The evolution of human bipedalism approximately four million years ago ref name Shiro cite book author Kond , Shir title Primate morphophysiology, locomotor analyses, and human bipedalism publisher University of Tokyo Press location Tokyo year 1985 pages isbn 4 13 066093 4 oclc doi ref has led to morphology biology morphological alterations to the human skeleton including changes to the arrangement and size of the bones of the foot, hip size and shape, knee size, Human leg leg length, and the shape and orientation of the vertebral column . The evolutionary factor s that produced these changes have been the subject of Bipedalism Humans several theories . Foot main Foot The human foot evolved to act as a platform to support the entire weight of the body, rather than acting as a grasping structure, as it did in early hominid s. Humans therefore have smaller toes than their bipedal ancestors. This includes a non opposable hallux , which is relocated in line with the other toes. ref name Aiello&Dean cite book author Aiello,Leslie and Christopher Dean title An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy publisher Elsevier Academic Press location Oxford year 1990 isbn 0120455919 ref Moreover, humans have a foot Arches of the foot arch rather than flat feet. ref name Aiello&Dean When non ... of bipedalism journal Journal of Human Evolution volume 47 issue 6 pages 453 478 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com ... of bipedalism changed how leg muscles functioned in upright gait. In humans the push for walking ... had the adaptation of longer arms to swing on branches. ref Thorpe, S. Origin of Human Bipedalism ... t adapted their femur for bipedalism. Apes have vertical femurs, while humans have femurs that are slightly ... poorly adapted to bipedalism, leading to negative implications prevalent in humans today. The lower ... in the human hip and the origins of bipedalism. journal Evolution volume 65 issue 5 pages 1336 ... WI, Thorpe SK. title Arboreality, terrestriality and bipedalism. journal Philos Trans R Soc Lond ... more details
wiktionary bip s Bipes genus , a genus of burrowing lizards with no front limbs and rear limbs reduced to stumps Lerista bipes , a skink lizard species in the genus Lerista endemic to Australia Nebalia bipes , a species of leptostracan crustacean See also Bipedalism disambig Category Latin words found in species names ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2008 Automatic taxobox fossil range Late Triassic image Riojasuchus BW.jpg image width 250px image caption Riojasuchus tenuiceps display parents 2 authority Jos Bonaparte Bonaparte , 1969 in paleontology 1969 subdivision ranks Species subdivision extinct R. tenuisceps small Bonaparte, 1969 type species type small Riojasuchus is an extinct genus of quadrupedal crurotarsan archosaur . Riojasuchus is a member of Ornithosuchidae, a family biology family of facultatively bipedalism bipedal carnivores that were geographically widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera, Ornithosuchus and Venaticosuchus , are currently known. Crurotarsi portal Paleontology Category Crurotarsans Category Triassic reptiles triassic reptile stub paleo archosaur stub de Riojasuchus zh ... more details
Orthograde is a term derived from Latin ortho upright gradi to walk that describes a manner of walking which is upright, with the independent motion of limbs. Both New World monkeys New and Old World monkeys are primarily arboreal , and they have a tendency to walk with their limbs swinging in parallel to one another. This differs from the manner of walking demonstrated by the ape s. Chimpanzee s, gorilla s, and human s, when walking, walk upright, and their limbs swing in opposition to one another for balance unlike monkeys, apes lack a tail to use for balance . This upright locomotion is called orthograde posture . See also bipedalism Pronograde References Kottak, Conrad Phillip. Windows On Humanity A Concise Introduction to Anthropology . McGraw Hill. New York, NY. 2005. pg. 80. External links http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd o 07zPzhtm 12597341 orthograde in Dorland s Medical Dictionary anthropology stub Category Walking ... more details
