The structure activity relationship SAR is the relationship between the chemical structure chemical or 3D structure of a molecule and its biological activity . The analysis of SAR enables the determination of the chemical groups responsible for evoking a target biological effect in the organism. This allows modification of the effect or Potency pharmacology the potency of a bioactive compound typically a drug by changing its chemical structure . Medicinal chemistry Medicinal chemists use the techniques of chemical synthesis to insert new chemical groups into the biomedical compound and test the modifications for their biological effects. This method was refined to build mathematical relationships between the chemical structure and the biological activity, known as quantitative structure activity relationship s QSAR . A related term is structure affinity relationship SAFIR . SAR and SAR paradox The basic assumption for all molecule based hypotheses is that similar molecules have similar activities. ref name isbn030646425x cite book author Mezey, Paul G. Carb , Ram n Giron s, Xavier authorlink editor others title Fundamentals of molecular similarity edition language publisher Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers location New York year 2001 origyear pages quote isbn 030646425x oclc doi url accessdate ref This principle is the basis of a SAR. The underlying problem is therefore how to define a small difference on a molecular level, since each kind of activity, e.g. Chemical reaction reaction ability, biotransformation ability, solubility , target activity, and so on, might depend on another difference. A good example was given in the bioisosterism review of Patanie LaVoie. ref name pmid11848856 cite journal author Patani GA, LaVoie EJ title Bioisosterism A Rational Approach in Drug Design journal Chemical Reviews volume 96 issue 8 pages 3147 3176 year 1996 month December pmid 11848856 doi 10.1021 cr950066q issn accessdate 2011 04 13 ref In general, one is more interested i ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Taxobox color lightgrey name Desulfatibacillum image image width image caption regnum Proteobacteria divisio Delta Proteobacteria ordo familia genus Desulfatibacillum genus authority subdivision ranks Species Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans AK 01 is a specific strain of Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans . Strain AK 01 was isolated from the Arthur Kill, NJ NY waterway. This site has a history of contamination from petrochemical industry. AK 01 is a delta proteobacterium capable of utilizing C13 C18 alkanes as growth substrates So et al., 1999 . Analysis of labeled and fully deuterated metabolites shows that AK 01 activates alkane s via fumarate addition to the subterminal carbon. Background The ubiquitous distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment is the consequence of diagenetic processes that occur in sedimentary rock formations containing large amounts of organic matter. Heat and pressure lead to the formation of a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including alkanes, alkene s, and cyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PAHs , which can seep into aquatic environments. The environmental recalcitrance of many of these compounds is governed by their high bond dissociation energies . Alkanes are the least reactive class of hydrocarbons due to their apolar sigma bonds. In the absence of high temperatures, high pressures, metal catalysts or UV light , biotransformation plays the dominant role in environmental alkane degradation. The mechanisms and genetics of aerobic hydrocarbon degradation have been described extensively . The key feature of aerobic degradation is the role of dioxygen. Oxygen is not only a physiological requirement, but serves as a reactant in the hydroxylation of both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons via monooxygenase and dioxygenase enzyme s . Oxygen s key role as a reactant during aerobic hydrocarbon degradation led to the belief for many years that n alkanes and other hydrocarbons were recalcitrant under anoxic ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 373031410 ImageFile LPAC.svg ImageSize ImageName LPAC IUPACName 1 hydroxy 1 phenyl propan 2 one