Merge Bioconversion date June 2011 Biotransformation is the chemical modification or modifications made by an organism on a chemical compound. If this modification ends in mineral compounds like CO sub 2 sub , NH sub 4 sub sup sup , or H sub 2 sub O, the biotransformation is called Mineralization biology mineralisation . Biotransformation means chemical alteration of chemicals such as but not limited to nutrient s, amino acids , toxins , and drugs in the body. It is also needed to render non Chemical polarity polar compounds polar so that they are not reabsorbed in renal tubules and are excreted. Biotransformation of xenobiotics can dominate toxicokinetics and the metabolites may reach higher concentrations in organisms than their parent compounds. ref Ashauer, R Hintermeister, A O Connor, I ... ref Drug metabolism Main drug metabolism The metabolism of a drug or toxin in a body is an example of a biotransformation .... Microbial biotransformationBiotransformation of various pollutant s is a sustainable way to clean ... and biotransformation methods harness the naturally occurring, microbial catabolic ... relevant microorganism s providing unprecedented insights into biotransformation and microbial biodegradation ... pathways relevant to biotransformation and to the molecular adaptation strategies to changing ... technologies and biotransformation processes. ref name Diaz Also there is other approach of biotransformation called enzymatic biotransformation. Oil Biodegradation Petroleum oil is toxic for most ... metabolism.html Biotransformation of Drugs http www.horizonpress.com gateway biodegradation.html Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation http www.horizonpress.com ... research publications projects bioaccumulation biotransformationBiotransformation ... Category Bioremediation Category Biotechnology Category Biodegradation cs Biotransformace de Biotransformation fr Biotransformation it Biotrasformazione nl Biotransformatie pt Biotransforma o zh ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Infobox Journal title Biocatalysis & Biotransformation editor David Leak discipline Biochemistry language English abbreviation ABB publisher Informa Healthcare Country UK Frequency 6 issues per year History 1987 present openaccess no website http www.informapharmascience.com bab link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1024 2422 eISSN 1029 2446 Biocatalysis & Biotransformation is an academic journal that provides coverage of the application, both actual and potential of biological catalysts, including whole cells or isolated components thereof, natural and modified enzymes and catalytic antibodies for the synthesis, interconversion or degradation of chemical species. It is published by Informa plc Informa Healthcare . Core Areas Coverage includes Mechanistic, principles, kinetics and thermodynamics of biocatalytic processes The chemical or genetic modification of biocatalysts Metabolic engineering Activity and stability of biocatalysts in non aqueous and multi phasic environments Environmental applications of biocatalysis Editor in Chief David Leak is the Editor in Chief of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation . ref cite web url http www.informahealthcare.com page EditorialAdvisoryBoard?journalCode bab title Editorial Board Members accessdate 2009 09 16 format work informhealthcare.com ref Publication Format Biocatalysis & Biotransformation publishes 6 issues per year in simultaneous print and online editions. Subscribers to the electronic edition of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation receive access to the online archive, which dates back to 1987, as part of their subscription. ref cite web url http catalogue.informahealthcare.com pjbp product.htm?prd 20001537532 title Informa Healthcare brochure accessdate 2009 09 16 format work informahealthcare.com ref References reflist 2 External links http www.informahealthcare.com bab Biocatalysis & Biotransformation homepage of Biocatalysis & Biotransformation Category Publications ... more details