nofootnotes date February 2011 Natasha is a celebes crested macaque black macaque at the Safari Park zoo near Tel Aviv , Israel . She has become well known because, unlike other macaques who move by alternating between bipedalism walking upright and on all four limbs, Natasha has walked upright all the time since suffering from a stomach flu that almost killed her. She recovered after receiving intensive care treatment, and while her other behaviour remained normal, she began walking erect solely on her hind legs, which gained her immediate media attention the Maariv daily newspaper showed a picture of her striding through the grass, with the tongue in cheek caption The Missing Link? . The zoo s veterinarian, Yigal Horowitz, remarked I ve never seen or heard of this before... One possible explanation is brain damage from the illness. References http www.msnbc.msn.com id 5479501 Monkey apes humans by walking on two legs by Dan Waldman, AP, July 21, 2004 http www.npr.org features feature.php?wfId 3613530 Israeli Monkey s Lessons in Evolution by Charlotte Stoudt, NPR, July 23, 2004 audio Category Individual monkeys ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2008 Automatic taxobox fossil range Late Triassic image Venaticosuchus BW.jpg image width 250px image caption Venaticosuchus rusconii display parents 2 authority Jos Bonaparte Bonaparte , 1971 in paleontology 1971 subdivision ranks Species subdivision extinct V. rusconii small Bonaparte, 1971 Type species type small Venaticosuchus is a genus of Late Triassic quadrupedal crurotarsan archosaur . Originally it was thought to be the ancestor to the carnosauria carnosaur dinosaur s which then included Tyrannosaurus however, now it is known to be more closely related to crocodilians than dinosaurs. It was a carnivore . Species A single species of Venaticosuchus has been described, the type species , V. rusconii from the Late Triassic of Argentina , around 210 million years ago. Closely related species Venaticosuchus is a member of Ornithosuchidae , a family biology family of facultatively bipedalism bipedal carnivores that were geographically widespread during the Late Triassic. Two other genera, Ornithosuchus and Riojasuchus , are currently known. External links http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Units 270Archosauromorpha 270.600.html The Ornithosuchids from Palaeos.com Crurotarsi portal Paleontology Category Triassic reptiles Category Crurotarsans paleo archosaur stub triassic reptile stub pl Wenatikozuch zh ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Borissiakia image image width 250px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Perissodactyla superfamilia extinction Chalicotherioidea familia Chalicothere Chalicotheriidae subfamilia Schizotheriinae genus extinction Borissiakia genus authority Borissiak, 1946 Borissiakia is an extinct genus of chalicothere , a group of herbivorous , odd toed ungulate perissodactyl mammal s. They had claws that were likely used in a hook like manner to pull down branches, suggesting they lived as Bipedalism bipedal Browsing predation browsers . ref cite journal last Coombs first Margery C. authorlink coauthors title The chalicothere Metaschizotherium bavaricum Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae from the Miocene MN5 Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen Germany description, comparison, and paleoecological significance journal Pal ontologische Zeitschrift volume 83 issue 1 pages 85 129 publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg location date 13 Feb 2009 url http www.springerlink.com content y4j07463lw037161 doi 10.1007 s12542 009 0004 x id accessdate 2009 12 29 ref References references Sources Classification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell Portal Palaeontology Category Chalicotheres paleo oddtoedungulate stub ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Chemositia image image width 250px image caption fossil range Late Miocene status Fossil regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Perissodactyla superfamilia extinction Chalicotherioidea familia Chalicothere Chalicotheriidae subfamilia Schizotheriinae genus Chemositia genus authority Pickford, 1979 Chemositia is an extinct genus of chalicothere , a group of herbivorous , odd toed ungulate perissodactyl mammal s. They lived in Africa , and had claws that were likely used in a hook like manner to pull down branches, suggesting they lived as Bipedalism bipedal Browsing predation browsers . ref cite journal last Coombs first Margery C. authorlink coauthors title The chalicothere Metaschizotherium bavaricum Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae from the Miocene MN5 Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen Germany description, comparison, and paleoecological significance journal Pal ontologische Zeitschrift volume 83 issue 1 pages 85 129 publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg location date 13 Feb 2009 url http www.springerlink.com content y4j07463lw037161 doi 10.1007 s12542 009 0004 x id accessdate 2009 12 29 ref References references Sources Classification of Mammals by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell Category Chalicotheres paleo oddtoedungulate stub ... more details