OtherNames L PAC br R PAC Section1 Chembox Identifiers PubChem 92733 SMILES CC O C H C1 CC CC C1 O Section2 Chembox Properties C 9 H 10 O 2 Appearance Powder Density 1.119 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPtC 172 BoilingPtC 253 Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Phenylacetylcarbinol PAC is an organic compound that has two enantiomer s, one with Chirality chemistry By configuration R and S R and one with S configuration. R PAC, which is commonly called L PAC , is known as a Precursor chemistry precursor in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine . Nomenclature R PAC or R phenylacetylcarbinol is identical to smallcaps l PAC, referring to the outdated Chirality chemistry By configuration D and L smallcaps d l system . ref Rosche et al. http resources.metapress.com pdf preview.axd?code t13kvy3hqxfghnxr&size largest Biotransformation of benzaldehyde into R phenylacetylcarbinol by filamentous fungi or their extracts Appl Microbiol and Biotechnol Vol. 57, Nr 3 2001 , pp 309 315 doi 10.1007 s002530100781 ref R PAC is the Levorotation and dextrorotation levo rotating isomer of phenylacetylcarbinol. The IUPAC name of phenylacetylcarbinol is 1 hydroxy 1 phenylpropan 2 one. Synonyms are 1 hydroxy 1 phenyl 2 propanone and 1 Hydroxy 1 phenylacetone. Production L PAC is widely synthesized by fermentation of benzaldehyde and dextrose . In this process, colonies of yeast in particular, strains such as Candida utilis , Torulaspora delbrueckii , or Saccharomyces cerevisiae are cultivated and added to a broth of water, dextrose , and the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase in a vat. The yeast is left to grow for a period of time, after which the benzaldehyde is introduced into the broth. The yeast then ferments the benzaldehyde into L PAC. ref http www.agro.cmu.ac.th department fe JANoppol NoppolThesi ... more details
italictitle taxobox name Iris germanica fossil range image Iris germanica 250503.jpg image size 200px image caption Iris germanica regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots ordo Asparagales familia Iridaceae subfamilia Iridoideae tribus Irideae genus Iris plant Iris subgenus Iris subgenus Iris sectio Iris species I. germanica binomial Iris germanica binomial authority Carolus Linnaeus L. File Clonal colony of Iris germanica.jpg thumb right Clonal colony of Iris germanica Iris germanica , the German Iris, is a species in the genus Iris plant iris The Iris Germanica grows up to 90 cm high and 10 cm wide. The roots can go up to 10 cm deep. It is an outdoors plant that blooms most in May August, but planting it would be best in February April. . It is a European hybrid, rather than a true wild species. ref http www.pacificbulbsociety.org pbswiki index.php GardenBeardedIrises Pacific Bulb Society Garden Bearded Irises ref Varieties I. g. var. florentina I. g. var. germanica I. germanica is known to produce the isoflavone irilone . ref http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 21235726 Lipase catalyzed regioselective protection deprotection of hydroxyl groups of the isoflavone irilone isolated from Iris germanica. Nighat Nazir, Surrinder Koul, Mushtaq Ahmad Qurishi, Subhash Chandra Taneja and Ghulam Nabi Qazi, Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, 1029 2446, Volume 27, Issue 2, First published on 02 December 2008 Pages 118 123 ref References reflist 2 See also Orris root External links Commons category inline Iris germanica Wikispecies inline Iris germanica Category Iris germanica Category Flowers Iridaceae stub ar az Mavi s s n ca Lliri blau de Deutsche Schwertlilie es Iris germanica fr Iris d Allemagne hsb N mska kle ica it Iris germanica he lt M lyn iedis vilkdalgis hu Kerti n szirom nl Blauwe lis ja pl Kosaciec br dkowy qu Jamachi sr fi Saksankurjenmiekka wa Cladjot d corti zh ... more details
