Blindcontourdrawing is a method of drawing widely used by art teachers, where an artist draws the contour of a subject without looking at the paper. The artistic technique was introduced by Kimon Nicola des in The Natural Way to Draw , ref name Nicola des Nicola des, Kimon. The Natural Way to Draw A Working Plan for Art Study . Boston Houghton Mifflin company, 1941. ISBN http www.amazon.com dp B005OL9W4U 0395530075 ref and further popularized by Betty Edwards as pure contourdrawing in The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain . ref name Edwards Edwards, Betty. The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain . New York Jeremy P. Tarcher Putnam, 1999. ISBN http www.amazon.com dp 0874774195 978 0874774191 ref Technique The student, fixes his or her eyes on the outline of the model or object, then tracks the edge of the object with his or her eyes, while simultaneously drawing the contour ... and Edwards propose different ideas of why blindcontourdrawing is an important method of drawing .... Blindcontourdrawing may not produce a good drawing however it helps students to draw more realistically, rather than relying on their memorized drawing symbols. ref name Edwards Edwards, Betty. The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain . New York Jeremy P. Tarcher Putnam, 1999. ISBN http www.amazon.com dp 0874774195 978 0874774191 ref Blindcontourdrawing trains the eye and hand to work ... Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain . New York Jeremy P. Tarcher Putnam, 1999. ISBN http www.amazon.com dp 0874774195 978 0874774191 ref Edwards suggests that pure contourdrawing creates a shift ... name Edwards Edwards, Betty. The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain . New York Jeremy P. Tarcher ... touching the contour. ref name Nicola des He suggested that the technique improves students drawings ... Edwards, Betty. The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain . New York Jeremy P. Tarcher Putnam ... Category Drawing Category Artistic techniques art stub ... more details
blindcontourdrawing , contourdrawing is an artful experience that relies more on sensation than perception it s important to be guided by instinct. ref name sutherland To make a blindcontourdrawing ...Image Schiele Mutter mit Kind 1910.jpg thumb A contourdrawing by Egon Schiele . Contourdrawing , is an artistic technique used in the field of art in which the artist sketches the contour of a subject by drawing lines that result in a drawing that is essentially an outline the French language French word contour meaning, outline. ref http www.etymonline.com index.php?term contour ref The purpose of contourdrawing is to emphasize the mass and volume of the subject rather than the Complexity detail the focus is on the outlined shape of the subject and not the minor details. However, because contour ... styles and practiced in the honor of drawing development. Importance Contourdrawing is an essential technique in the field of art because it is a strong foundation for any drawing or painting ... Another technique similar to contourdrawing is outline drawing a division between form and the space ..., 2010. ref All three types of drawing are considered to be gesture drawings ref name sheenan the practice of drawing a series of bodies in still form. An outline drawing does not include the visual amusement of human sight, while a contourdrawing contains form, weight, mass, space, and distance. ref ... , to suggest greater distance between objects in the drawing. A darker portion of the contour ... DEFAULTSORT ContourDrawing Category Artistic techniques Category Drawing .... In the hands of a talented master, the line that conveys contour can deliver a load of visual pleasure that can be astonishing. Technique In a continuous line drawing, the artist looks both at the subject ... shadow, depending on the value of the line. Practice The purpose of drawing blindingly is to force the artist s eye to move along the contour of the subject as his or her pencil moves along the paper ... more details
Wiktionary Contour may refer to an outline or silhouette a contour line on a contour map, or the corresponding line on the ground or sea bed Contour linguistics , a phonetic sound Pitch contour music , a melody shape Contour camera system , a 3D digital camera system Equal loudness contour , a measure of sound pressure Service contour , a coverage area in US broadcasting Jama Contour is a software package, produced by Jama Software In programming Lexical contour programming Lexical contour , the boundary of Scope programming lexical variable scope boundaries of level set method level sets In mathematics A contour line of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a constant value. a closed path in the mathematical method of contour integration Boundary topology boundary of a set Contours may refer to Contours album Contours album , an album by Sam Rivers The Contours , a soul music group Ford Contour , a motor car CONTOUR , a space probe See also Active contour , a concept in computer vision Contour Aerospace , a seat and aircraft fittings builder Contour bunding , an agricultural technique Contour canal , an artificial water channel Contour Crafting , a proposed construction process Contourdrawing , an artistic style produced, for example, by blindcontourdrawingContour length , a concept in molecular physics Contour plowing or ploughing , an agricultural technique Contour rivalry , an artistic technique Contour threads , used in cosmetic surgery Illusory contours , an optical illusion Upper and lower contour set s, concepts in mathematical economics disambig ru ... more details