Taxobox name Euparkeriidae fossil range early mid Triassic image Euparkeria BW.jpg image width 250px image caption life restoration of Euparkeria capensis regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Sauropsid a subclassis Diapsid a infraclassis Archosauromorpha unranked ordo Archosauriformes familia Euparkeriidae familia authority Friedrich von Huene Huene , 1920 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Euparkeria ? Dorosuchus ? Halazaisuchus ? Osmolskina ? Wangisuchus ? Xilousuchus Euparkeriidae is a family of small Basal phylogenetics basal archosauromorph carnivore s which lived from the Early Triassic to the Middle Triassic Anisian . Their fossil remains are known so far from South Africa and Russia. Quite opposite to their sister family Erythrosuchidae , euparkeriids were small, slender animals which were probably facultative bipedalism bipeds . The clade is named after Euparkeria , a relatively well known member of the group. Other possible euparkeriids include Dorosuchus , Halazaisuchus , Osmolskina , Wangisuchus , and Xilousuchus . The family name was first proposed by Friedrich von Huene in 1920 Huene classified euparkeriids as members of Pseudosuchia . More recent analysis places Euparkeriidae within Archosauriformes . Euparkeriids lie close to the ancestry of the crocodiles, pseudosuchians, ornithodira ornithodires and dinosaur s, but are not considered directly ancestral. External links http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Units 270Archosauromorpha 270.400.html Euparkeriidae Euparkeriidae from Palaeos.com technical Archosauromorpha Category Archosaurs es Euparkeriidae fa hu Euparkeriidae nl Euparkeriidae pl Euparkeriidae zh ... more details
The intermembral index is a ratio used to compare limb proportions, expressed as a percentage . ref name Ankel Simons cite book last Ankel Simons first F. title Primate Anatomy edition 3rd publisher Academic Press pages 49 53 year 2007 isbn 0 12 372576 3 ref It is equal to the length of forelimb s humerus plus Radius bone radius divided by the length of the hind limb s femur plus tibia multiplied by 100, ref name Conroy cite book last1 Conroy first1 G.C. title Primate Evolution edition 1st publisher W.W. Norton and Co. location New York year 1990 isbn 978 0393956498 ref otherwise written mathematically as math tfrac humerus radius femur tibia times 100 math It is used frequently in primatology since it helps predict primate Terrestrial locomotion locomotor patterns . For scores lower than 100, the forelimbs are shorter than the hind limbs, which is common in Jumping leaping primates and Bipedalism bipedal hominid s. Quadrupedalism Quadrupedal primates tend to have scores around 100, while Brachiation brachiating primates have scores significantly higher than 100. This information can also be used to predict locomotor patterns for extinct primates in cases where forelimb and hind limb fossil s have been found. ref name Ankel Simons References Reflist Category Primate anatomy ca ndex intermembral el fr Indice intermembral ... more details
bipedalism the clown footed hominin ref Early life BLP unsourced section date May 2011 Jungers ... . Plenum Press, NY ref He was worked on hominid bipedalism being due to the unique muscular and skeletal ... more details
Image Brachiate.jpg thumb Brachiating siamang at the Cincinnati Zoo Brachiation from brachium , Latin for arm is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primate s swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms. Brachiators The only true brachiators are the lesser ape s gibbon s and siamang s . cite A gibbon can brachiate at speeds as high as 35 mph 55 km h and can travel as far as 20 feet 6 m with each swing. Citation needed date August 2011 Spider monkey s and orangutan s are considered semibrachiators. Traits that aid brachiation Some traits that allow primates to brachiate include short fingernails instead of claws , inward closing hook like fingers, opposable thumbs, long forelimbs, and freely rotating wrists. Brachiation and great apes Anatomically modern humans Modern human s retain many physical characteristics that suggest a brachiator ancestor, including flexible shoulder joints and fingers well suited for grasping. In lesser apes, these characteristics were adaptations for brachiation. Although great apes do not normally brachiate with the exception of orangutan s , our human anatomy suggests that brachiation may be a preadaptation to bipedalism , and healthy modern humans are still capable of brachiating. Some children s parks include Jungle gym monkey bars which children play on by brachiating. See also Suspensory behavior Arboreal locomotion References Rice, Patricia C. Norah Moloney 2005 . Biological Anthropology and Prehistory Exploring our Human Ancestry . Pearson Education, Inc., pp. 178 179, 192. ISBN 0205381960 http www.britannica.com ebc article 9016092 Britannica.com http dictionary.reference.com browse brachiation Dictionary.com http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 2 Human Evolution.html p303 MSN Encarta http www.webcitation.org 5kwQGSyIE Archived 2009 10 31 locomotion Category Arboreal locomotion primate stub ca Braquiaci cs Brachiace es Braquiaci n fa fr Brachiation it Brachiazione hu Brachi l s pl Br ... more details