Serum sickness like reactions refer to adverse reactions that have similar symptoms to serum sickness , but in which immune complexes are not found. ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 . Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology . 10th ed. . Saunders. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref rp 127 Pathogenesis Serum sickness like reaction is named for its clinical similarity to serum sickness, in which immune complexes are deposited in the skin, joints, and other organs. True serum sickness, a type III hypersensitivity reaction, results in fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias,cutaneous eruptions, gastrointestinal disturbances, proteinuria,and significant decreases in serum complement levels it was originally described after patients were infused with equine immunoglobulins. In contrast, serum sickness like reactions are specific drug reactions that are not associated with circulating immune complexes. Although the exact pathogenesis is poorly understood,serum sickness like reactions are thought to originate from an abnormal inflammatory reaction that occurs in response to defective metabolism of drug byproducts generated during pharmacologic therapy the metabolic flaw could be a maternally inherited trait. In vivo hepatic drug biotransformation studies have shown greater lymphocyte killing in subjects with a known history of serum sickness like reactions than in control subjects. Diagnosis The reaction generally includes a constellation of fever urticarial polycyclic wheals with central clearing on the trunk, extremities, face, and lateral borders of the hands and feet oral edema without mucosal involvement lymphadenopathy arthralgias myalgias and mild proteinuria. Case reports have noted the absence of fever in serum sickness like reactions to amoxicillin. Laboratory abnormalities include normal or mild decreases in serum C3, C4, and CH50 levels, and mild proteinuria.1,3 5 In contrast to true serum sickness, renal and hepatic involvementis rare ... more details
orphan date April 2010 Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is kidney injury due to toxic levels of serum fluoride , commonly due to metabolism of fluoride containing drugs, such as methoxyflurane , releasing inorganic fluoride inside the body. ref Cousins MJ, Skowronski G, Plummer JL. Anaesthesia and the kidney. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1983 Nov 11 4 292 320. ref ref Baden JM, Rice SA, Mazze RI. Deuterated methoxyflurane anesthesia and renal function in Fischer 344 rats. Anesthesiology. 1982 Mar 56 3 203 6. ref ref Mazze RI. Methoxyflurane nephropathy. Environ Health Perspect. 1976 Jun 15 111 9. ref The kidney injury is characterised by failure to concentrate urine , leading to polyuria , and subsequent dehydration with hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation , leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine. Fluoride induced nephrotoxicity is dose dependent, typically requiring serum fluoride levels exceeding 50 micromoles per liter to cause clinically significant renal dysfunction, ref Cousins MJ, Greenstein LR, Hitt BA, Mazze RI. Metabolism and renal effect of enflurane in men. Anesthesiology 1976 44 44 53. ref which is likely when the dose of methoxyfluorane exceeds 2.5 minimum alveolar concentration MAC hours. ref VanDyke R. Biotransformation of volatile anesthetics with special emphasis on the role of metabolism in the toxicity of anesthetics. Can Anaesth Soc J 1973 20 21 33. ref ref White AE, Stevens WC, Eger EI II, Mazze RI, Hitt BA. Enflurane and methoxyflurane metabolism at anesthetic and subanesthetic concentrations. Anesth Analg 1979 58 221 4 ref Note MAC hour is the multiple of the minimum alveolar concentration MAC of the anesthetic used times the number of hours the drug is adm ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 451607034 IUPAC name N 3 fluoro 4 2 propylamino ethoxy phenyl 4 oxo 4,5,6,7 tetrahydro 1H indole 3 carboxamide image CP 615003 structure.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 329016 45 7 ATC prefix ATC suffix PubChem 9820874 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank Chemical data C 20 H 24 F 1 N 3 O 3 molecular weight 373.421 g mol smiles O C NC1 CC C OCCNCCC C F C1 C2 CNC3 C2C CCC3 O CP 615,003 is a drug which acts as a subtype selective partial agonist at GABA A receptor GABA sub A sub receptor s, and was developed by Pfizer as a potential anxiolytic , however poor blood brain barrier penetration make it primarily useful as a research ligand. ref name pmid16081672 cite journal author Shaffer CL, Gunduz M, O Connell TN, Obach RS, Yee S title Biotransformation of a GABAA receptor