Infobox Organization name Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association image ADBA Logo.jpg size caption abbreviation ADBA motto formation 2009 extinction status purpose Promotion of Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas in the United Kingdom location The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association, Room 318, Canterbury Court, Kennington Park, 1 3 Brixton Road, London, SW9 6DE region served UK membership leader title Chairman leader name Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale Rupert, Lord Redesdale main organ parent organization affiliations budget website http www.adbiogas.co.uk ADBA Homepage remarks The Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Association ADBA is a United Kingdom based trade association for the anaerobic digestion and biogas industries. ADBA was founded in September 2009 by its chairman Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale Lord Redesdale and 10 founder member companies to represent businesses involved in the anaerobic digestion and biogas industries. Its objective is to help remove the barriers to anaerobic digestion that are faced and to support its members to grow their businesses. Its principal aim is to enable and facilitate the development of a mature anaerobic digestion industry in the UK within 10 years. Recognising there was no industry group that exclusively represented the emerging anaerobic digestion industry in the UK previously the Renewable Energy Association ref http www.r ... out groups related to anaerobic digestion ADBA was formed by a number of UK based companies which specialise in anaerobic digestion technologies ref http www.adbiogas.co.uk ta content.asp?id 14 ADBA ... do ecco view item?listid 1&listcatid 32&listitemid 3551 FiT rates fail to support anaerobic digestion, claims ADBA , www.newenergyfocus.com, 10th February 2011, Accessed 21.03.2011 ref for digestion ... Digestion and Biogas Association Website DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Digestion And Biogas Association Category Anaerobic digestion Category Professional associations ... more details
Control Number LCCN 67019834 ref ref http www.anaerobic digestion.com html the anaerobic digestion proces.php What is the anaerobic digestion process? , www.anaerobic digestion.com, retrieved 17.08.07 ..., R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 ref In an aerobic system ... , www.css.cornell.edu, retrieved 2.11.07 ref Due to this fact it is possible, following anaerobic digestion ... http www.foe.co.uk resource briefings anaerobic digestion.pdf Anaerobic digestion briefing , www.foe.co.uk ... digestion performs better the main alternative, composting. ref http www.anaerobic digestion.com html introduction to anaerobic dige.html A comparison of anaeorbic digestion and composting , www.anaerobic digestion.com, retrieved 05.11.07 ref References references Category Anaerobic digestion ... more details
Refimprove date May 2011 An expanded granular sludge bed EGSB reactor is a variant of the UASB concept. ref http www.uasb.org discover agsb.htm egsb UASB and EGSB Field, J. 2002 Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology pages, anaerobic granular sludge bed reactor technology ref The distinguishing feature is that a faster rate of upward flow velocity is designed for the wastewater passing through the sludge bed. The increased flux permits partial expansion fluidisation of the granular sludge bed, improving wastewater sludge contact as well as enhancing segregation of small inactive suspended particle from the sludge bed. The increased flow velocity is either accomplished by utilizing tall reactors, or by incorporating an effluent recycle or both . A scheme depicting the EGSB design concept is shown in this http www.uasb.org discover agsb.htm egsb EGSB diagram . The EGSB design is appropriate for low strength soluble wastewaters less than 1 to 2 g soluble Chemical oxygen demand COD l or for wastewaters that contain inert or poorly biodegradable suspended particles which should not be allowed to accumulate in the sludge bed. See also Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digester types Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion External links http www.uasb.org UASB & EGSB Website References references Environmental technology DEFAULTSORT Expanded Granular Sludge Bed Digestion Category Anaerobic digester types waste stub ... more details
can be reused to heat the digestion tanks. The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic liquid retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can ... from settled sludge digestion is all used by the aeration process, with little power export. With UASB the aeration the whole process of settlement and digestion occurs in one or more large tank ... of the aeration energy and a doubling of the power generated from digestion, leading over all to a tripling of power generated. See also Portal Sustainable development Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic ... sanitation Environmental technology Anaerobic filter Expanded granular sludge bed digestion ... G title Anaerobic digestion and wastewater treatment systems journal Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek volume ... more details