In paleoanthropology , the hunting hypothesis is the hypothesis that human evolution was primarily influenced by the activity of hunting for relatively large and fast animals, and that the activity of hunting distinguished human ancestors from other primate s. While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this fact for the final steps in the emergence of the Homo genus Homo genus out of earlier Australopithecines , with its bipedalism and production of stone tool s from about 2.5 million years ago , and eventually also control of fire from about 1.5 million years ago , are emphasized in the hunting hypothesis , and de emphasized in scenarios that stress the omnivore status of humans as their recipe for success, and social interaction , including mating behaviour as essential in the emergence of language and culture. Advocates of the hunting hypothesis tend to believe that tool use and toolmaking essential to effective hunting were an extremely important part of human evolution, and trace the origin of language and prehistoric religion religion to a hunting context. See also Acheulean Behavioral modernity Homo ergaster Homo Necans , an award winning book whose title translates as Man the Killer Hunter gatherer Killer ape theory Oldowan References Robert Ardrey , The Hunting Hypothesis A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder , Atheneum, New York 1970 External links http encarta.msn.com encyclopedia 761566394 12 Human Evolution.html Human Evolution MSN Encarta BOT GENERATED TITLE http www.webcitation.org 5kwr6JAob Archived 2009 10 31 and http www.mnh.si.edu anthro humanorigins faq Encarta culture.htm Discussion of the hunting hypothesis from Encarta http www.indiana.edu origins teach P380 P380hominid.html anthropology stub Prehistoric technology Category Anthropology Category Human evolution ja ro Ipoteza v n torii ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A facultative bipedalism biped is an animal that is capable of walking or running on two legs, often for only a limited period, in spite of normally walking or running on quadrupedal four limbs or more. Well known examples include many lizard s such as the Basiliscus genus Basilisk lizard , and even some cockroach es when running at top speed. In order to be considered a true facultative biped, an animal must be capable of sustained movement over many strides while bipedal simply adopting a static bipedal posture while resting or looking around is not sufficient. Species Facultative bipedality is most common in lizards, but also occurs in primate s, bear s, insect s, crab s and even octopus ses. It is commonly suggested that many extinct basal archosaur s were facultative bipeds, as well as hadrosaur s. Cause In many cases, facultative bipedality is a function of speed. Many lizard species, as well as cockroaches and crabs, will switch to a bipedal gait at very high speeds. Reasons for this are unclear it may be that a bipedal gait allows greater stride length, without the forelimbs interfering with the swinging and placement of the hind limbs, or it may simply be that at high speeds, the forces in the muscles which retract and extend the hind limbs are so great that animal s body rises into the air, similar to a wheelie in bikes. Low speed bipedality is less common, as is most commonly associated with threat displays bear s, goanna s, frill necked Lizard frilled lizards , camouflage octopus , or possessing an anatomy that is highly specialized for arboreal locomotion and makes terrestrial locomotion difficult gibbon s . Locomotion DEFAULTSORT Facultative Biped Category Terrestrial locomotion Category Tetrapods Biosci stub ... more details
STS 14 is a fossil ized pelvis , vertebral column and fragmentary rib and femur of the species Australopithecus africanus . It was discovered at Sterkfontein , South Africa by Robert Broom in August 1947. It is estimated to be 2.6 2.8 million years old. Its characteristics are a distinctly human like shape of pelvic blades, unlike any other animal. The shape indicates a type of bipedalism . This find was the first ever to demonstrate, without a doubt, pre Homo bipedality. Some scientists have proposed that STS 14 may have come from the same individual as STS 5 considered, however, to be 2.15 million years old ref cite web title Surprise museum find links Mrs Ples skull to rest of body url http www.primeorigins.co.za news 995643.htm accessdate 2007 07 11 ref . See also List of human fossils List of fossil sites with link directory List of hominina fossils List of hominina hominid fossils with images References reflist External links http www.modernhumanorigins.net sts14.html Image of STS 14 cite book author Tattersall, Ian, Schwartz, Jeffery title Extinct Humans publisher Westview Press, Boulder CO year 2000 isbn 0 8133 3482 9 cite book author Larsen, Clark Spencer, Matter, Robert M, Gebo, Daniel L title Human Origins the fossil record publisher Waveland Press, Prospect Heights, Illinois year 1991 isbn 0 88133 575 4 http www.maropeng.co.za Maropeng The Cradle of Humankind Official Website http whc.unesco.org pg.cfm?cid 31&id site 915 UNESCO Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs Category Specific fossil specimens Category Hominin fossils paleo stub ... more details