partial agonist in sprague dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys identification of two unique N carbamoyl metabolites journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition the Biological Fate of Chemicals volume 33 issue 11 pages 1688 99 year 2005 month November pmid 16081672 doi 10.1124 dmd.105.004630 url ref ref name pmid17470526 cite journal author Venkatakrishnan K, Tseng E, Nelson FR, Rollema H, French JL, Kaplan IV, Horner WE, Gibbs MA title Central nervous system pharmacokinetics of the Mdr1 P glycoprotein substrate CP 615,003 intersite differences and implications for human receptor occupancy projections from cerebrospinal fluid exposures journal Drug Metabolism and Disposition the Biological Fate of Chemicals volume 35 issue 8 pages 1341 9 year ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 477499682 Name Maltol ImageFile Maltol.png ImageSize 120px ImageName IUPACName 3 Hydroxy 2 methyl 4 H pyran 4 one OtherNames Larixinic acid Palatone Veltol Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 118 71 8 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 3A9RD92BS4 SMILES O C1C COC C C1O ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 31422 PubChem 8369 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 8066 InChI 1 C6H6O3 c1 4 6 8 5 7 2 3 9 4 h2 3,8H,1H3 InChIKey XPCTZQVDEJYUGT UHFFFAOYAH StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H6O3 c1 4 6 8 5 7 2 3 9 4 h2 3,8H,1H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XPCTZQVDEJYUGT UHFFFAOYSA N Section2 Chembox Properties C 6 H 6 O 3 Density 1.348 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPtCL 161 MeltingPtCH 162 BoilingPt Maltol is a naturally occurring organic compound that is used primarily as a flavor enhancer . It is found in the bark of larch tree, in pine needles, and in roasted malt from which it gets its name . It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in hot water, chloroform, and other polar solvents. Because it has the odor of cotton candy and caramel, maltol is used to impart a sweet aroma to fragrances. Maltol s sweetness adds to the odor of freshly baked bread, and is used as a flavor enhancer E number E636 in breads and cakes. Maltol, like related 3 hydroxy 4 Pyrylium salt pyrone s such as kojic acid , binds to HSAB theory hard metal centers such as Fe sup 3 sup , Ga sup 3 sup , Al sup 3 sup , and VO sup 2 sup . ref cite journal author B. D. Liboiron, K. H. Thompson, G. R. Hanson, E. Lam, N. Aebischer, C. Orvig title New Insights into the Interactions of Serum Proteins with Bis maltolato oxovanadium IV Transport and Biotransformation of Insulin Enhancing Vanadium Pharmaceuticals journal J. Am. Chem. Soc. year 2005 volume 127 pages 5104 5115 doi 10.1021 ja043944n pmid 15810845 issue 14 ref Related to this property, maltol has been reported to greatly inc ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 400656814 ImageFile Piceid.svg ImageSize 250px ImageCaption Trans piceid IUPACName 2 3 Hydroxy 5 E br 2 4 hydroxyphenyl ethenyl phenoxy br 6 hydroxymethyl oxane br 3,4,5 triol OtherNames Polydatin br Resveratrol 3 beta mono D glucoside br Cis piceid br trans piceid Section1 Chembox Identifiers Abbreviations CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 27208 80 6 EINECS ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 142652 PubChem 5470020 UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII XM261C37CQ SMILES OC1 CC C C C3 CC C O br C C3 CC O C H 2 br C H O C H O br C H O C H br CO O2 C1 InChI RTECS MeSHName ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG ATCCode prefix ATCCode suffix ATC Supplemental Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 20 sub H sub 22 sub O sub 8 sub MolarMass 390.384 g mol ExactMass 390.131468 u Appearance Density MeltingPt Melting notes BoilingPt Boiling notes Solubility SolubleOther Solvent pKa pKb Section7 Chembox Hazards EUClass EUIndex MainHazards NFPA H NFPA F NFPA R NFPA O RPhrases SPhrases RSPhrases FlashPt Autoignition ExploLimits PEL Piceid is a stilbenoid glucoside and is a major resveratrol derivative in grape juices. ref cite journal author Romero P rez AI, Ibern G mez M, Lamuela Ravent s RM, de La Torre Boronat MC title Piceid, the major resveratrol derivative in grape juices journal J. Agric. Food