Image CONTOUR pre launch.jpg thumb CONTOUR during its launch preparations in May 2002. The CO met N ucleus TOUR CONTOUR was a NASA Discovery Program Discovery class space probe that failed shortly after ... used on the New Horizons spacecraft. Spacecraft design Image Image CONTOUR SRM configuration.png thumb Diagram of CONTOUR, showing the internal solid rocket motor The CONTOUR spacecraft had a total fueled .... The spacecraft was equipped with four primary science instruments the Contour Remote Imager Spectrograph CRISP , the Contour Aft Imager CAI , the Dust Analyzer CIDA , and the Neutral Gas Ion Mass Spectrometer NGIMS . Mission CONTOUR launched on a Delta 7425 a Delta II rocket Delta II Lite launch ... motor was used to perform an injection maneuver on August 15, 2002 to put CONTOUR in the proper trajectory ..., in August 2004, February 2005, and February 2006. On 18 June 2006, CONTOUR would have encountered ... have occurred near the period of maximum activity for each comet. After the comet Encke encounter, CONTOUR ... missions profile.cfm?MCode CONTOUR&Display ReadMore CONTOUR at NASA.gov. Retrieved 2012 01 19. ref ref http discovery.nasa.gov lib presentations pdf mishap board report 503.pdf CONTOUR ... After the loss of CONTOUR, a replacement spacecraft &ndash CONTOUR 2 &ndash was proposed, scheduled ... references External links cite web url http discovery.nasa.gov contour.html title CONTOUR work NASA ... CONTOURCONTOUR Mission Profile by http solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA s Solar System Exploration cite web url http spaceflightnow.com delta d292 020628contour.html title The CONTOUR spacecraft cite web last ... MAY 31, 2003 url http www.nasa.gov pdf 52352main contour.pdf title Contour Comet Nucleus Tour Mishap ... spacecraft Orbital launches in 2002 DEFAULTSORT Contour Category Missions to comets Category NASA ... Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets bg cs CONTOUR de CONTOUR es CONTOUR fr CONTOUR it CONTOUR hu CONTOUR ja CONTOUR pt Sonda CONTOUR sk CONTOUR fi COmet Nucleus TOUR ... more details
the contour curves of the surface, thus producing a depth effect. When drawing hair, the lines ...Other uses Refimprove date September 2010 Drawing is a form of visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two dimensional medium. Common instruments include graphite pencil ... in drawing may be called a draughtsman or draftsman . ref http dictionary.reference.com browse draughtsman ... mark. The most common support for drawing is paper , although other materials, such as Paperboard ... drawing instruments makes drawing more universal than most other media. Overview File Henri de Toulouse ... de Toulouse Lautrec Drawing is a form of visual expression and is one of the major forms within the visual arts. There are several categories of drawing, including cartooning . Certain drawing methods or approaches, such as doodling , other informal kinds of drawing, and the surrealist method of Surrealist ... part of drawing as a fine art . Likewise, tracing drawing on a thin piece of paper, sometimes .... The word drawing is both 1 a noun and 2 the present participle and gerund forms of the verb draw . To draw is to produce a drawing. A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a Sketch drawing sketch . Drawing is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper. Traditional ... while modern colored pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, however, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar List of artistic mediums Drawing media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied ... first on that same support. Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem solving, and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further ... Masson . Automatic Drawing. 1924. Ink on paper, 23.5 x 20.6 cm. Museum of Modern Art , New York It is not known ... more details
of drawing isohypse contour lines on a map is called isopletion Citation needed date February ...About lines of equal value in maps and diagrams more meanings of the word contourContour disambiguation File Courbe niveau.svg thumb right The bottom part of the diagram shows some contour lines with a straight ... along that straight line. Image Contour3D.jpg right thumb 300px A three dimensional contour graph Image Contour2D.jpg right thumb 300px A two dimensional contour graph A contour line also isoline ... 1 1&sig ACfU3U2wWEkaeLRCYtZiHbjh OH7eKgnJQ p. 344. ref In cartography , a contour line often just called a contour joins points of equal elevation height above a given level, such as mean sea level . ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary contour 20line http dictionary.reference.com browse contour 20line contour line ref A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic ... webster.com dictionary contour 20map http dictionary.reference.com browse contour 20map contour map ref The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour ... generally, a contour line for a function of two variables is a curve connecting points where the function has the same particular value. The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour ... is steep. A level set is a generalization of a contour line for functions of any number of variables. Contour lines are curved or straight lines on a map describing the intersection of a real or hypothetical ... readers to infer relative gradient of a parameter and estimate that parameter at specific places. Contour ... analysis in geology , Wiley ISBN 0471080799 ref Types of contour lines Isogon and internal links redirect here Contour lines are often given specific names beginning iso lang grc isos equal according to the nature of the variable being mapped, although in many usages the phrase contour line ... a contour line connecting points where a variable changes at the same rate during a given time period ... more details