File Flesh fly concentrating food.jpg thumb 300px Flesh fly, from the Sarcophagidae family blowing a bubble . One explanation for this behaviour is that it concentrates the fly s meal by evaporation. The diet of the flesh fly is very high in water content. The fly regurgitates the liquid portion of the food, holds it whilst evaporation reduces the water content and the fly then swallows a much more concentrated food meal without the water content. This continues until sufficient amount of liquid is left for the fly. Australian Museum Regurgitation is the expulsion of material from the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus, usually characterized by the presence of undigested food or blood. ref Nelson, R.W. and C. G. Couto. Small Animal Internal Medicine, 4th ed. 2009. ref Regurgitation is used by a number of species to feed their young. ref cite book last1 Keeling first1 Linda K. last2 Gonyou first2 Harold W. title Social behaviour in farm animals year 2001 publisher CABI Publishing page 69 isbn 0 8519 397 4 ref This is typically in circumstances where the young is at a fixed location and a parent must forage or hunt for food, especially under circumstances where the carriage of small prey would be subject to robbing by other predators or the whole prey is larger than can be carried to a den or nest. Some birds species also occasionally regurgitate Pellet ornithology pellet s of indigestible matter such as bones and feathers. ref cite book title Birds the inside story first1 Rael last1 Loon first2 H l ne last2 Loon year 2005 publisher Struik Publishers page 183 isbn 1 77007 151 2 ref Penguin Penguins are known to regurgitate in order to feed their young ones. It is in most animals a normal and voluntary process unlike the complex vomiting reflex in response to toxins. In humans In humans it can be voluntary or involuntary, the latter being due to a small number of disorders. Regurgitation of a person s meals following their ingestion is known as rumination syndrome , a rarely ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A spermatophylax is a gelatine gelatinous bolusdigestionbolus which some male insect s eject during copulation with females through their aedeagus aedeagi together with spermatophore s, and which functions as a nutrition nutritive addition for the female. See also Nuptial gift animal behavior References reflist Category Entomology Category Sexual anatomy Insect stub fr Spermatophylax ... more details
a Bolus medicine bolus dose that is pumped to cover food eaten or to correct a high blood glucose ... insulin needed between meals and at night. Bolus shape An insulin pump user has the ability to influence the profile of the rapid acting insulin by shaping the bolus. While each user must experiment with bolus shapes to determine what is best for any given food, they can improve control of blood sugar by adapting the bolus shape to their needs. A standard bolus is an infusion of insulin pumped completely at the onset of the bolus. It is most similar to an injection. By pumping with a spike shape, the expected action is the fastest possible bolus for that type of insulin. The standard bolus is most ... to normal levels quickly. An extended bolus is a slow infusion of insulin spread out over time. By pumping with a square wave shape, the bolus avoids a high initial dose of insulin that may enter the blood and cause low blood sugar before digestion can facilitate sugar entering the blood. The extended bolus also extends the action of insulin well beyond that of the insulin alone. The extended bolus ... sugar for many hours past the onset of the bolus. The extended bolus is also useful for those with slow digestion such as with gastroparesis or Coeliac disease . A combination bolus multiwave bolus is the combination of a standard bolus spike with an extended bolus square wave. This shape provides ... bolus is appropriate for high carb high fat meals such as pizza, pasta with heavy cream sauce, and chocolate cake. A super bolus is a method of increasing the spike of the standard bolus. Since the action of the bolus insulin in the blood stream will extend for several hours, the basal insulin ... and including it into the bolus spike to deliver the same total insulin with faster action than can be achieved with spike and basal rate together. The super bolus is useful for certain foods like sugary ... peak with the fastest delivery of insulin that can be practically achieved by pumping. Bolus timing ... more details
Muscle infobox Name Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle Latin musculus constrictor pharyngis medius GraySubject 244 GrayPage 1143 Image Musculusconstrictorpharyngismedius.png Caption Muscles of the pharynx and cheek . Constrictor pharyngis medius labeled at center left. Image2 Gray1031.png Caption2 Muscles of the pharynx, viewed from behind, together with the associated vessels and nerves. Mid. constr. labeleda at center. Origin hyoid bone Insertion pharyngeal raphe Blood Nerve Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve Action Swallowing MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12548641 The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a fanshaped muscle, smaller than the Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle . Origin and insertion It arises from the whole length of the upper