Chem. volume 47 issue 4 pages 1533 6 year 1999 month April pmid 10564012 doi 10.1021 jf981024g ref It can be found in the bark of Picea sitchensis . ref Stilbene glucosides in the bark of Picea sitchensis. Masakazu Aritomi, Dervilla M.X. Donnelly, Phytochemistry, Volume 15, Issue 12, 1976, Pages 2006 2008, doi 10.1016 S0031 9422 00 88881 0 ref It can also be isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum ref name Wang Biotransformation of piceid in Polygonum cuspidatum to resveratrol by Aspergillus oryzae. Wang H, Liu L, Guo YX, Dong YS, Zhang DJ and Xiu ZL, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2007 Jun, ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey image image width 240px image caption regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Pseudomonadales familia Pseudomonadaceae genus Pseudomonas species P. veronii binomial Pseudomonas veronii binomial authority Elomari, et al. 1996 subdivision ranks Subspecies subdivision P. v. subsp. inensis br P. v. subsp. veronii type strain http www.atcc.org common catalog numSearch numResults.cfm?atccNum 700474 ATCC 700474 br http www.ccug.se default.cfm?page search record.cfm&id 13699&db mc CCUG 43519 br http www.crbip.pasteur.fr fiches fichecata.jsp?crbip 104663 CIP 104663 br CFML 92 134 br http www.dsmz.de microorganisms html strains strain.dsm011331.html DSM 11331 br http www.jcm.riken.jp cgi bin jcm jcm number?JCM 11942 JCM 11942 br http bccm.belspo.be db lmg strain details.php?NUM 17761&COLTYPE &LIST1 ALL 20FIELDS&TEXT1 &LIST2 ALL 20FIELDS&TEXT2 &LIST3 STRNUM&TEXT3 17761&LIST4 STRNUM&TEXT4 &LIST5 STRNUM&TEXT5 &CONJ OR&RANGE 20 LMG 17761 Pseudomonas veronii is a Gram negative , rod shaped, fluorescent , motile bacterium isolated from natural spring hydrosphere springs in France ref cite journal author Elomari, et al. title DNA relatedness among Pseudomonas strains isolated from natural mineral waters and proposal of Pseudomonas veronii sp. nov. journal International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology volume 46 issue 4 pages 1138 44 year 1996 Oct pmid 8863448 last2 Coroler first2 L last3 Hoste first3 B last4 Gillis first4 M last5 Izard first5 D last6 Leclerc first6 H doi 10.1099 00207713 46 4 1138 ref . It may be used for bioremediation of contaminated soil s, as it has been shown to degrade a variety of simple aromatic organic compound s ref cite journal author Nam, et al. title A novel catabolic activity of Pseudomonas veronii in biotransformation of pentachlorophenol journal Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology volume 62 pages 284 90 year 2003 pmid 12883877 doi 10.1007 s00253 003 1255 1 last2 C ... more details
accelerate the development of bioremediation technologies and biotransformation processes ... Press isbn 978 1 904455 53 0 ref See also Biodegradation Bioremediation Biotransformation Bioavailability ... and Biotransformation Category Bioremediation Category Biotechnology Category Microbiology ... more details
chembox UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 17197F0KYM verifiedrevid 437134207 ImageFile Afimoxifene.png ImageSize IUPACName Z 4 1 4 2 dimethylamino ethoxy phenyl 2 phenylbut 1 enyl phenol OtherNames 4 hydroxytamoxifen Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 395987 InChI 1 C26H29NO2 c1 4 25 20 8 6 5 7 9 20 26 21 10 14 23 28 15 11 21 22 12 16 24 17 13 22 29 19 18 27 2 3 h5 17,28H,4,18 19H2,1 3H3 b26 25 InChIKey TXUZVZSFRXZGTL QPLCGJKRBX SMILES1 O c1ccc cc1 C c2ccc O cc2 C c3ccccc3 CC CCN C C ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 489 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C26H29NO2 c1 4 25 20 8 6 5 7 9 20 26 21 10 14 23 28 15 11 21 22 12 16 24 17 13 22 29 19 18 27 2 3 h5 17,28H,4,18 19H2,1 3H3 b26 25 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey TXUZVZSFRXZGTL QPLCGJKRSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 68392 35 8 PubChem 449459 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D06551 SMILES CC C c1ccccc1 C c2ccc OCCN C C cc2 c3ccc O cc3 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 26 sub H sub 29 sub NO sub 2 sub MolarMass 387.51396 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Afimoxifene ref name AMA USAN cite web url http www.ama assn.org ama1 pub upload mm 365 afimoxifene.pdf title Statement on a nonproprietary name adopted by the USAN council Afimoxifene accessdate 2008 03 26 author authorlink coauthors date format work publisher American Medical Association pages language archiveurl archivedate quote ref 4 hydroxytamoxifen is a selective estrogen receptor modulator which is the active metabolite of tamoxifen . ref name Desta 2004 cite journal author Desta Z, Ward BA, Soukhova NV, Flockhart DA title Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6 journal J Pharmacol Exp Ther volume 310 issue 3 pages 1062 1075 year 2004 doi 10.1124 jp ... more details