Infobox journal title Biodegradation cover editor Edward Bouwer discipline Biodegradation peer reviewed yes language English former names abbreviation publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency history openaccess license impact 2.012 impact year 2010 website http www.springer.com life sciences microbiology journal 10532 link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0923 9820 eISSN 1572 9729 boxwidth Biodegradation is a peer review scientific journal focusing on biotransformation, mineralization, detoxification, recycling, amelioration or treatment of chemicals or waste materials by naturally occurring microbial strains, microbial associations or recombinant organisms. References reflist Category Springer academic journals Category English language journals Category Ecology journals Science journal stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Toxicokinetics often abbreviated as TK is the description of what rate a chemical will enter the body and what happens to it once it is in the body. It is an application of pharmacokinetics to determine the relationship between the systemic exposure of a compound in animal testing experimental animal s and its toxin toxicity . It is used primarily for establishing relationships between exposures in toxicology experiments in animals and the corresponding exposures in humans. However, it can also be used in environmental risk assessments in order to determine the potential effects of releasing chemicals into the environment. In order to quantify toxic effects toxicokinetics can be combined with toxicodynamics. Such toxicokinetic toxicodynamic TKTD models are used in ecotoxicology see http www.ecotoxmodels.org ecotoxmodels a website on mathematical models in ecotoxicology . Similarly, physiological toxicokinetic models are PBPK physiological pharmacokinetic models developed to describe and predict the behavior of a toxicant in an animal body for example, what parts compartments of the body a chemical may tend to enter e.g. fat, liver, spleen, etc. , and whether or not the chemical is expected to be metabolized or excreted and at what rate. Four potential processes exist for a chemical interacting with an animal absorption pharmacokinetics absorption , distribution, biotransformation and excretion. Absorption describes the entrance of the chemical into the body, and can occur through the air, water, food, or soil. Once a chemical is inside a body, it can be distributed to other areas of the body through diffusion or other biological processes. At this point, the chemical may be biotransformed through metabolism into other chemicals metabolites . These metabolites can be more toxic than the parent compound. After this potential biotransformation occurs, the metabolites may leave the body, be transformed into other compounds, ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 423646115 Name Gastrodin ImageFile Gastrodin.svg ImageSize 250px ImageName Chemical structure of gastrodin ImageAlt Chemical structure of gastrodin IUPACName 2 R ,3 S ,4 S ,5 R ,6 S 2 hydroxymethyl 6 4 hydroxymethyl phenoxy oxane 3, 4,5 triol OtherNames br Gastrodine Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 62499 27 8 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASOther PubChem 115067 ChemSpiderID 102977 SMILES O c1ccc cc1 CO C H 2O C H C H O C H O C H 2O CO InChI 1 C13H18O7 c14 5 7 1 3 8 4 2 7 19 13 12 18 11 17 10 16 9 6 15 20 13 h1 4,9 18H,5 6H2 t9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 m1 s1 InChIKey PUQSUZTXKPLAPR UJPOAAIJBX StdInChI 1S C13H18O7 c14 5 7 1 3 8 4 2 7 19 13 12 18 11 17 10 16 9 6 15 20 13 h1 4,9 18H,5 6H2 t9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 m1 s1 StdInChIKey PUQSUZTXKPLAPR UJPOAAIJSA N MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 13 sub H sub 18 sub O sub 7 sub MolarMass 286.27 g mol ExactMass 286.105253 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Gastrodin is a natural phenol. It is the glucoside of 4 hydroxybenzyl alcohol gastrodigenin . It can be isolated from Gastrodia elata . It can be produced by biotransformation of 4 hydroxybenzaldehyde by Datura tatula cell cultures. ref Production of Gastrodin Through Biotransformation of p hydroxybenzaldehyde Using Cell Suspension Cultures of Datura tatula L. Jia Shun Gong, Wei Peng Ma, Jun Xue Pu, Shu Guan Xu, Shuang Qing Zheng and Chun Jie Xiao, Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 22, Issue 5, September 2006, Pages 800 805, doi 10.1016 S1872 2075 06 60056 3 ref References Reflist commons Category Phenol glucosides Natural phenol stub fa ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Detoxication products are the major metabolites formed from most drug metabolism . There are two common patterns observed A drug with potent pharmacological activity is converted to a major metabolite with markedly reduced or no pharmacological activity e.g. , Pentobarbital and Hydroxypentobarbital A drug is converted to a metabolite with roughly equivalent or slightly lower pharmacological activity. Detoxication differs from detoxification . Detoxification is the process of removing toxins from the body, while detoxication is the process of preventing toxic entities from entering the body in the first place. Detoxication occurs in the liver and kidneys, through biotransformation a series of chemical alterations of a compound e.g., a drug occurring within the body, as by enzymatic activity. Often this occurs as conjugation with a polar compound making it less toxic and or easier to excrete. Example of detoxification are Administration of chelators for heavy metal poisoning, hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning and treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning with ethanol. pharma stub Category Pharmacology ca Destoxicaci fi Detoksikaatio ... more details