Contour length is a term used in molecular physics . The contour length of a polymer chain a big molecule consisting of many similar smaller molecules is its length at maximum physically possible Extension metaphysics extension . ref http iupac.org goldbook C01308.pdf Contour length in polymers http www.iupac.org publications compendium index.html IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd Edition, 1997 ref References small references small Category Polymer physics ... more details
Image Hankel contour.png right In mathematics , a Hankel contour is a path in the complex plane which extends from &infin ,&delta , around the origin counter clockwise and back to &infin ,&minus &delta , where &delta is an arbitrarily small positive number. The contour thus remains arbitrarily close to the real axis but without crossing the real axis except for negative values of x . Use of Hankel contours is one of the methods of contour integration . This type of path for contour integral s was first used by Hermann Hankel in his investigations of the Gamma function . The mirror image extending from &minus &infin , circling the origin clockwise , and returning to &minus &infin is also called a Hankel contour. References cite book author Hugh L. Montgomery authorlink Hugh Montgomery mathematician coauthors Robert Charles Vaughan mathematician Robert C. Vaughan title Multiplicative number theory I. Classical theory series Cambridge tracts in advanced mathematics volume 97 year 2007 isbn 0 521 84903 9 page 515 Category Complex analysis Category Special functions Mathanalysis stub ... more details
no citations date September 2009 File Contour plowing.jpg thumb Contour plowing, Pennsylvania, 1938 File Contour line 8 gener 2007.jpg thumb Contour bunding , Catalonia, 2007 Contour plowing or contour ploughing or contour farming is the farming practice of plowing across a slope following its elevation contour line s. The rows formed slow water run off during rainstorms to prevent soil erosion and allow the water time to settle into the soil. In contour plowing, the ruts made by the plow run perpendicular ... and are level. A similar practice is contour bunding where stones are placed around the contours of slopes. History The Phoenicians first developed the practice of contour farming and spread it throughout ... such as contour plowing had reduced the loss of soil by 65 despite the continuation of the drought Demonstrations showed that contour farming, under ideal conditions, will increase yields of row ... significantly reduces soil erosion. Contour plowing is also promoted in countries with similar rainfall ... is used with contour farming to provide additional protection. ref http www.nrcs.usda.gov Internet FSE DOCUMENTS nrcs143 026017.pdf NRCS Conservation Practice Standard 330 Contour Farming ref P. A. Yeomans Keyline Design system is critical of traditional contour plowing techniques, and improves the system through observing normal land form and topography . At one end of a contour the slope ... contour the plow furrows soon deviate from a true contour. Rain water in these furrows will thus flow sideways along the falling contour line. This can often concentrate water in a ways that exacerbates .... Keyline cultivation utilizes this off contour drift in cultivating furrows to control the movement ... Century Soil Conservation and Keyline. Contour bunding has been widely adopted in Burkina Faso after ... in alphabetical order References Reflist External links Commons category inline Contour farming ... 330 Contour Farming 4 page pdf file http www.pbs.org wgbh amex dustbowl timeline PBS American Experience ... more details
In US broadcasting , service contour or protected contour refers to the area in which the Federal Communications Commission FCC predicts and allows coverage. The FCC calculates FM broadcasting FM and Television TV contours based on effective radiated power ERP in a given direction, the radial height above average terrain HAAT in a given direction, the FCC s propagation curves http www.fcc.gov mb audio bickel curves.html , and the station s List of broadcast station classes class . AM broadcasting AM contours are based on the standard Surface wave ground wave field strength pattern, the frequency , and the ground conductivity in the area. While the FCC makes FM and TV service contour data available, there is no AM broadcasting AM data published by the FCC as of January 2007 . External links http www.fcc.gov Bureaus MB Databases fm tv service areas service contour data readme.html FM and TV Service Contour Data Official http www.fcc.gov Bureaus Engineering Technology Databases mmb fmdb FM Database protected contour maps Official http www.fcc.gov mb audio amq.html AM Station Query Official http www.fcc.gov mb audio fmq.html FM Station Query Official http www.fcc.gov mb video tvq.html TV Station Query Official http www.radio locator.com Plot predicted AM FM coverage patterns unofficial Comm stub Category Broadcast engineering ... more details