border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone , from the lesser cornu , and from the stylohyoid ligament . The fibers diverge from their origin the lower ones descend beneath the Constrictor inferior , the middle fibers pass transversely, and the upper fibers ascend and overlap the Constrictor superior . It is inserted into the posterior median fibrous raph , blending in the middle line with the muscle of the opposite side. Action As soon as the Bolus digestion bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictors contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus. Additional images gallery Image Gray186.png Hyoid bone. Anterior surface. Enlarged. Image Gray385.png Muscles of the neck. Lateral view. gallery External links MuscleLoyola mcon NormanAnatomy lesson8 NormanAnatomyFig latpharyngealitems3 Gray s muscle stub Muscles of neck Category Muscles of the head and neck de Musculus constrictor pharyngis medius it Muscolo costrittore faringeo medio hu K z ps garat sszeszor t izom pl Mi sie zwieracz rodkowy gard a pt M sculo constritor m dio da faringe ru sr sh Mi i sredn ... more details
adequate fodder in the form of hay to prevent this. Fact date March 2007 Final digestion When ... to the omasum followed by the abomasum to continue the digestion process in the lower parts of the alimentary ... more details
the remains. These bacteria also help synthesize vitamin B and vitamin K . See also Chyle BolusdigestionBolus References references Category Digestive system Category Body fluids Category Greek ... more details
in sequence to produce a peristaltic wave which forces a ball of food called a Bolusdigestionbolus while in the esophagus and gastrointestinal tract and chyme in the stomach along the gastrointestinal ... Pearson, 2010 ref Esophagus After food is chewed into a bolus, it is swallowing swallowed and moved through the esophagus. Smooth muscles contract behind the bolus to prevent it from being squeezed ... wave which occurs when the bolus enters the esophagus during swallowing . The primary peristaltic wave forces the bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach in a wave lasting about 8 9 seconds. The wave travels down to the stomach even if the bolus of food descends at a greater rate than the wave itself, and will continue even if for some reason the bolus gets stuck further up the esophagus. In the event that the bolus gets stuck or moves slower than the primary peristaltic wave as can ... reflex response causes a secondary peristaltic wave around the bolus, forcing it further down the esophagus, and these secondary waves will continue indefinitely until the bolus enters the stomach ... of mixing and continued digestion and absorption of nutrients, the chyme gradually works its way ... tract during digestion Basal electrical rhythm Slow wave of electrical activity that can initiate ... digestion basics peristalsis.html Overview at colostate.edu Gastrointestinal physiology Category Digestive ... more details
, a single matrix is secreted by the midgut epithelium. This matrix surrounds the food bolus and is later excreted along with unwanted materials present in the food bolus after digestion. When ... peritrophic envelope. ref name Lehane Function Improve digestion In many organisms the primary function of the peritrophic matrix is to improve digestion . Following feeding, the food bolus is surrounded ... and surround the food bolus, creating a peritrophic envelope. When no food bolus is present, peritrophic ... or absence of a food bolus. Thus, the peritrophic matrix is secreted as an unbroken, concentric, sleeve ... bolus significantly increases the rate of production. In addition, the presence of a food bolus stimulates the production of multiple matrixes which surround the bolus. Following the secretion of a primary ... for digestion in the midgut. In addition, since enzymes are small enough to easily move into and out ... prevents the food bolus from rupturing the delicate epithelial layer while assisting the passage ... bolus, many toxin s are too large to pass through the small pores of the peritrophic matrix. For example ... to the presence of a food bolus in the midgut, some pathogens simply invade the epithelial ... more details
over the Bolusdigestionbolus of food and nearly come together, the palatine uvula uvula filling up the slight interval between them. By these means the bolus is prevented from passing into the nasopharynx ... downward and backward, along the under surface of which the bolus descends into the lower part of the pharynx ... more details