For the failure mechanism in lead acid batteries Lead acid battery Unreferenced date December 2010 Sulfation in biochemistry is the enzyme catalyzed addition of sulfate to another molecule. It often refers to a Drug metabolism Phase II phase II enzyme reaction. This biotransformation process uses its cosubstrate 3 Phosphoadenosine 5 phosphosulfate 3 phosphoadenosine 5 phosphosulfate PAPS to transfer sulfate to a xenobiotic . Most of the time this is effective in rendering the xenobiotic less active from a pharmacology pharmacological and toxicology toxicological standpoint, but sometimes it plays a role in the activation of xenobiotics e.g. aromatic amine s, methyl substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon s . Sulfation is also a possible posttranslational modification of protein. The target amino acid is tyrosine and the reaction is called tyrosine sulfation . Another example of a biological sulfation reaction is in the creation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan s. Here, the sulfate group is being added either via oxygen O sulfation or nitrogen N sulfation . See also Methylation Hydrogenation Rosemary Waring References references Protein posttranslational modification state collapsed Category Proteins Category Posttranslational modification cs Sulfatace de Sulfatierung Akkumulator ... more details
Enzyme engineering or enzyme technology is the application of modifying an enzyme s structure and thus its function or modifying the catalytic activity of isolated enzyme s to produce new metabolites, to allow new catalyzed pathways for reactions to occur, ref Designer Enzymes at http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 101236.php Accessed 22 May 2009. ref or to convert from some certain compounds into others biotransformation . These products will be useful as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, fuel, food or agricultural additives. An enzyme reactor ref Enzyme reactors at http www.lsbu.ac.uk biology enztech reactors.html Accessed 22 May 2009. ref consists of a vessel containing a reactional medium that is used to perform a desired conversion by enzymatic means. Enzymes used in this process are free in the solution. References Reflist Category Biochemistry Category Catalysts Category Enzymes Category Bioengineering Category Bioprocess engineering biochem stub cs Enzymov in en rstv ko zh ... more details
Microbiofuels are next generation biofuel s produced by microorganisms like bacteria , cyanobacteria , Algae biofuel microalgae , fungi, etc. The term was first defined by Asen Nenov at TEDxBG event on 9 January, 2010. ref http vimeo.com 9175957 TEDxBG 2010 Asen Nenov on Vimeo Bot generated title ref ref http dotsub.com view b138e3c5 172e 41a2 908a dcb791b2ce69 TEDxBG 2010 Asen Nenov 1 Translation s dotSUB Bot generated title ref Microbiofuels uses state of the art biotechnologies for biofuel production Microbiofuels technology implements high yield production methods based microbiorefineries, i.e. microorganisms placed in specific environment Microbiofuel technology could be used for recycling industrial waste, incl. gaseous waste as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, etc., and producing valuable biofuels by biotransformation. References Reflist Category Biomass Category Biofuels Category Bioenergy Category Sustainable technologies Category Microorganisms Category Algae biofuels Category Algal fuel producers ar ta ... more details
The American Society of Pharmacognosy ASP is a scientific society that promotes the growth and development of pharmacognosy through presentation of research achievements and publication of meritorious research. ASP was founded in 1959 as an outgrowth of the Plant Science Seminar established in 1923. ASP currently has over 1,100 active and associate members. Appromimately 40 percent of the active members reside outside the U.S. and Canada and represent more than 60 countries. Pharmacognosy includes the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances, or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources. Research problems in pharmacognosy include studies in the areas of phytochemistry , microbial chemistry , biosynthesis , biotransformation , chemotaxonomy , and other biological