 CO O O O O O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 12 sub H sub 22 sub O sub 11 sub MolarMass 342.30 g mol ExactMass 342.116212 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Sophorose is a disaccharide . It is one of the foremost parts of antibacterial , amphiphilic biosurfactant sophorolipid . It is a product of the caramelization of glucose . ref cite journal doi 10.1111 j.1365 2621.1966.tb01905.x title The Thermal Degradation of Sugars I. Thermal Polymerization of Glucose year 1966 last1 Sugisawa first1 Hirqshi last2 Edo first2 Hiroshi journal Journal of Food Science volume 31 issue 4 pages 561 ref References Reflist organic compound stub Category Disaccharides es Soforosa fa fr Sophorose ja pl Soforoza ... more details
first4 R title rhlA is required for the production of a novel biosurfactant promoting swarming motility ... M9CAA.JPG right thumb Pseudomonas aeruginosa swarming motility Biosurfactant, quorum sensing and swarming In some species, swarming motility requires the self production of biosurfactant to occur. ref ... 3 pages 261 year 2004 pmid 15449604 doi 10.1016 j.femsre.2003.09.004 ref ref name Harshey Biosurfactant ... sensing . Biosurfactant molecules are thought to act by lowering surface tension, thus permitting ... more details
When A. borkumensis bacteria use alkanes as their source of energy, each cell forms a biosurfactant other sources of energy do not cause the bacteria to produce this biosurfactant . A biosurfactant ... the biosurfactant of A. borkumensis can reduce the surface tension of water, which helps with the degradation ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Leukocidin Name image 7ahl opm.gif width 250 caption Alpha hemolysin, a transmembrane heptamer Pfam PF07968 InterPro IPR001340 SMART Prosite SCOP TCDB OPM family 35 OPM protein 7ahl PDB PDB3 1t5r H 57 303 PDB3 1lkf A 60 310 PDB3 2lkf A 60 310 PDB3 3lkf A 60 310 PDB3 1pvl 58 308 PDB3 7ahl G 62 314 Infobox protein family Symbol Hemolysin N Name Hemolytic toxin N terminal image width caption crystal structure of the vibrio cholerae cytolysin hlya pro toxin with octylglucoside bound Pfam PF12563 Pfam clan InterPro IPR022220 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD Hemolysins are exotoxins produced by bacteria that cause lysis of red blood cells in vitro . Visualization of hemolysis of red blood cells in agar plates facilitates the categorization of some pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus . Although the lytic activity of some hemolysins on red blood cells may be important for nutrient acquisition or for causing certain conditions such as anemia, many hemolysin producing pathogens do not cause significant lysis of red blood cells during infection. Although hemolysins are able to lyse red blood cells in vitro , the ability of hemolysins to target other cells, including white blood cell s, often accounts for the effects of hemolysins in the host. Proteins from this family are unrelated to Haemolysin E . Most hemolysins are proteins, but others such as rhamnolipid s are lipid biosurfactant s. ref name pmid16199139 cite journal author Stipcevic T, Piljac T, Isseroff RR title Di rhamnolipid from Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays differential effects on human keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures journal J. Dermatol. Sci. volume 40 issue 2 pages 141 3 year 2005 month November pmid 16199139 pmc 1592130 doi 10.1016 j.jdermsci.2005.08.005 url ref Function Bacteria may use hemolysins as a way to obtain nutrients from host cells. For example, iron may be a limiting factor in the growth of various pathogenic bacteria. ref n ... more details
a rhamnosyltransferase involved in rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... of a regulatory gene affecting rhamnolipid biosurfactant synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ... DI, Galabova DN, Karpenko E, Shulga A title Rhamnolipid biosurfactant permeabilizing effects on gram ... biosurfactant promoting swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 3 hydroxyalkanoyloxy alkanoic ... by a Pseudomonas rhamnolipid surfactant biosurfactant journal Appl. Environ. Microbiol. volume 58 ... more details
themselves. Hence, biosurfactant producing microorganisms may play an important role in the accelerated ... consortium amended with poultry litter, coir pith and rhamnolipid biosurfactant journal Bioresource ... Martsishin, R., Turovsky, A., Soltys, M title Biosurfactant enhanced remediation of oil contaminated ... more details
File Slime.mold.jpg thumb 250px Yellow slime mold growing on a bin of wet paper Biodegradation or biotic degradation or biotic decomposition is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means. The term is often used in relation to ecology, waste management, biomedicine, and the natural environment bioremediation and is now commonly associated with environmentally friendly products that are capable of decomposing back into natural elements. Organic material can be degraded Aerobic organism aerobically with oxygen , or Anaerobic digestion anaerobically , without oxygen. A term related to biodegradation is biomineralisation , in which organic matter is converted into minerals. Biosurfactant , an extracellular surfactant secreted by microorganisms, enhances the biodegradation process. Biodegradable matter is generally organic material such as plant and animal matter and other substances originating from living organisms, or artificial materials that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to be put to use by microorganisms. Some microorganisms have a naturally occurring, microbial catabolic diversity to degrade, transform or accumulate a huge range of compounds including hydrocarbon s e.g. oil , polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs , polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs , pharmaceutical substances, radionuclide s and metals. Major methodological breakthroughs in microbial biodegradation have enabled detailed genomic, metagenomic, proteomic, bioinformatic and other high throughput analyses of environmentally relevant microorganism s providing unprecedented insights into key biodegradative pathways and the ability of microorganisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions. ref name Diaz cite book author Diaz E editor . title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology edition 1st publisher Caister Academic Press year 2008 url http www.horizonpress.com biod isbn 1 904455 17 4 ref Products that contain biodegradable matter and non biod ... more details
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