wiktionary quantumQuantum theory may mean In science Quantum mechanics a subset of quantum physics explaining the physical behaviours at atomic and sub atomic levels Old quantum theory under the Bohr model Quantum field theory , a generic type of relativistic quantum theory, which includes Quantum electrodynamics Quantum chromodynamics Electroweak interaction Quantum gravity , a general term for theories intended to quantize general relativity Quantum optics In popular culture Quantum Theory , the final song from Jarvis album , by Jarvis Cocker Quantum Theory video game is also the name of a console video game for PS3 and Xbox 360, released in 2010 See also Introduction to quantum mechanics Continuum theories , roughly opposite to quantum theories Quantum cognition , using quantum probability theory to model human behavior disambiguation ru th ... more details
In quantum mechanics , a quantum process is a somewhat ambiguous term which usually refers to the time evolution of an open quantum system open quantum system. Under very general assumptions, a quantum process is described by the quantum operation formalism also known as a quantum dynamical map , which is a linear map linear , completely positive map from the set of density matrix density matrices to itself. For instance, in quantum process tomography , the unknown quantum process is assumed to be a quantum operation. However, not all quantum processes can be captured within the quantum operation formalism ref Philip Pechukas, http prl.aps.org abstract PRL v73 i8 p1060 1 Reduced Dynamics Need Not Be Completely Positive , Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1060 1994 . ref in principle, the density matrix of a quantum system can undergo completely arbitrary time evolution. References references M. Nielsen and I. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information , Cambridge University Press, 2000 Category Quantum mechanics Quantum stub ... more details
wiktionary quantum In general, a quantum plural Quanta disambiguation quanta may refer to In physics, quantum is an elementary indivisible entity. In particular Quantum physics includes several types of theories which make use of Quanta disambiguation quanta . It relates to quantum mechanics , various iterations of quantum theory disambiguation quantum theory and quantum field theory . The term quantum ... quantum chemistry uses quantum theory In neuroscience , quantum refers to a discrete component of a physiological response In cognitive science the following concepts are used Quantum cognition Quantum mind In computer science, quantum computer is a hypothetical computer which functioning is based on quantum theory Quantum may also refer to Quantum book , a book by Manjit Kumar Quantum Science Fiction, a line of books published by Dial Press from 1977 1981 Quantum a ride at Thorpe Park Quantum album Quantum album , an album by Planet X Quantum comics , a comic book character Quantum Statistical programming language , a programming language for statistical analysis developed by Quantime Quantum ... between 1985 and 2001 Quantum video game , an arcade game released by Atari in 1982 Quantum 2010 video game , a video game developed by Team Tachyon and published by Tecmo for the PlayStation 3 Quantum of Solace , the 22nd James Bond adventure, with released in October and November 2008 Quantum James Bond , an organization featured in the above movie and Casino Royale Quantum of Solace game , a game based on the movie Quantum compression , a file compression format Quantum Corporation , a manufacturer of computer data storage products Quantum GIS , an open source GIS program for map drawing and related functions Hobart Quantum , a service scale Quantum Magazine , a physics and science magazine Quantum meruit , a Latin phrase meaning as much as he has deserved and a principle of contract law Quantum satis , a Latin phrase meaning the amount which is needed , used in medicine and pharmacology ... more details
Quantum jump may refer to Atomic electron transition or a similar transition between quantum state s, which is a scientific phenomenon Quantum Jump , a British rock music band disambig ... more details
Quantum Philosophy may refer to Quantum Philosophy book , by Roland Omn s Quantum metaphysics disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