and chemical sciences. ASP publishes the quartery ASP Newsletter and co publishes the Journal of Natural Products with the American Chemical Society . Honorary members included Albert Hoffman 1906 2008 . Citation needed date May 2010 External links http www.phcog.org American Society of Pharmacognosy website http pubs.acs.org. journals jnprdf index.html Journal of Natural Products website Category Pharmaceuticals policy Category Pharmacy in the United States pharm stub nl American Society of Pharmacognosy ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In organic synthesis , the Bechamp reaction is used for producing arsonic acids from activated aromatic rings such as aniline . ref A. J. Bechamp Compt. Rend. 1863 , 56 , 1172. ref ref P. Ehrlich and A. Bertheim, Ber. 1907 , 40 , 3292. ref ref H. P. Brown and C. S. Hamilton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1934 , 56 , 151. ref ref Hamilton, C. S. Morgan, J. F. Organic Reactions Org. React. 1944 , 2 . ref It was first described by A. J. Bechamp in 1863. The reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution , using arsenic acid as a reactant. One example of an important arsonic acid is roxarsone . This is 4 hydroxy 3 nitrobenzenearsonic acid. It exhibits an anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals. ref Biotransformation of 3 Nitro 4 hydroxybenzene Arsonic Acid Roxarsone and Release of Inorganic Arsenic by Clostridium Species, John F. Stolz, Eranda Perera, Brian Kilonzo, Brian Kail, Bryan Crable, Edward Fisher, Mrunalini Ranganathan, Lars Wormer, and Partha Basu. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007 41 3 pp 818 823 ref Image BechampReaction.png center References reflist reaction stub Category Substitution reactions Category Name reactions es Reacci n de Bechamp zh B champ ... more details
enzyme Name methylarsonate reductase EC number 1.20.4.2 CAS number IUBMB EC number 1 20 4 2 GO code 0050610 image width caption In enzymology , a methylarsonate reductase EC number 1.20.4.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction methylarsonate 2 glutathione math rightleftharpoons math methylarsonite glutathione disulfide H sub 2 sub O Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are methylarsonate and glutathione , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are methylarsonite , glutathione disulfide , and water H sub 2 sub O . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donor with disulfide as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is gluthathione methylarsonate oxidoreductase . This enzyme is also called MMA V reductase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Zakharyan RA, Aposhian HV date 1999 title Enzymatic reduction of arsenic compounds in mammalian systems the rate limiting enzyme of rabbit liver arsenic biotransformation is MMA V reductase journal Chem. Res. Toxicol. volume 12 pages 1278&ndash 83 pmid 10604879 doi 10.1021 tx9901231 issue 12 1.20 enzyme stub Category EC 1.20.4 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Metilarsonato reduttasi ja ... more details
PBB geneid 574537 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A2 , also known as UGT2A2 , is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT2A2 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide A2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 574537 accessdate ref ref name pmid16141793 cite journal author Mackenzie PI, Bock KW, Burchell B, Guillemette C, Ikushiro S, Iyanagi T, Miners JO, Owens IS, Nebert DW title Nomenclature update for the mammalian UDP glycosyltransferase UGT gene superfamily journal Pharmacogenet. Genomics volume 15 issue 10 pages 677 85 year 2005 month October pmid 16141793 doi url issn ref Function The olfactory neuroepithelium, which lines the posterior nasal cavity, is exposed to a wide range of odorants and airborne toxic compounds. Odorants, which are mostly small lipophilic molecules, enter the mucus flow and reach the odorant receptors on sensory neurons. Odorant sensing is generally a transient process, requiring an effective signal termination, which could be provided by biotransformation of the odorant in the epithelial supporting cells. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the olfactory epithelium have been suggested to catalyze inactivation and facilitate elimination of odorants. ref name entrez References reflist Glycosyltransferases NLM content gene 4 stub ... more details