PBB geneid 10941 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B1 , also known as UGT2B1 , is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT2B1 gene . ref name pmid10359671 cite journal author Jedlitschky G, Cassidy AJ, Sales M, Pratt N, Burchell B title Cloning and characterization of a novel human olfactory UDP glucuronosyltransferase journal Biochem. J. volume 340 issue 3 pages 837 43 year 1999 month June pmid 10359671 pmc 1220318 doi url issn ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene UGT2B1 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2 family, polypeptide B1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 10941 accessdate ref Function The olfactory neuroepithelium, which lines the posterior nasal cavity, is exposed to a wide range of odorants and airborne toxic compounds. Odorants, which are mostly small lipophilic molecules, enter the mucus flow and reach the odorant receptors on sensory neurons. Odorant sensing is generally a transient process, requiring an effective signal termination, which could be provided by biotransformation of the odorant in the epithelial supporting cells. Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the olfactory epithelium have been suggested to catalyze inactivation and facilitate elimination of odorants. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Iida A, Saito S, Sekine A, et al. title Catalog of 86 single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs in three uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase genes UGT2A1, UGT2B15, and UGT8. journal J. Hum. Genet. volume 47 issue 10 pages 505 10 year 2002 pmid 12376738 doi 10.1007 s100380200075 cite journal author Tukey RH, Strassburg CP title Genetic multiplicity of the human UDP glucuronosyltransferases and regulation in the gastrointestinal tract. journal Mol. Pharmacol. volume 59 issue 3 pages 405 14 year 2001 pmid 11179432 doi cite journal author Strassburg CP, Kneip S, Topp J, et al. title Polymorphic gene regulation and interindividual variatio ... more details
refimprove date April 2012 Industrial fermentation is the intentional use of fermentation biochemistry fermentation by microorganism s such as bacteria and fungi to make products useful to humans. Fermented products have applications as food as well as in general industry . Food fermentation main Fermentation food Ancient fermented food processes, such as making bread , wine , cheese , curds , idli , dosa , etc., can be dated to more than 5th millennium BC 6,000 years ago . They were developed long before man had any knowledge of the existence of the microorganism s involved. Fermentation is also a powerful economic incentive for semi industrialized countries, in their willingness to produce bio ethanol . bio diesel does not involve fermentation, but transesterification Pharmaceuticals and the biotechnology industry There are 5 major groups of commercially important fermentation Microbial cell biology cell s or biomass as the product, e.g. single cell protein , bakers yeast , lactobacillus , E. coli , etc. Microbial enzyme s catalase , amylase , protease , pectinase , glucose isomerase , cellulase , hemicellulase , lipase , lactase , streptokinase , etc. Microbial metabolite s Primary metabolites ethanol , citric acid , glutamic acid , lysine , vitamin s, polysaccharide s etc. Secondary metabolites all antibiotic fermentation Recombinant products insulin , hepatitis B vaccine , interferon , granulocyte colony stimulating factor , streptokinase Biotransformations phenylacetylcarbinol , steroid biotransformation , etc. Nutrient sources for industrial fermentation Growth media are required for industrial fermentation, since any