T Bob is a robot from the Category 1985 television series debuts 1985 animated television series M.A.S.K. According to the Plot narrative storyline , T Bob was developed and built by List of M.A.S.K. toys & characters Scott Trakker , son of M.A.S.K. commander List of M.A.S.K. toys & characters Matt Trakker . Although in the UK comic letters page, it was stated he was built by List of M.A.S.K. toys & characters Alex Sector . According to Fleetway comics, T Bob was short for Thingamabob . T Bob is a short, egg shaped Bipedalism Bipedal robots bipedal robot , capable of speech communication speech and with fully developed artificial intelligence , including a sense of humor and a subconscious . ref 01.02, The Star Chariot T Bob dreams while aboard the The Star Chariot . ref T Bob has a male voice, and is consequently often referred to as he during the television program show . T Bob s technical specifications include an unreliable tracking system , ref name track 01.01, The Death Stone For once your tracking system actually worked says Scott Trakker to T Bob. ref and the ability to convert to a motorcycle motorized unicycle . Connections to Other Works T Bob bears a resemblance ref name Kab Cite web last Kaboodle first authorlink Kaboodle coauthors title T Bob work publisher date url http www.kaboodle.com reviews t bob format Review doi accessdate 2010 06 24 ref to an Industrial Automaton developed Rx series astromech droid , in particular to R2 D2 , ref The New Essential Guide to Droids , by Daniel Wallace Star Wars Daniel Wallace , illustrated by Ian Fullwood, Del Rey Books , 2006.06.27. ISBN 0345477596 ref from the Star Wars movies . As well as R2 D2, T Bob s resemblance to List of Mr. Men Mr. Bump Mr. Bump has also been noted. ref name Kab References reflist Category Fictional robots nl T Bob ... more details
Automatic taxobox fossil range Early Permian , fossil range 284 279.5 image Eudibamus BW.jpg image width 270px image caption Life restoration of Eudibamus authority Berman et al. , 2000 in paleontology 2000 type species extinct Eudibamus cursoris type species authority Berman et al. , 2000 Eudibamus is an extinct genus of biped bolosaurid ankyramorph parareptile known from the Free State of Thuringia of central Germany . ref name Eudibamus cite journal author David S. Berman, Robert R. Reisz, Diane Scott, Amy C. Henrici, Stuart S. Sumida and Thomas Martens year 2000 title Early Permian Bipedal Reptile url http www.sciencemag.org content 290 5493 969 journal Science volume 290 issue 5493 pages 969 972 doi 10.1126 science.290.5493.969 ref Discovery Eudibamus is known only from the holotype Museum der Natur Gotha MNG 8852, an articulate d and almost complete cranial and postcrania l skeleton . It was collected from the uppermost part of the Tambach Formation , dating to the Artinskian stage of the Late Cisuralian Series stratigraphy Series or alternatively upper Rotliegend , about 284 279.5 mya unit million years ago . It was found in the lowermost formational unit of the Upper Rotliegend Group or Series of the Bromacker Quarry , the middle part of the Thuringian Forest, near the village of Tambach Dietharz . Eudibamus is claimed to be the first bipedalism bipedal vertebrate . ref name Eudibamus Etymology Eudibamus was first named by David S. Berman, Robert R. Reisz , Diane Scott, Amy C. Henrici, Stuart S. Sumida and Thomas Martens in 2000 in paleontology 2000 and the type species is Eudibamus cursoris . The specific name zoology specific name is derived from Greek language Greek for runner . ref name Eudibamus References reflist portal Paleontology Category Fossil taxa described in 2000 Category Permian reptiles Category Prehistoric reptiles of Europe paleo reptile stub pl Eudibamus simple Eudibamus zh ... more details