Drugbox name Salicyluric Acid IUPAC name image SalicyluricAcid.svg alt caption Clinical data tradename Drugs.com MedlinePlus pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA OTC, Rx only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD Benz POM, CD Anab POM or CD Inv POM legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number ATCvet ATC prefix none if uncategorised ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank ChEMBL 586 Chemical data chemical formula C9 H9 N O4 molecular weight 195.2 g mol Salicyluric acid is the glycine Biotransformation conjugate of salicylic acid and is the primary form in which salicylates are excreted from the body, via the Kidney kidneys . The pathway is very similar to the pathway of benzoic acid excretion as hippuric acid . organic compound stub Category Salicylamides Category Amino acid derivatives Category Metabolism ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 417955916 Name Protocatechuic aldehyde ImageFile Protocatechualdehyd.svg ImageSize 150px ImageName Chemical structure of protocatechuic aldehyde ImageAlt Chemical structure of protocatechuic aldehyde IUPACName 3,4 dihydroxybenzaldehyde OtherNames Protocatechualdehyde br 3,4 Dihydroxybenzaldehyde br Rancinamycin IV br 3,4 Dihydroxybenzyl aldehyde Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 139 85 5 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASOther PubChem 8768 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 222021 SMILES C1 CC C C C1C O O O InChI MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 7 sub H sub 6 sub O sub 3 sub MolarMass 138.12 g mol ExactMass 138.031694 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Protocatechuic aldehyde is a phenolic aldehyde , a compound released from Cork material cork stopper s into wine. ref Polyphenolic Composition of Quercus suber Cork from Different Spanish Provenances. Elvira Conde, Estrella Cadah a, Mar a Concepci n Garc a Vallejo and Br gida Fern ndez de Sim n, J. Agric. Food Chem., 1998, 46 8 , pp 3166 3171 DOI 10.1021 jf970863k ref This molecule can be used as a precursor in the vanillin synthesis by biotransformation by cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens , a type of Chili pepper. ref Biotransformation of protocatechuic aldehyde and caffeic acid to vanillin and capsaicin in freely suspended and immobilized cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens. Sathuluri Ramachandra Rao and Gokare Aswathanarayana Ravishankar, Journal of Biotechnology, Volume 76, Issues 2 3, 21 January 2000, Pages 137 146 doi 10.1016 S0168 1656 99 00177 7 ref It is also found in the mushroom Phellinus linteus . ref name pmid18827365 cite journal doi 10.1248 bpb.31.1968 author Lee YS, Kang YH, Jung JY, et al. title Protein glycation inhibitors from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus journal Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin volume 31 issue 10 pages 1968 72 year 2008 month October pmid 18827365 url http joi.jlc.jst.go.jp JST ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 444241198 ImageFile valencene.png ImageSize IUPACName 2R 8,8,8a trimethyl 2 prop 1 en 2 yl 1,2,3,4,6,7 hexahydronaphthalene OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 8031495 InChI 1 C15H24 c1 11 2 13 8 9 14 7 5 6 12 3 15 14,4 10 13 h7,12 13H,1,5 6,8 10H2,2 4H3 t12 ,13 ,15 m1 s1 InChIKey QEBNYNLSCGVZOH NFAWXSAZBT StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C15H24 c1 11 2 13 8 9 14 7 5 6 12 3 15 14,4 10 13 h7,12 13H,1,5 6,8 10H2,2 4H3 t12 ,13 ,15 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QEBNYNLSCGVZOH NFAWXSAZSA N CASNo 4630 07 3 PubChem 9855795 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 96H21P91IG ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 61700 SMILES C 12 C CC C H C 1 C C H C C C CC2 C C Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 15 sub H sub 24 sub MolarMass 204.35 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt 123 C at 11 mmHg Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Valencene is a sesquiterpene that is an aroma component of citrus fruit and citrus derived odorants. It is cheaply obtained from Valencia orange fruit oranges . ref cite journal last Furusawa first Mai authorlink coauthors Toshihiro Hashimoto, Yoshiaki Noma, and Yoshinori Asakawa title Highly Efficient Production of Nootkatone, the Grapefruit Aroma from Valencene, by Biotransformation journal Chem. Pharm. Bull. volume 53 issue 11 pages 1513 1514 publisher location date November 2005 url doi 10.1248 cpb.53.1513 id accessdate pmid 16272746 ref Valencene is biosynthesized from Farnesyl pyrophosphate FPP by the CVS enzyme CVS enzyme . See also Nootkatone References reflist Category Sesquiterpenes Category Decalins Category Alkenes hydrocarbon stub fa hu Valenc n ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Aromatoleum regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Beta Proteobacteria ordo Rhodocyclales familia Rhodocyclaceae genus Aromatoleum subdivision