In mathematics , contour sets Generalization generalize and Formal system formalize the everyday notions ... contour set of math x math is the set of all math y math that are related to math x math math left y backepsilon y succcurlyeq x right math The lower contour set of math x math is the set of all ... math The strict upper contour set of math x math is the set of all math y math that are related to math ... x land lnot x succcurlyeq y right math The strict lower contour set of math x math is the set ... upper contour set of math x math is math left y backepsilon y succ x right math and the strict lower contour set of math x math is math left y backepsilon x succ y right math Contour sets of a function ... triangleright math , reference to the contour sets of the function is implicitly to the contour sets ... contour set of math x math would be the set of numbers that were greater than or equal to math x math , the strict upper contour set of math x math would be the set of numbers that were greater than math x math , the lower contour set of math x math would be the set of numbers that were less than or equal to math x math , and the strict lower contour set of math x math would be the set ... b Leftarrow f a ge f b math Then the upper contour set of math x math would be the set of all math y math such that math f y ge f x math , the strict upper contour set of math x math would be the set of all math y math such that math f y f x math , the lower contour set of math x math would be the set of all math y math such that math f x ge f y math , and the strict lower contour set of math x ... to define contour sets in terms of the relation math a succcurlyeq b Leftarrow f a le f b math ... math f math whose arguments might or might not be themselves real numbers , reference to the contour sets of the function is implicitly to the contour sets of the relation math a succcurlyeq b Leftarrow ... math succcurlyeq math as weak preference . Then the upper contour set of math x math would be the set ... more details
A contour canal is an artificially dug navigable canal which closely follows the contour line of the land it traverses in order to avoid costly engineering works such as boring a tunnel through higher ground, building an embankment over lower ground, or constructing a canal lock or series of locks to change the level of the canal. In the United Kingdom, many of the canals built in the period from 1770 to 1800 were contour canals for example, the Oxford Canal . These canals are characterised by their meandering course. Later canals built from about 1810 onwards were much straighter and more direct a good example is the Shropshire Union Canal engineered by Thomas Telford . Notes reflist References Day, Lance and Ian McNeil. 1996 . Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology . New York Routledge. ISBN 0415060427. See also Canals of the United Kingdom Category Canals ... more details
In linguistics , speech synthesis , and music , the pitch contour of a sound is a function or curve that tracks the perceived pitch music pitch of the sound over time. Pitch contour may include multiple sounds utilizing many pitches, and can relate to frequency function at one point in time to the frequency function at a later point. It is fundamental to the linguistic concept of tone linguistics tone , where the pitch or change in pitch of a speech unit over time affects the semantic meaning of a sound. It also indicates intonation linguistics intonation in pitch accent languages. One of the primary challenges in speech synthesis technology, particularly for Western languages, is to create a natural sounding pitch contour for the utterance as a whole. Unnatural pitch contours result in synthesis ... of speech synthesis in popular culture. In music , the pitch contour focuses on the relative change in pitch over time of a primary sequence of played notes. The same contour can be transposed without ... point as the function translates, one can generate a meaningful pitch contour consistent with human ... between two instances establishes the difference in their values on the pitch contour. See also ... and Analysis of Musical Contour , p.205. Music Theory Spectrum , Vol. 15, No. 2. Autumn, 1993 ..., NJ Prentice Hall. Friedmann, A Methodology for the Discussion of Contour Its Application to Schoenberg ... 1993 . New Directions in the Theory and Analysis of Musical Contour , p.205. Music Theory Spectrum ... Melody Some Formal Aspects of Contour , Journal of Music Theory , Vol. 36, No. 2. Autumn ... in the Theory and Analysis of Musical Contour , p.205. Music Theory Spectrum , Vol. 15, No. 2. Autumn ..., Studies in Ethnomusicology 2 1965 96 120 Charles R. Adams, Melodic Contour Typology, Ethnomusicology ... Society 8 1960 224 61. Elizabeth West Marvin, A Generalization of Contour Theory to Diverse Musical ... Contour , p.205. Music Theory Spectrum , Vol. 15, No. 2. Autumn, 1993 , pp. 205 228. External ... more details