In quantum mechanics , quantum logic is a set of rules for reasoning about proposition s which takes the principles of quantum theory into account. This research area and its name originated in the 1936 ... variable s in quantum mechanics, such as position and momentum. Quantum logic can be formulated ... Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara and Roberto Giuntini. 2008. Quantum Logic ., 102 pages PDF ref ref Dalla Chiara, M. L. and Giuntini, R. 1994, Unsharp quantum logics, Foundations of Physics, , 24 , 1161 .... Quantum LMn Algebraic Logic. ref ref Georgescu, G. and C. Vraciu. 1970, On the characterization of centered ... and ukasiewicz Moisil Algebras, Axiomathes , 16 1 2 123 ref Quantum logic has some properties which ... and r false Thus the distributive law fails. Quantum logic has been proposed as the correct logic ... logic. Putnam attributes the idea that anomalies associated to quantum measurements originate ... on group representations and symmetry. The more common view regarding quantum logic, however, is that it provides ... preparation filters and states. In this view, the quantum logic approach resembles more closely the C algebra ic approach to quantum mechanics in fact with some minor technical assumptions it can be subsumed by it. The similarities of the quantum logic formalism to a system of deductive logic ... modern approach to the structure of quantum logic is to assume that it is a diagram in the sense ... Foundations of Quantum Mechanics , John von Neumann noted that projections on a Hilbert space ... these quantum propositions was called quantum logic by von Neumann and Birkhoff. In his book also called Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics G. Mackey attempted to provide a set of axioms ... Morgan s laws . These are analogous to the rules relating boolean conjunctives and material ... space formulation of quantum mechanics as presented by von Neumann, a physical observable is represented ... a , b , the operator f A is a self adjoint projection, and can be interpreted as the quantum analogue ... more details
Quantum healing is a metaphysical claim that the mind can heal the body. In order to explain the claims, a distorted vocabulary of quantum mechanics is often used, for instance quantum entanglement to explain healing without direct contact. Those explanations are usually not scientifically accepted. Details Quantum mysticism Category Quantum mysticism Newage stub ... more details
lead too short date August 2011 context date September 2010 Quantum algebra is one of the top level mathematics categories used by the arXiv . Subjects include Quantum group s Skein theories Operadic algebra Diagrammatic algebra Quantum field theory External links http arxiv.org list math.QA current Quantum algebra at arxiv.org Ramaswamy Jagannathan R. Jagannathan , http arxiv.org abs math ph 0003018 An Introduction to Quantum Algebras and Their Applications mathematics stub Category Quantum groups ... more details
Newton s law of heat conduction Conduction heat Fourier s law QuantumlawsQuantum mechanics Planck ...Refimprove date February 2008 The laws of science are various established scientific law s, or physical law s as they are sometimes called. ref OED law of nature ref Laws differ from hypotheses , Scientific theory theories , postulates , principle s, etc., in that laws are an analytic statements, usually with an empirically determined constant. A theory may contain a set of laws, or a theory may be implied from an empirically determined law. Incomplete list of scientific laws col begin col break Laws of motion Kepler s laws of planetary motion Kepler s three laws of planetary motion Newton s laws of motion Newton s three laws of motion Euler s laws Euler s laws of rigid body motion Laws of electromagnetism ... Amp re s circuital law Faraday s law of induction Lorentz force Lorentz force law Joule s laws Joule s first law Ohm s law Kirchhoff s circuit laws Biot Savart law Biot Savart law of electromagnetism Lenz s law law of universal gravitation Newton s law of universal gravitation col break Laws of energy Laws of thermodynamics Laws of heat transfer Thermal conduction Fourier s law Fourier s law of heat ... resistive and one capacitative element Newton s law of cooling Laws of thermal radiation Planck ... laws Boyle s law Charles s law Gay Lussac s law Combined gas law Avogadro s law Ideal gas law Graham s law Graham s law of effusion Fick s laws of diffusion Dalton s law Dalton s law of partial pressures Henry s law Henry s law of dissolved gas Joule s laws Joule s second law of ideal gas Laws of Aerodynamics Bernoulli s principle col break col end Conservation laws Most significant laws in science are conservation laws . These fundamental laws follow from homogeneity of space , time and phase ... where math m frac m 0 sqrt 1 frac v 2 c 2 math Laws of classical mechanics Newton s laws of motion They are low ... s laws of motion are extensions of Newton s laws. Inertia Law of inertia math F d vec p dt math ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In some physics theories, choosing a 3 geometry via spin network and 4 geometry via spin foam , any superposition of spin networks is called a kinematical state and any superposition of spin foams is called a quantum history . DEFAULTSORT Quantum History Category Quantum mechanics Quantum stub ... more details