microbe requires water, oxygen , an energy source, a carbon source, a nitrogen source and micronutrients for growth. Carbon & energy source nitrogen source O sub 2 sub other requirements Biomass Product byproducts CO sub 2 sub H sub 2 sub O heat class wikitable style text align center Nutrient Raw material colspan 2 Carbon Glucose corn sugar, st ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 460777139 IUPAC name 4 3 Difluoromethyl 5 3 fluoro 4 methoxyphenyl 1H pyrazole 1 yl benzenesulfonamide image Deracoxib.png Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international deracoxib pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category unknown legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status veterinary prescription only routes of administration oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound high more than 90 metabolism hepatic biotransformation elimination half life 3 hours at 2 3 mg kg excretion in feces Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 169590 41 4 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 3058754 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 2319853 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII VX29JB5XWV ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 28636 Chemical data C 17 H 14 F 3 N 3 O 3 S 1 molecular weight 397.38 smiles O S O c3ccc n1nc cc1c2ccc OC c F c2 C F F cc3 N InChI 1 C17H14F3N3O3S c1 26 16 7 2 10 8 13 16 18 15 9 14 17 19 20 22 23 15 11 3 5 12 6 4 11 27 21,24 25 h2 9,17H,1H3, H2,21,24,25 InChIKey WAZQAZKAZLXFMK UHFFFAOYAV StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C17H14F3N3O3S c1 26 16 7 2 10 8 13 16 18 15 9 14 17 19 20 22 23 15 11 3 5 12 6 4 11 27 21,24 25 h2 9,17H,1H3, H2,21,24,25 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey WAZQAZKAZLXFMK UHFFFAOYSA N Deracoxib trade name Deramaxx , Novartis is a non steroidal anti inflammatory drug of the coxib class, used in veterinary medicine to treat osteoarthritis in dogs. It is sold in tablets, which have added beefy flavor to increase palatability. Deramaxx received FDA approval in August 2002 for the control of post operative pain and inflammation associated with orthopedic surgery in dogs. ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 408778015 Name Nootkatone ImageFile Nootkatone.svg ImageSize 200px ImageName IUPACName 4 ,5 Dimethyl 1,2,3,4,4 ,5,6,7 octahydro 7 keto 3 isopropenylnaphthalene OtherNames nootkatone Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 1064812 PubChem 1268142 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C17914 InChI 1 C15H22O c1 10 2 12 5 6 13 8 14 16 7 11 3 15 13,4 9 12 h8,11 12H,1,5 7,9H2,2 4H3 t11 ,12 ,15 m1 s1 InChIKey WTOYNNBCKUYIKC JMSVASOKBQ SMILES O C2 C C1 CC C H C C C C C 1 C C H C C2 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 446299 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C15H22O c1 10 2 12 5 6 13 8 14 16 7 11 3 15 13,4 9 12 h8,11 12H,1,5 7,9H2,2 4H3 t11 ,12 ,15 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey WTOYNNBCKUYIKC JMSVASOKSA N CASNo 4674 50 4 RTECS Section2 Chembox Properties C 15 H 22 O 1 Appearance Viscous yellow in its liquid form Density Solubility MeltingPtC 36 BoilingPtC 170 pKa pKb Viscosity Section3 Chembox Structure MolShape Coordination CrystalStruct Dipole Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS MainHazards FlashPt convert 100 C F RPhrases SPhrases S23 S24 S25 Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions OtherCations Related Terpene s Valencene OtherCpds Nootkatone is a natural organic compound and is the most important and expensive aromatic of grapefruit . ref cite journal last Furusawa first Mai coauthors Toshihiro Hashimoto, Yoshiaki Noma, and Yoshinori Asakawa title Highly Efficient Production of Nootkatone, the Grapefruit Aroma from Valencene, by Biotransformation journal Chem. Pharm. Bull. volume 53 issue 11 pages 1513 1514 date November 2005 doi 10.1248 cpb.53.1513 pmid 16272746 ref It is a sesquiterpene and a ketone . Nootkatone was previously thought to be one of the main chemical components of the smell and flavour of grapefruit s. In its solid form it is usually found as crystal s. As a liquid , it is Viscosity viscous and yellow ... more details
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