ranks Species subdivision Aromatoleum aromaticum Aromatoleum is a genus of proteobacteria capable of microbial biodegradation of organic pollutants. The 4.7 Mb genome of the facultative denitrifying Aromatoleum aromaticum strain EbN1 was the first to be determined for an anaerobic hydrocarbon degrader using toluene or ethylbenzene as Substrate chemistry substrate s . The genome sequence revealed about two dozen gene cluster s including several paralog s coding for a complex catabolic network for anaerobic and aerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. The genome sequence forms the basis for current detailed studies on regulation of pathways and enzyme structures. ref name chapter1 cite book author McLeod MP and Eltis LD year 2008 chapter Genomic Insights Into the Aerobic Pathways for Degradation of Organic Pollutants title Microbial Biodegradation Genomics and Molecular Biology publisher Caister Academic Press id ISBN 978 1 904455 17 2 ref The strain EbN1 has not been Bacterial taxonomy described in detail , therefore, according to the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria , ref cite pmid 21089234 ref the name Aromatoleum aromaticum is not valid cf. ref lpsn allnamesac index ref and is officially it is referred to Azoarcus sp. EbN1 as it belongs to the Azoarcus Thauera cluster. ref name naming cite doi 10.1002 pmic.200600987 ref The discovery of the strain was published in 1995, ref cite pmid 7710331 ref and was subsequently referred to in the literature as Aromatoleum aromaticum and cited as Rabus, unpublished data . ref name naming References reflist External links http www.horizonpress.com gateway biodegradation.html Microbial Biodegradation, Bioremediation and Biotransformation Category Biodegradation Proteobacteria stub es Aromatoleum ... more details
Infobox institute name Institute of Microbial Technology image image name image size image alt caption latin name motto founder established 1984 mission focus president chairman head label Director head Dr. Girish Sahni faculty adjunct faculty staff key people budget endowment debt num members subsidiaries owner non profit slogan former name location Sector 39A, Chandigarh , India city Chandigarh state province Chandigarh country India coor address http www.imtech.res.in website dissolved footnotes The Institute of Microbial Technology IMTECH , based in Chandigarh , India , is one of the constituent establishments of the CSIR India Council of Scientific & Industrial Research CSIR . It was established in 1984. The Institute is engaged in research in many different areas of modern biology biological sciences and microbe related biotechnology , with special emphasis on research that is interdisciplinary and of a collaborative nature, such as Immunity medical immunity and infectious disease s, protein design and engineering, Fermentation biochemistry fermentation science , microbial physiology & genetics , yeast biology, bioinformatics , microbial systematics , exploitation of microbial diversity for bioactive s and enzyme s for biotransformation s. Facilities The institute is equipped with various facilities for research. They include Lab to pilot scale fermenter of various capacities, Tissue & Cell Culture facility, facility for maintenance, preservation and identification of Micro organisms, an animal house, workstations for Bioinformatics & Biocomputing, equipment for Protein and DNA Analysis, a library with around 64,000 references books, microscopy equipment, Databases for Intellectual property management, et cetera. The Institute is well equipped with Bio safety level 3 BSL3 Laboratory facility to work with pathogenic microorganisms Achievements Patented Natural , recombinant and Clot specific Streptokinase as a vital life saving Drug. Academics The institute off ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 423620106 Name Irilone ImageFile Irilone.PNG ImageSize 200px ImageName Chemical structure of irilone IUPACName 9 hydroxy 7 4 hydroxyphenyl 1,3 dioxolo 4,5 g chromen 8 one OtherNames br Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 41653 81 0 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASOther PubChem 5281779 SMILES C1OC2 C O1 C C3C C2 OC C C3 O C4 CC C C C4 O O InChI MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 16 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 298.24 g mol ExactMass 298.047738 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Irilone is an isoflavone , a type of flavonoid. It can be found in Trifolium pratense red clover ref http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 123207380 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 The red clover isoflavone irilone is largely resistant to degradation