IPA notice In phonetics , contour describes speech sounds which behave as single segment linguistics segments , but which make an internal transition from one quality, place, or manner to another. These sounds may be tone linguistics tones , vowel s, or consonant s. Many tone language s have Tone contourcontour tones , which move from one level to another. For example, Mandarin Chinese has four lexical tones. The high tone is level, without contour the falling tone is a contour from high pitch to low the rising tone a contour from mid pitch to high, and, when spoken in isolation, the low tone takes on a dipping contour, mid to low and then to high pitch. These are transcribed with series of either diacritic s or tone letter s, which with proper font support fuse into an iconic shape IPA ma . In the case of vowels, the word diphthong is used instead of contour . These are vowels that glide from one place of articulation to another, as in English boy and bow. These are officially transcribed with a non syllabic sign under one of the vowel letters IPA b , IPA ba , though when there is no chance of confusion, the diacritic is often left off for simplicity. The most common contour consonants by far are the affricate s , such as English ch and j. These start out as one manner of articulation manner , a plosive , and release into a different manner, a fricative , but behave as single consonants IPA t , IPA d . Other types of transition are attested in consonants, such as prenasalized stop s in many African languages and nasal release in Slavic languages , the retroflex trill IPA r of Toda language Toda , the trilled affricate IPA r of Fijian language Fijian , voice phonetics voicing contours IPA d t , IPA k x in X language X , ref Miller 2003 believes that Xoo IPA d t is phonemically breathy voiced IPA d and that the devoicing is due to a wider glottis ... . class wikitable Types of contour Transition in Example Where found Tone IPA ma China, Southeast ... more details
Infobox Automobile image Image 95 97 Ford Contour.jpg 250px 1996 Ford Contour name Ford Contour aka Mercury ... Ford Mondeo Mexico The Ford Contour has NO successor in the United States. Please do NOT add ... br The Ford Contour , and its Badge engineering rebadged variant , the Mercury Mystique , were compact ... in North America . The Contour and Mystique replaced the Ford Tempo and Mercury Topaz , were based ... . The Contour and Mystique ceased production without a direct replacement in Ford s lineup in USA and Canada, while in Mexico, Ford replaced the Contour and Mystique with the Europe Imported Ford Mondeo ... 2010 11 20 ref to replace the Contour in the United States and Canada, and the Ford Mondeo in Mexico, also falling between the compact Focus and mid sized Taurus. Development Development of the Contour ... goal of being a world car, the only external items the Mondeo shared with the Contour .... Marketing Initially, three Trim package trim levels were available for the Contour a base GL, a more ... The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the Contour a Poor overall rating in the frontal ... Ford Contour ref The Contour received five stars for both the driver and passenger in the NHTSA test. 1995 1997 model Infobox Automobile image Image 1995 Ford Contour.jpg thumb 250px 1996 Ford Contour name Ford Contour aka Mercury Mystique production 1995 1997 body style 4 door sedan car sedan length ... Contour GL 1995 1997 LX 1995 1997 SE 1995 1997 Mystique GS 1995 1997 LS 1995 1997 Engines 2.0 L Ford ... for easier shifts. 1997 New value priced base models introduced in late 1997 for both Contour and Mystique ... interior plastic pieces and covers on the Contour are no longer spray painted silver and are left ... on LS , optional on GS Facelift 1998 2000 Infobox Automobile image Image 1998 2000 Ford Contour SE.jpg 250px 1996 Ford Contour production 1998 2000 body style 4 door sedan car sedan layout Front ... Image Ford SVT Contour.jpg thumb right 200px 1998 2000 Ford Contour SVT Image 98 00 Mercury Mystique.jpg ... more details
drawing Model art Croquis Blindcontourdrawing Category drawing ...inadequate lead date October 2011 Image Rembrandt.fallhut.jpg thumb A gestural drawing by Rembrandt , in which a child is shown walking with the aid of two adults. A Gesture drawing is work of art defined by rapid execution. Typical situations involve an artist drawing a series of poses taken by a model art model in a short amount of time, often as little as 30 seconds, or as long as 2 minutes. Gesture drawing is often performed as a warm up for a figure drawing life drawing session. In less typical cases the artist may be observing people or animals going about normal activities with no special effort to pause for the artist. For example, drawing from people on the street, performers, athletes, or drawing animals at the zoo. More generally, a gesture drawing may be any drawing which attempts to capture action or movement. Purpose The primary purpose of gesture drawing is to facilitate the study ..., action, and direction, which can be overlooked during a long drawing. Thus, an approach is encouraged ... in sports, artists use gesture drawing to prepare themselves mentally and physically for a figure drawing session. The fast pace of gesture poses help an artist loosen up to avoid a stiff drawing style. The artist who undertakes gesture drawing also receives the benefits of self training their drawing ability. This kind of very rapid drawing of the figure builds through the act of frequent repetition ... extended works. For some artists, a gesture drawing is the first step in preparing a more sustained ... drawing to be the end product. Drawing from life is often preferred over photographic reference ... allow the artist more time to measure and plan the drawing, or to begin to define the form with modeling. Once the artist begins measuring, erasing, shading or otherwise improving the drawing with a second ... of their current drawing, but they are no longer practicing their ability to draw correctly in from ... more details