effect created therefrom. Subsequently, in the 20th century the laws of affinity were replaced by the laws of quantum chemistry and chemical thermodynamics . Human laws of attraction In the mid ...dablink For other uses, see Laws of Attraction movie Law of Attraction New Thought In the history of science , the laws of attraction is a catch phrase used when discussing the perceived nature of bodies that have a tendency to attract, thus contradicting itself as a physics law which serve to define specific properties and can be proven with experiment to be a constant. Historically, the concept of there being a known set of the laws of attraction evolved from the laws of affinity , which numbered up to ten depending upon which chemist was sourced. History In c. 391 BC, Plato built on Empedocles conception of philia attractive force and neikos repulsive force by postulating the first law of affinity that likes tend toward likes , e.g. earth to earth or water to water, etc. In 1250, Albertus Magnus applied the conception of affinity to chemical systems and postulated four laws of affinity. In 1687, Isaac Newton proposed that chemical affinities were due to certain forces that would likely follow similar laws analogous to the three laws of planetary motion. He expanded on these views in Query 31 of his 1704 Opticks . In 1718, after translating Newton s Opticks , French physician and chemist tienne Geoffroy proposed a new law of affinity that whenever two substances are united that have ... of chemical affinity, which encompassed both Plato s and Geoffroy s affinity laws, as well as four ..., most consider Isaac Newton to be the one who stimulated the discovery of the laws of attraction ... , can be thought of as the electromagnetic laws of attraction and repulsion. With the discovery of sub atomic particles, such as the quark 1964 , and the fundamental force s, the term laws of attraction ... index.php?term pto 4195.html&fromMod popular Friendship Laws of Attraction , Psychology Today Category ... more details
Quantum technology is a new field of physics and engineering, which transitions some of the stranger features of quantum mechanics , especially quantum entanglement and most recently quantum tunneling , into practical applications such as quantum computing , quantum cryptography , quantum simulation, quantum metrology , quantum sensing , and quantum imaging . The field of quantum technology was first ... content bdm1frlb9tfmr3ar Quantum Technology The Second Quantum Revolution , J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 361, 3655 2003 ref ref http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0206091 Quantum Technology The Second Quantum Revolution , J.P.Dowling and G.J.Milburn, arXiv quant ph 0206091v1 ref ... Research 20Papers PPQT.pdf Physics, Philosophy, and Quantum Technology , D.Deutsch in the Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Quantum Communication, Measurement and Computing, Shapiro, J.H. and Hirota, O., Eds. Rinton Press, Princeton, NJ. 2003 ref The field of quantum technology has benefited immensely from the influx of new ideas from the field of quantum information processing , particularly quantum computing . Disparate areas of quantum physics , such as quantum optics , atom optics , quantum electronics , and quantum nanomechanical devices , have been unified under the search for a quantum computer and given a common language, that of quantum information theory. References reflist External links http www.sciencenews.org articles 20011208 bob16.asp Gadgets from the Quantum ... articles 20040925 fob4ref.asp Spooky Timing Quantum linked photons coordinate clock ticks , Science ... www.nature.com nature journal v412 n6845 full 412417a0.html Quantum enhanced positioning and clock synchronization , Nature 412, 417 419 26 July 2001 . http minty.stanford.edu Collective Quantum Feedback ... Quantum Atomic Gravity Gradiometer http www.scienceagogo.com news 20050110221715data trunc sys.shtml Real World Quantum Effects Demonstrated Technology Category Quantum information science Category Quantum ... more details
Quantum hydrodynamics QHD is most generally the study of hydrodynamic systems which demonstrate behavior implicit in quantum mechanics quantum subsystems usually quantum tunneling . They arise in semiclassical mechanics in the study of semiconductor devices, in which case being derived from the Boltzmann equation Wigner Boltzmann equation . In quantum chemistry they arise as solutions to chemical kinetics chemical kinetic systems, in which case they are derived from the Schr dinger equation by way of Madelung equations . An important system of study in quantum hydrodynamics is that of superfluidity . Some other topics of interest in quantum hydrodynamics are quantum turbulence , quantized vortices , second sound second and third sound , and quantum solvent s. The quantum hydrodynamic equation is an equation in Bohm interpretation Bohmian mechanics , which, it turns out, has a mathematical relationship to classical fluid dynamics see Madelung equations . This is a rich theoretical field. Some common experimental applications of these studies are in liquid helium He 3 and He 4 , and of the interior of neutron star s and the quark gluon plasma . Many famous scientists have worked in quantum hydrodynamics, including Richard Feynman , Lev Davidovich Landau Lev Landau , and Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Pyotr L. Kapitsa . References Robert E. Wyatt Quantum Dynamics with Trajectories Introduction to Quantum Hydrodynamics Springer, 2005 ISBN 978 0 387 22964 5 Category Quantum mechanics quantum stub it Idrodinamica quantistica pt Hidrodin mica qu ntica ... more details