Phagophobia from Greek language Greek phagein , eat ref http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.04.0057 3Aentry 3Dfagei 3Dn , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon , on Perseus ref and phobos , fear ref http www.perseus.tufts.edu hopper text?doc Perseus 3Atext 3A1999.04.0057 3Aentry 3Dfo 2Fbos , Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon , on Perseus ref is a psychogenic dysphagia , a fear of swallowing . ref name shapiro Shapiro J, Franko DL, Gagne A. Phagophobia a form of psychogenic dysphagia. A new entity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997 106 286 290. ref It is expressed in various swallowing complaints without any apparent physical reason detectable by physical inspection and laboratory analyses. An obsolete term for this phobia is choking phobia , ref McNally RJ. Choking phobia a review of the literature. Compr Psychiatry 1994 35 83 89. ref but it was suggested that the latter term is confusing and it is necessary to distinguish the fear of swallowing i.e., of the propulsion of Bolus digestion bolus from Pseudodysphagia fear of choking . ref name shapiro Phagophobia is classified as a specific phobia and according to DSM IV classification it belongs to the category of other phobias . Phagophobia may lead to and be confused with fear of eating , and the subsequent malnutrition and weight loss . In milder cases a phagophobe eats only soft and liquid foods. ref http tjp.dergisi.org text.php3?id 309 M zeyyen iyiltepe, T mer T rkbay, Phagophobia a case report , The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 2006, Volume 48, Number 1, Page s 080 084 ref Dead link date September 2009 See also Odynophagia Pseudodysphagia List of phobias Notes reflist References Klinger RL, Strang JP. Psychiatric aspects of swallowing disorders. Psychosomatics 1987 28 572 576. Category Phobias Category Esophagus disorders es Fagofobia it Fagofobia ... more details
ascend, increasing in obliquity, and overlap the Constrictor medius . Action As soon as the Bolusdigestionbolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictors contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus. Role ... more details
Muscle infobox Name Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle Latin musculus constrictor pharyngis superior GraySubject 244 GrayPage 1143 Image Musculusconstrictorpharyngissuperior.png Caption Muscles of the pharynx and cheek . Image2 Gray1031.png Caption2 Muscles of the pharynx, viewed from behind, together with the associated vessels and nerves. Origin medial pterygoid plate , pterygomandibular raph , alveolar process Insertion pharyngeal raphe , pharyngeal tubercle Blood Ascending pharyngeal artery and tonsillar branch of facial artery Nerve Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve Action Swallowing MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12548650 The superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a quadrilateral muscle, thinner and paler than the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle . Origin and insertion The four parts of this muscle arise from br the lower third of the posterior margin of the medial pterygoid plate and its hamulus Pterygopharyngeal part br from the pterygomandibular raphe Buccopharyngeal part br from the alveolar process of the Human mandible mandible above the posterior end of the mylohyoid line Myolopharyngeal part br and by a few fibers from the side of the tongue Glossopharyngeal part br The fibers curve backward to be inserted into the Pharyngeal raphe median raphe , being also prolonged by means of an aponeurosis to the pharyngeal spine on the basilar part of the occipital bone . The superior fibers arch beneath the levator veli palatini muscle and the Eustachian tube . Relations The interval between the upper border of the muscle and the base of the skull is closed by the pharyngeal aponeurosis, and is known as the sinus of Morgagni. Action As soon as the Bolus digestion bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictors contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus. Innervation The superior pharyngeal constrictor musc ... more details
, aphthous Oral ulcer ulcers , or Herpes simplex virus herpetic lesions can interfere with Bolusdigestionbolus processing. Mechanical obstruction in the oropharynx may be due to malignancies ... , or certain antihypertensives and can lead to incomplete processing of food bolus. Xerostomia can reduce the volume and increase the viscosity of oral secretions making Bolusdigestionbolus formation difficult as well as reducing the ability to initiate and swallow the bolus ref name ... back extension used when movement of the bolus from the front of the mouth to the back is inefficient ... side of the pharyngeal wall this causes the bolus to go down the stronger side. Head tilt ear to shoulder ... wall this causes the bolus to go down the stronger side. Swallowing Maneuvers. ref name Logemann Supraglottic ... tongue using a sour bolus using a cold bolus using a bolus that requires chewing using a bolus larger ... more details
taxobox image Disa purpurascens00.jpg regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots ordo Asparagales familia Orchidaceae subfamilia Orchidoideae tribus Diseae subtribus Disinae genus Disa orchid Disa species D. purpurascens binomial Disa purpurascens binomial authority Bolus synonyms Herschelia purpurascens Bolus Kraenzl. Herschelianthe purpurascens Bolus Rauschert Disa purpurascens is a species of orchid . DEFAULTSORT Disa Purpurascens Category Disa purpurascens Orchidoideae stub vi Disa purpurascens ... more details