selfref This article is about a technique of art . See binocular rivalry for information about alternations in visibility of different contours presented one to each eye. Contour rivalry is an artistic technique used to create multiple possible visual interpretations of an image. An image may be viewed as depicting one thing when viewed in a certain way but if the image is flipped or turned, the same lines that formed the previous image now make up an entirely new design. Image Estela.png thumb 250px A detail of the Raimondi Stela, an example of contour rivalry produced by the Chavin culture This technique was widely practiced by the artists of the Chav n culture of the central Andes about two thousand years ago. An example of this technique from the Chav n is the Raimondi Stela . ref cite web url http heritage key.com category tags contour rivalry title Contour rivalry, Raimondi Stela accessdate 2009 09 06 publisher Heritage Key ref References references See also Optical illusion Rotational symmetry Three hares Triquetra Triskelion Art stub Category Artistic techniques Category Optical illusions Category Vision rivalry sv Konturrivalitet ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 IPA notice A tone contour is a tone linguistics tone in a tonal language which shifts from one pitch to another over the course of the syllable or word. Tone contours are especially common in East Asia East and Southeast Asia , but occur elsewhere, such as the Kru languages of Liberia and the Ju languages of Namibia . Themes File Pinyin Tone Chart.svg right thumb 150px Chart illustrating the contours four tones in Standard Chinese When the pitch descends, the contour is called a falling tone when it ascends, a rising tone when it descends and then returns, a dipping or falling rising tone and when it ascends and then returns, it is called a peaking or rising falling tone. A tone in a contour tone language which remains at approximately an even pitch is called a level tone. Tones which are too short to exhibit much of a contour, typically because of a final plosive consonant , may be called checked tone checked , abrupt, clipped, or stopped tones. Transcription There are three phonetic conventions for transcribing tone contours. Diacritic s such as IPA and IPA are used for falling and rising tones diacritics for dipping and peaking tones, and well as distinguishing between lower and higher rising or falling tones, are not widely supported by computer fonts as of 2008. ref Dipping IPA , peaking IPA , high and low falling IPA , and low and high rising IPA , probably look like stacks of tone marks on your browser, which they should not. ref This contrasts with register tones, where diacritics such as high , mid , and low are usually sufficient for transcription. These are also used for high, mid, and low level contour tones. Tone letter s such as mid level IPA , high falling IPA , low falling IPA , mid rising IPA , low rising ... Contour linguistics Tone letter Tone name Notes Reflist Suprasegmentals DEFAULTSORT Tone Contour Category Phonology Ling stub fr Contour de ton mk sr zh ... more details
File Pochhammer.curve.svg thumb 300px A Pochhammer contour winds clockwise around one point, then clockwise around another point, then counterclockwise around the first point, then counterclockwise around the second. The exact position, curvature, etc. are in this case not essential the sequence of windings around the two special points is. In mathematics, the Pochhammer contour , introduced by harvs txt authorlink Camille Jordan first Camille last Jordan year 1887 and harvs txt authorlink Leo Pochhammer first Leo last Pochhammer year 1890 , is a contour in the complex plane with two points removed, used for contour integration . If A and B are loops around the two points, both starting at some fixed point P , then the Pochhammer contour is the commutator ABA sup &minus 1 sup B sup &minus 1 sup , where the superscript &minus 1 denotes a path taken in the opposite direction. With the two points taken as 0 and 1, the fixed basepoint P being on the real axis between them, an example is the path that starts at P , encircles the point 1 in the counter clockwise direction and returns to P , then encircles 0 counter clockwise and returns to P , after that circling 1 and then 0 clockwise, before coming back to P . The class of the contour is an actual commutator when it is considered in the fundamental group with basepoint P of the complement in the complex plane or Riemann sphere of the two points looped. When it comes to taking contour integrals, moving basepoint from P to another choice Q makes no difference to the result, since there will be cancellation of integrals from P to Q and back. Homologous to zero but not homotopic to zero Within the doubly punctured plane this curve ... be converted into an integral over the Pochhammer contour C as math displaystyle 1 e 2 pi i alpha 1 e 2 pi i beta Beta alpha, beta int C t alpha 1 1 t beta 1 , dt. math The contour integral converges ... contour is one answer. The picture may be attached at any point on the curve. Borromean link ... more details