by the human gut microbiota. Annett Braune, Ronald Maul, Nils Helge Schebb, Sabine E. Kulling and Michael Blaut, Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 8 Dec 2009 ref and in Iris germanica . ref http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 21235726 Lipase catalyzed regioselective protection deprotection of hydroxyl groups of the isoflavone irilone isolated from Iris germanica. Nighat Nazir, Surrinder Koul, Mushtaq Ahmad Qurishi, Subhash Chandra Taneja and Ghulam Nabi Qazi, Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 1029 2446, Volume 27, Issue 2, First published on 02 December 2008 Pages 118 123 ref References reflist isoflavone Category Isoflavones Natural phenol stub fa ... more details
Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Abstracts CEABA VTB is an abstracting and indexing service that is published by DECHEMA, BASF , and Bayer Technology Services, all based in Germany . This is a bibliographic database that covers multiple disciplines. Subject coverage Subject coverage includes engineering , management , manufacturing plant s, equipment, production, and processing pertaining to various disciplines. The fields of interest are bioprocess engineering, chemical engineering , process engineering , environmental protection including safety , Industrial fermentation fermentation , enzymology, biotransformation, information technology, technology and testing of materials including corrosion , mathematical methods including modeling , measurement including control of processes , utilites including services . Also covered are production processes and process development. CAS registry numbers are also part of this database. ref name blue cite web title Chemical Engineering And Biotechnology Abstracts work publisher Dialog Bluesheets date December 7, 2007 updated url http library.dialog.com bluesheets html bl0315.html format Online web page doi accessdate 2011 10 12 ref ref name info cite web title Chemical Engineering And Biotechnology Abstracts work STN database publisher American Chemical Society and FIZ Karlsruhe date March 2011 url http www.cas.org ASSETS 02004C24863242C684295F8159564907 ceabavtb.pdf format Free PDF download doi accessdate 2011 10 12 ref ref name summary cite web title STN Database Summary Sheets work publisher American Chemical Society date March 2011 url http www.cas.org support stngen dbss index.html format Online web page doi accessdate 2011 10 12 ref References reflist Category Bibliographic databases in engineering Category Bibliographic databases in computer science ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields verifiedrevid Name Rhapontigenin ImageFile Rhapontigenin.PNG ImageSize 200px ImageName Chemical structure of rhapontigenin ImageAlt Chemical structure of rhapontigenin IUPACName 5 E 2 3 hydroxy 4 methoxyphenyl ethenyl benzene 1,3 diol OtherNames Protigenin br 3,3 ,5 trihydroxy 4 methoxystilbene Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 500 65 2 CASNo Ref ref http www.caymanchem.com app template Product.vm catalog 13293 ref CASOther PubChem 5320954 ChEMBL Ref ChEMBL 113029 SMILES COc1ccc cc1O C C c cc2O cc O c2 InChI 1S C15H14O4 c1 19 15 5 4 10 8 14 15 18 2 3 11 6 12 16 9 13 17 7 11 h2 9,16 18H,1H3 b3 2 InChIKey PHMHDRYYFAYWEG NSCUHMNNSA N MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 15 sub H sub 14 sub O sub 4 sub MolarMass 258.27 g mol ExactMass 258.089209 u Appearance Density MeltingPt C BoilingPt C Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition RPhrases R10 , R23 , R34 , R50 etc. SPhrases S1 2 , S9 , S16 , S26 , S36 37 39 , S45 , S61 etc. Rhapontigenin is a stilbenoid . It can be isolated from Vitis coignetiae and shows an action on prostate cancer cells. ref Cite PMID 21628883 ref It has been shown to inhibit the human cytochrome P450 1A1 ref Cite PMID 11259321 ref , an enzyme implicated in the biotransformation of a number of carcinogenic and immunotoxic compounds. Injected in rats, rhapontigenin shows a rapid glucuronidation and a poor bioavailability . ref Cite doi 10.1211 jpp.58.11.0004 ref References Reflist See also Rhaponticin , its glucoside, found in rhubarb. Stilbenoid Category Stilbenoids Category Cytochrome P450 inhibitors Natural phenol stub ... more details