Quantum imaging ref http www.iop.org EJ abstract 1464 4266 4 3 372 Quantum Imaging , L A Lugiato et al. 2002 J. Opt. B Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 4 S176 S183. ref , ref http www.informaworld.com openurl?genre issue&issn 0950 0340&volume 53&issue 5 Special Issue on Quantum Imaging , Edited by Jonathan Dowling, Alessandra Gatti and Alexander Sergienko, Journal of Modern Optics, Volume 53 No. 5 2006 . ref , ref http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl freeabs all.jsp?arnumber 4303053 Quantum Imaging , Yanhua Shih, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 13 2007 1016. ref is a new sub field of quantum optics that exploits quantum correlations such as quantum entanglement of the electromagnetic field in order to image objects with a optical resolution resolution or other imaging criteria that is beyond what is possible in classical optics . Examples of quantum imaging are quantum ghost imaging , quantum lithography , and quantum sensing . Quantum imaging may someday be useful for storing patterns of data in quantum computers and transmitting large amounts of highly secure encrypted information. Quantum mechanics has shown that light has inherent uncertainties in its features, manifested as moment to moment fluctuations in its properties. Controlling these fluctuations which represent a sort of noise can improve detection of faint objects, produce better amplified images, and allow workers to more accurately position laser beams. ref http newswise.com articles view 541666 Newswise Physicists Produce Quantum Entangled Images Retrieved on June 12, 2008. ref External links http www.quantiki.org wiki index.php Quantum imaging Quantum Imaging Overview at Quantiki . References Reflist Category Quantum information science Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 A quantum register also known as a qregister is the quantum mechanics quantum mechanical analogue of a classical processor register . A mathematical description of a quantum register is achieved by using a tensor product of qubit Bra ket notation bra or Bra ket notation ket vectors. For example, an n qubit quantum register is described by an element math Psi rangle psi rangle 1 otimes psi rangle 2 otimes ldots otimes psi rangle n math in the tensor product Hilbert space math mathcal H mathcal H 1 otimes mathcal H 2 otimes ldots otimes mathcal H n math DEFAULTSORT Quantum Register Category Quantum information science Quantum stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Quantum levels are fixed levels with a logarithmic scale logarithmic , descending quantum pattern in the visible spectrum of light that can be observed through a spectrometer while looking at intense flows of electricity through the various halides on the periodic table in a vacuum tube . They also have some use in chemistry when dealing with the movement of electron s to different atomic orbital orbital levels around the atom and the energy levels involved in such action. Quantum mechanics Absorption spectrum Emission spectrum Category Quantum mechanics quantum stub ... more details
Quantum mechanics cTopic Fundamental concepts Quantum entanglement occurs when particles such as photon ..., subscription needed for full text ref ref Olaf Nairz , Markus Arndt , and Anton Zeilinger , Quantum ... of interaction is such that each resulting member of a pair is properly described by the same quantum mechanical description Quantum state state , which is Undefined mathematics indefinite in terms ... title 100 Years of the Quantum year 2001 pages 68 75 volume 284 issue 2003 journal Sci.Am. , Spektrum ... waves polarization , etc. According to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics , their shared ... 500. ref Quantum entanglement is a form of quantum superposition . When a Measurement Quantum mechanics ... Zurek, Zeh and others over the following decades. They found that coherent quantum superpositions ... Max Tegmark author2 John Archibald Wheeler title 100 Years of the Quantum year 2001 pages 68 75 volume ... 68 ref This behavior is consistent with quantum mechanical theory and has been demonstrated experimentally ... of reality , p. 142 of Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics For EPR that would be an unthinkable ..., fixed in advance of observation, are not contained in quantum formalism, that formalism for EPR is incomplete. It may be correct, as far as it goes, but the usual quantum formalism cannot be the whole ... of quantum mechanics . Research into quantum entanglement was initiated by a paper of Albert Einstein ... author Einstein A, Podolsky B, Rosen N title Can Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality ... quantum mechanics, eventually entanglement was verified experimentally ref http www.sciencenews.org ... feature of quantum mechanics. The focus of the research has now changed to its utilization as a resource for communication and computation. History The counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics ... the EPR paradox , a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanics quantum mechanical theory was Incompleteness of quantum physics incomplete . They wrote blockquote We are thus forced ... more details