File wv cadv ecmwf small.gif frame right alt Contour advection animation Contour advection simulation Contour advection is a Lagrangian coordinates Lagrangian method of simulating the evolution of one or more contours or isolines of a tracer as it is stirred by a moving fluid. Consider a blob of dye injected into a river or stream to first order it could be modelled by tracking only the motion of its outlines. It is an excellent method for studying chaotic mixing even when advected by smooth or finitely resolved velocity fields, through a continuous process of stretching and folding, these contours often develop into intricate fractals . The flow tracer tracer is typically passive as in ref name Waugh Plumb1994 Cite journal author1 D. W. Waugh author2 R. A. Plumb title Contour advection with surgery a technique for investigating the fine scale structure in tracer transport journal Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences volume 51 issue 4 pages 415&ndash 422 year 1994 ref but may also be active as in ref name Dritschel1988 Cite journal author D. G. Dritschel title Contour surgery A topological reconnection scheme journal Journal of Computational Physics volume 77 pages 240&ndash 266 year 1988 ref , representing a dynamical property of the fluid such as vorticity . At present, advection of contours is limited to two dimensions, but generalizations to three dimensions are possible. Method First we need a set of points that accurately define the contour. These points are advection advected forward using a trajectory meteorology trajectory integration technique. To maintain its integrity, points must be added to or removed from the curve at regular intervals based on some criterion ... the curvature and interpolate new points into the contour. The spline, which is fitted parametric equation ... domains inside the same contour. A piece of the contour only one point in length would be removed ... method is used, then it may be difficult to recognize when two sections of the contour are close ... more details
Use mdy dates date December 2011 Merge D Shape date June 2011 Contour crafting is a construction process under development by Behrokh Khoshnevis of the University of Southern California s Information Sciences Institute in the Viterbi School of Engineering that uses a computer controlled crane or Gantry crane gantry to build edifices rapidly and efficiently without manual labor. It was originally conceived as a method to construct molds for industrial parts. Khoshnevis decided to adapt the technology for rapid home construction as a way to rebuild after natural disasters, like the devastating earthquakes that have plagued his native Iran . ref cite web url http www.annenbergfoundation.org news news show.htm?doc id 319057 title Annenberg Foundation Puts Robotic Disaster Rebuilding Technology on Fast Track accessdate January 13, 2010 date November 14, 2005 publisher Annenberg Foundation ref Using a quick setting, concrete like material, contour crafting forms the house s walls layer by layer until topped off by floors and ceilings set in place by the crane. The system calls for the insertion of structural components, plumbing, wiring, utilities, and even consumer devices like audiovisual systems as the layers are built. Khoshnevis claims that his system could build a complete home in a single day, ref cite web url http www.usc.edu uscnews stories 10009.html title Home, Sweet Home accessdate January 13, 2010 date March 24, 2004 publisher University of Southern California ref and its ... fumes from construction vehicles during standard home construction, contour crafting could significantly ... that NASA is evaluating Contour Crafting for its application in the construction of bases on Colonization ... Officer CTO to commercialize Contour Crafting. See also D Shape References reflist 2 External links http www.contourcrafting.org Contour Crafting website http www.weareacasa.com ACASA website ... de Contour Crafting ... more details
Contour Aerospace are a United Kingdom based aircraft seat manufacturer. Founded in 1933 by Louis Arthur Rumbold as LA Rumbold in Acton, London Acton , West London sub region West London , the company supplied various aircraft components. As the industry and diversity of UK based manufacturers consolidated, the company began to specialise in the supply of OEM catering and kitchen equipment. ref name History In 1960, the company expanded using the Contour brand into airline seat manufacture, supplying British Airways and British Caledonian with their first products. By 1970 they had outgrown their premises, and opened a new facility in Camberley , Surrey , which is today the firms headquarters. ref name History In 1996 the Rumbold family sold the business to Britax , who renamed the business Britax International. This enabled the company to develop its R&D facility, producing ref name History The first lie flat seat for British Airways 1998 the first swivel seat for American Airlines In 2000, the company opened a new facility in Cwmbran , South Wales and invested in a new short run facility at its Camberley HQ. This enabled the development of the fore aft seat for British Airways business class in the same year, and in 2004 the development of the premium mini suite for both Emirates airline Emirates and Air France . ref name History In 2004, the company was purchased through a management buyout, and added to a facility in the United States, changed its name to Heath Tecna . The name was changed again to Contour, to reflect its key product. ref name History http www.contour.aero about history ref In late 2011, the company was subject of an agreed buyout from its main rival, Zodiac Aerospace of France . ref http www.bbc.co.uk news uk wales south east wales 16171257 ref References reflist External links http www.contour.aero Contour Aerospace Category Companies established in 1933 Category Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom Category Companies based in Surrey UK company ... more details