Merge Biotransformation date June 2011 The term Bioconversion , also known as biotransformation refers to the use of live organisms often microorganisms to carry out a chemical reaction that is more costly or not feasible nonbiologically. These organisms converts a substance to a chemically modified form. An example is the industrial production of cortisone . One step is the bioconversion of Progesterone to 11 alpha Hydroxyprogesterone by Rhizopus nigricans . Another example of this is the Conversion chemistry conversion of organic material s, such as plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy source s by biological processes or agents, such as certain microorganism s, some Detritivore s or enzyme s. New cellulosic ethanol conversion processes have enabled the variety and volume of feedstock that can be bioconverted to expand rapidly. Feedstock now includes materials derived from plant or animal waste such as paper, auto fluff, tires, fabric, construction materials, municipal solid waste MSW , sludge , sewage , etc. Three different processes for bioconversion 1 Enzymatic hydrolysis a single source of feedstock, switchgrass for example, is mixed with strong enzymes which convert a portion of cellulosic material into sugars which can then be fermented into ethanol. http www.genencor.com Genencor and http www.novozymes.com Novozymes are two companies that have received United States government Department of Energy funding for research into reducing the cost of cellulase, a key enzyme in the production cellulosic ethanol by this process. 2 Synthesis gas fermentation a blend of feedstock, not exceeding 30 water, is gasified in a closed environment into a syngas containing mostly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The cooled syngas is then converted into usable products through exposure to bacteria or other catalysts. http www.brienergy.com BRI Energy, LLC is a company whose pilot plant in Fayetteville, Arkansas is currently using synthesis gas fermentation to convert ... more details
For other categories, see List of MeSH codes . The following is a list of the G codes for MeSH . It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine . Source for content is http www.nlm.nih.gov mesh filelist.html here . File 2006 MeSH Trees . MeshNumber G12 Chemical and Pharmacologic Phenomena chemical and pharmacologic phenomena MeshNumber G12.091 Biopharmaceutics biopharmaceutics MeshNumber G12.091.690 Pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetics MeshNumber G12.091.690.064 Area Under Curve area under curve MeshNumber G12.091.690.129 Biological Availability biological availability MeshNumber G12.091.690.140 Biotransformation biotransformation MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.595 Metabolic Clearance Rate metabolic clearance rate MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.600 Metabolic Detoxication, Drug metabolic detoxication, drug MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.600.500 Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I metabolic detoxication, phase i MeshNumber G12.091.690.140.600.750 Metabolic Detoxication, Phase II metabolic detoxication, phase ii MeshNumber G12.091.690.898 Therapeutic Equivalency therapeutic equivalency MeshNumber G12.091.690.949 Tissue Distribution tissue distribution MeshNumber G12.200 Cytoprotection cytoprotection MeshNumber G12.254 Depression, Chemical depression, chemical MeshNumber G12.297 Dose Response Relationship, Drug dose response relationship, drug MeshNumber G12.307 Down Regulation down regulation MeshNumber G12.350 Drug Design drug design MeshNumber G12.361 Drug Interactions drug interactions MeshNumber G12.361.310 Drug Antagonism drug antagonism MeshNumber G12.361.477 Drug Synergism drug synergism MeshNumber G12.361.511 Food Drug Interactions food drug interactions MeshNumber G12.361.755 Herb Drug Interactions herb drug interactions MeshNumber G12.392 Drug Resistance drug resistance MeshNumber G12.392.269 Drug Resistance, Microbial drug resistance, microbial MeshNumber G12.392.269.347 Drug Resistance, Bacterial drug resistance, bacterial MeshNumber G12.392.269.347.500 bet ... more details
amitriptyline ref Biotransformation of amitriptyline by Cunninghamella elegans. Donglu Zhang ... ref Biotransformation of Doxepin by Cunninghamella elegans. Joanna D. Moody, James P. Freeman and Carl ... content 27 10 1157.short abstract ref , the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine ref Biotransformation ... and anticholinergic methdilazine ref Biotransformation of chlorpromazine and methdilazine by Cunninghamella ... 370 http aem.asm.org content 34 4 363.abstract abstract ref , fluorene ref Biotransformation of fluorene ... active than phase II conjugation enzymes. The biotransformation of quercetin yields three metabolites ... 7,4 disulfate , chrysin 7 sulfate . ref Biotransformation of chrysin and apigenin by Cunninghamella ... containing compound phthalazine ref Biotransformation of Phthalazine by Fusarium moniliforme ... 8 ref , for instance those discoloured by azo dye s ref name Ambrosio or malachite green . ref Biotransformation ... more details
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