Orphan date November 2007 A quantum instrument is a quantum operation with both classical and quantum outputs. It combines the concepts of measurement and quantum operation. Description Usually it is implemented as a weighted collection of completely positive maps the sum of which is trace preserving. Quantum Instrument collection math mathcal E k math acts as math rho AB rightarrow tilde rho AA B sum k mathcal E k left rho AB right otimes vert k rangle langle k vert A math A quantum instrument is more general than a quantum operation because it records the outcome k of which operator acted on the state. References No footnotes date July 2009 E. Davies, J. Lewis. An operational approach to quantum probability, Comm. Math. Phys., vol. 17, pp.  239 260, 1970. http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0306078v1 Distillation of secret key paper http arxiv.org abs quant ph 0501045 Another paper which uses the concept DEFAULTSORT Quantum Instrument Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
A quantum limit in physics is a limit on measurement accuracy at quantum scales ref Vladimir Borisovich Braginski and Farid Ya. Khalili. Quantum Measurement. 1995. ref . Depending on the context, the limit may be absolute such as the Heisenberg limit , or it may only apply when the experiment is conducted with naturally occurring quantum state s e.g. the standard quantum limit in interferometry and can be circumvented with advanced state preparation and measurement schemes. The terms quantum limit and standard quantum limit are sometimes used interchangeably. Usually, quantum limit is a general term which refers to any restriction on measurement due to quantum effects, while the standard quantum limit in any given context refers to a quantum limit which is ubiquitous in that context. Examples In the context of interferometry or other optical measurements, the standard quantum limit usually refers to the minimum level of quantum noise which is obtainable without Squeezed coherent state squeezed states . ref M. T. Jaekel and S. Reynaud, Quantum limits in interferometric measurements , Europhys. Lett. 13, 301. 1990. ref There is additionally a quantum limit for phase noise , reachable only by a laser at high noise frequencies. In spectroscopy , the shortest wavelength in an X ray spectrum is called the quantum limit. ref Donald Stover Piston, The Polarization of X rays from Thin Targets. 1935. ref Misleading relation to the classical limit Note that due to an overloading of the word limit , the classical limit is not the opposite of the quantum limit. In quantum limit , limit is being used in the sense of a physical limitation e.g. the Armstrong limit . In classical limit , limit is used in the sense of a Limit mathematics limiting process ref Note that there is no simple rigorous mathematical limit which fully recovers classical mechanics from quantum mechanics, the Ehrenfest theorem notwithstanding. ref . See also Classical limit Heisenberg limit Relativistic limit References ... more details
Laws of football may refer to Laws of rugby league Playing rugby union Laws of rugby union Laws of the Game association football Laws of Australian football American football rules Disambig ... more details
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Quantum mechanics cTopic Background Quantum topology is a branch of mathematics that connects quantum mechanics with low dimensional topology . Dirac notation provides a viewpoint of quantum mechanics which becomes amplified into a framework that can embrace the amplitudes associated with topological space s and the related embedding of one space within another such as knots and links in three dimensional space. This Bra ket notation of kets and bras can be generalised, becoming maps of vector space s associated with topological space s that allow tensor product s. ref Quantum Topology and Quantum Computing by Louis H. Kauffman ref Topological Tangle mathematics entanglement involving Link knot theory linking and Braid theory braiding can be intuitively related to quantum entanglement . ref Quantum Topology and Quantum Computing by Louis H. Kauffman ref See also Topological quantum field theory References Quantum topology by Louis H. Kauffman and Randy A. Baadhio, World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 1993 reflist External links http www.ems ph.org journals journal.php?jrn qt Quantum Topology at EMS Publishing House. Category Quantum mechanics Category Topology ... more details