A phantom contour is a type of Illusory contours illusory contour . Most illusory contours are seen in still ... en.wikipedia.org wiki File Ehrenstein only.png Ehrenstein illusion . A phantom contour, however ... name1 Kiely, P. M., Crewther, S. G., & Crewther, D. P. 2007 . Threshold recognition of phantom contour ... alternation between opposing, but correlated, adjacent images creates the perception of a contour ... contour frames When these two frames flicker back and forth, the illusion of a horizontal phantom contour appears between the black and white dots. Images inspired by the Rodgers Ramachandran and Ramachandran ... of the display. ref name name6 This perceived border is a phantom contour illusion. History Perceived borders similar to the phantom contour, observed via luminance contrasts, were reported in 1987 ... have an effect on phantom contour perception. As was predicted, sparsely spaced objects, which degrade ... cells are responsible for phantom contour perception under such conditions. Clinical use Ramachandran and Rogers Ramachandran ref name name5 proposed that the phantom contour illusion could ... on phantom contour detection. ref Deficits in rapid visual processing have been seen in dyslexics ... contour study. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1422 1429. ref found that children with phonological dyslexia ... dyslexics when the phantom contour images are achromatic lacking in color . However, when presented ... for subjects to perceive the phantom contour was 8.96 cycles degree sup 1 sup . Subjects lost the ability ... that the first couple of flicker frames are crucial to phantom contour perception. ref name name1 .... S. 2006 . Deficits in achromatic phantom contour perception in poor readers. Neuropsychologia, 44 ... of the stimulus presentation , however, drastically increase thresholds for contour illusion detection ... temporal frequencies used to activate the phantom contour illusion 15 Hz are not optimal ... stream for illusory contour processing, claiming that motion defined forms may be detected ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date April 2007 Contour threads are used in cosmetic plastic surgery to vertically lift facial tissues that have dropped ptosed or become sunken with age. The ptosis or descent of facial tissues with aging is a universal phenomenon to which much cosmetic facial surgery is directed. Strands of 2 0 Prolene monofilament thread, with little notches cut into their sides, are placed in the subcutaneous plane under the ptosed facial skin. These are anchored under secure points in fronto occipitalis and temporalis tissues. Dropped or ptosed facial skin is then elevated onto the barbed threads, and stay elevated because of the barbs. Thus the patient gets a facelift , without any scalpel work and without any removal of skin. In the event that a patient is unhappy with the results, the threads can be readily removed and the patient s face thence returns to its position prior to treatment. Thus, Contour threads have negligible permanent biological cost , as the effect is reversible. Effects last for a number of years, quoted as 2 5 years, after which time the positive effect is gradually lost and the patient s face returns to its state prior to treatment. Category Plastic surgery ... more details
cleanup reorganize date November 2011 Contour trenching is an agricultural technique that can be easily applied in arid sub Sahara areas to allow for water conservation water , and soil conservation , and to increase agricultural production . Technique Trenches can be artificially digged along the contour line s. Water flowing down the hill is retained by the trench, and is infiltrating the soil below. Between two trenches crop s can benefit during the growing season when there is less rain from the subsoil water reserve gathered during the Wet season rainy season . Advantages Immediate advantages are the following The rainwater rain water does not immediately run off the hill, Water does not evaporate uselessly The water balance is enhanced Crops do not suffer later on from water shortage , Fertile soil particles are not lost by water erosion water and wind erosion . Implementation Depending on the slope of the hill, the parallel trenches can be closer or further from one another. Manually digged trenches are smaller. Machine digged trenches can be deeper. The dimensions, and the format of the trench should correspond to the local climate and soil soil condition s. The trench should be big enough to keep all the water no water should spoil over the downhill border. The upside of the trench should be protected against erosion , by means of e.g. grass , shrubs , or fabric . See also Groundwater recharge Hydrology agriculture Infiltration hydrology Category Water conservation Category Physical geography Category Agricultural terminology Category Garden features Category Soil ... more details
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