Taxobox image Moropus.jpg image width 250px image caption Moropus Moropus elatus at the br National Museum of Natural History , br Washington, DC fossil range Fossil range 6.5 2 Late Miocene to Middle Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Perissodactyla subordo extinction Ancylopoda superfamilia Chalicotherioidea familia Chalicotheriidae subfamilia extinction Schizotheriinae subfamilia authority Holland and Peterson, 1914 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Ancylotherium br Borissiakia br Chemositia br Metaschizotherium br Moropus br Phyllotillon br Schizotherium br Tylocephalonyx Schizotheriines make up an extinct clade of the family biology family Chalicotheriidae , a group of herbivorous , odd toed ungulate perissodactyl mammal s. Unlike the gorilla like proportions of other chalicotheres, schizotheriines had smaller body proportions, closer to those of Moropus . Analysis of dental microwear implies most Miocene Schizotheriinae fed on leaves, bark, and twigs. Their claws were most likely used in a hook like manner to pull down branches, suggesting they lived as Bipedalism bipedal Browsing predation browsers . ref cite journal last Coombs first Margery C. authorlink coauthors title The chalicothere Metaschizotherium bavaricum Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae from the Miocene MN5 Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen Germany description, comparison, and paleoecological significance journal Pal ontologische Zeitschrift volume 83 issue 1 pages 85 129 publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg location date 13 Feb 2009 url http www.springerlink.com content y4j07463lw037161 doi 10.1007 s12542 009 0004 x id accessdate 2009 12 29 ref They are related to the modern horse , Rhinoceros rhino , and tapir . ref cite book editor Palmer, D. year 1999 title The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals publisher Marshall Editions location London page 261 isbn 1 84028 152 9 ref References references See also Moropus Ancyl ... more details
Taxobox image ChalicotheriumDB1.jpg image width 250px image caption Anisodon Anisodon grande , formerly Chalicotherium grande fossil range Late Miocene to Early Pliocene status Fossil regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Perissodactyla subordo extinction Ancylopoda superfamilia Chalicotherioidea familia Chalicotheriidae subfamilia Chalicotheriinae subfamilia authority Holland and Peterson, 1914 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Anisodon Butleria prehistoric mammal Butleria Chalicotherium Chalicotheriines make up an extinct subfamily of the family biology family Chalicotheriidae , a group of herbivorous , odd toed ungulate perissodactyl mammal s. Characteristic of this group is an unusual, gorilla like body plan with very long forelimbs, short hindlimbs, and a partial knuckle walking position. Analysis of dental microwear implies most chalicotheriines fed on hard fruit and or seeds. Their claws were most likely used in a hook like manner to pull down branches, suggesting they lived as Bipedalism bipedal Browsing predation browsers . Presence of chalicotheriine fossils is generally regarded as an indicator of treed environments. ref cite journal last Coombs first Margery C. authorlink coauthors title The chalicothere Metaschizotherium bavaricum Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae from the Miocene MN5 Lagerstatte of Sandelzhausen Germany description, comparison, and paleoecological significance journal Pal ontologische Zeitschrift volume 83 issue 1 pages 85 129 publisher Springer Berlin Heidelberg location date 13 Feb 2009 url http www.springerlink.com content y4j07463lw037161 doi 10.1007 s12542 009 0004 x id accessdate 2009 12 29 ref References references See also Moropus Schizotheriinae Portal Palaeontology Category Chalicotheres Category Pliocene extinctions paleo oddtoedungulate stub ... more details
to full time bipedalism and so searching for food on the ground did not make sense because there was too ... calorie foods came from the inefficiency of bipedalism and the growing energy costs of climbing ... in balance when in the trees but lost its prominence when bipedalism was adapted. The arms ... bipedalism in our distant ancestors is the main argument for the adaptations our muscle structure and function ... more details
17 human chromosome 17 that might be responsible for human bipedalism. Quadrupedal movement for exercise ... on Earth publisher Boston Dynamics accessdate 2011 04 06 ref See also Bipedalism References reflist ... more details
regarding concealed ovulation. Concealed ovulation as a side effect of bipedalism Pawlowski ref name Pawlowski 1999 Cite doi 10.1086 200017 ref presents the importance of bipedalism to the mechanics ... as made available by bipedalism brought greater danger from predators. This would have caused humans ... from the area. Pawlowski continues by saying the change to bipedalism in early hominins changed .... This hypothesis ultimately concludes that bipedalism, which was strongly selected for, caused ... caused by a physiological change to bipedalism may suggest bipedalism was not, at least ... in humans. See also Bipedalism Female choice Homininae Menstrual cycle Mittelschmerz Pair bond Paternal ... more details
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