for the journal with this title Historical Social Research No footnotes date November 2011 In quantum mechanics , quantum information is physical information that is held in the state of a quantum system . The most popular unit of quantum information is the qubit , a two level quantum system. However, unlike classical digital states which are discrete , a two state quantum system can actually be in a quantum superposition superposition of the two states at any given time. Quantum information differs ... quantum computation that the differentiation occurs. The ability to manipulate quantum information ... secure transmission of information. Quantum information processing is the most general field that is concerned with quantum information. There are certain tasks which classical computer s cannot perform efficiently that is, in polynomial time according to any known algorithm. However, a quantum ... speed up over the best possible classical algorithm. Quantum information, and changes in quantum information ... ensemble of quantum mechanical systems with the density matrix math rho math , it is given ... theory can also be generalized to the quantum case, such as http www.mi.ras.ru holevo eindex.html Holevo entropy and the conditional quantum entropy . Quantum information theory The theory of quantum ... theory to the quantum world. Quantum information theory aims to answer the following question blockquote What happens if information is stored in a state of a quantum system? blockquote One of the strengths .... However, this is not the case for quantum information it is not possible, for example, to write ..., quantum mechanics does not allow us to read out the state of a quantum system with arbitrary precision. The existence of Bell state Bell correlations between Two state quantum system quantum systems cannot be converted into classical information. It is only possible to transform quantum information between quantum systems of sufficient information capacity. The information content of a message ... more details
Quantum phases are quantum states of matter at zero temperature. Even at zero temperature a quantum mechanical system has quantum fluctuations and therefore can still support phase transitions. As a physical parameter is varied, quantum fluctuations can drive a phase transition into a different phase of matter. An example of a canonical quantum phase transition is the well studied Superconductor Insulator Transition in disordered thin films which separates two quantum phases having different symmetries. Quantum magnets provide another example of QPT. The discovery of new quantum phases is a pursuit of many scientists. These phases of matter exhibit properties and symmetries which can potentially be exploited for technological purposes and the benefit of mankind. The difference between these states and classical states of matter is that classically, materials exhibit different phases which ultimately depends on the change in temperature and or density or some other macroscopic property of the material whereas quantum phases can change in response to a change in a different type of order parameter which is instead a parameter in the hamiltonian of the system much unlike the classical case of the system at zero temperature temperature does not have to change. The order parameter plays a role in quantum phases analogous to its role in classical phases. Some quantum phases are the result of a superposition of many other quantum phases. See also Quantum phase transitions Phase transitions Classical phase transitions Quantum critical point References Cite book last Sachdev first Subir title Quantum Phase Transitions publisher Cambridge University Press date 2000 isbn 0521004543S Cite book last Carr first Lincoln D. title Understanding Quantum Phase Transitions publisher CRC Press date 2010 isbn 9781439802519 Category Condensed matter physics Category Quantum mechanics ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In physics , quantum acoustics is the study of sound under conditions such that quantum mechanics quantum mechanical effects are germane. For most applications, classical mechanics are sufficient to accurately describe the physics of sound. However very high frequency sounds, or sounds made at very low temperatures may be subject to quantum effects. A symposium on quantum acoustics is held in Poland each year http gnom.matfiz.polsl.gliwice.pl afik 2005 index.html See also Superfluid References http www.accessscience.com Encyclopedia 5 56 Est 562350 frameset.html?doi Quantum acoustics by Humphrey J. Maris in the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online Handbook of Acoustics by Malcolm Crocker has a chapter on quantum acoustics. Category Condensed matter physics ... more details