to bolus in conventional pump therapy , adaptability to changes in digestion of carbohydrates ... blood glucose amylin , which slows digestion and slows the rate of glucose entering the bloodstream .... Upon digestion of carbohydrates, glucose levels in the blood will begin to rise. As the blood and glucose ... deliver Basal medicine basal insulin continuously, and Bolus medicine bolus insulin at meal ... into the pump to calculate the correction bolus to bring the blood glucose level back to the target ... insulin bolus increased for a high blood sugar or insulin bolus delayed and reduced for a low ... compared to an injection, and its electronic controls permit insulin pump Dosing shaping a Bolus medicine bolus over time to match the insulin profile required for a given situation. The insulin pump is controlled by the pump user to bolus manually based on a recent blood glucose measurement and an estimate .... Once a bolus has been calculated and delivered, the pump continues to deliver its basal rate insulin ..., and then prompting the user that a correction bolus from an insulin pump is needed immediately, comparing ... control the basal rate of the insulin pump. When a bolus has not recently been performed ... is increasing, a small correction bolus can be automatically delivered and a higher basal rate ... can still correct a meal Bolus medicine bolus error that was too large or small for the food consumed by recognizing an imbalance between the bolus insulin on board and the level of blood glucose, automatically ... to insulin ratios for each meal bolus. First clinical tests implantable insulin pumps and continuous ... involves a separate injection of pramlintide before a meal, a reduction in insulin bolus ... to insulin alone, this supports the possible use of an automatic bolus with less impact due to the delay of the insulin bolus and because it simply duplicates the natural pancreas function, the full ... pump for bolus control The ability of the electronic controls of the infusion pump, particularly in the insulin ... more details
No footnotes date September 2011 Infobox Disease Name Megaesophagus Image Chagas megaseophagus.JPG Caption Chagas disease Chagas megaseophagus DiseasesDB 31519 ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 530.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Megaesophagus is a condition in humans, cat s and dog s where peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus is enlarged. Normally, when the animal s esophagus is functioning properly, it acts as a muscle and pushes the food down the esophagus into the stomach . However, when an animal has megaesophagus, the esophagus stays enlarged and does not push the food down to the stomach. Therefore, the food fails to enter the stomach and often stays in the esophagus, and is eventually Regurgitation digestion regurgitated , or enters the lungs through breathing, or decays in the esophagus. In human pathology a condition known as achalasia may predispose a person to slowly develop megaesophagus. Achalasia is due to the loss of ganglion cell s of the myenteric plexus . It occurs mostly in middle aged adults. There is a marked lack of contraction within the muscles involved in peristalsis with a constant contraction of the Cardia lower esophageal sphincter . Dilation of the esophagus results in difficulty swallowing. Retention of food Bolus digestion bolus is also noted. Chagas disease is one cause of megaesophagus in humans. Achalasia also predisposes to Esophageal cancer esophageal carcinoma . Megaesophagus can also be a symptom of another disease in dogs called myasthenia gravis . Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease where the primary symptom is weakness in various body parts of the dog. However, when myasthenia gravis occurs in older dogs it is thought of as an immune mediated disease . Often when myasthenia gravis is diagnosed in older dogs the first symptom the dog may manifest is megaesophagus. Myasthenia gravis occurs when acetylcholine receptor s nicotinic acetylcholine receptors or AChRs fail to function properly. Due ... more details
taxobox image image caption regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Monocots ordo Asparagales familia Iridaceae subfamilia Crocoideae tribus Watsonieae genus Pillansia genus authority Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus L. Bolus type species Pillansia templemannii type species authority Baker L. Bolus subdivision ranks Species subdivision See text synonyms Pillansia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae . The genus name is a tribute to the South African botanist Neville Stuart Pillans , who brought the species to the attention of Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus . ref name Goldblatt2008 cite book author Manning, John Goldblatt, Peter title The Iris Family Natural History & Classification publisher Timber Press location Portland, Oregon pages 127 30 year 2008 isbn 0 88192 897 6 ref References reflist Category Iridaceae genera Iridaceae stub ... more details
are activated during the gastric phase of digestion when the corpus and fundus of the stomach are distended secondary to the entry of a food bolus. The stimulation of the mechanical receptors ... more details
from flowing back into the esophagus. During peristalsis , the ES allows the food Bolusdigestionbolus to pass into the stomach. It prevents chyme , a mixture of bolus, stomach acid , and digestive ... s HCl and enzyme s such as pepsin to aid in food digestion . This digestive mixture is called gastric ... more details
thread from salivary glands. Functions Digestion The digestive functions of saliva include moistening food and helping to create a food Bolusdigestionbolus . This lubricative function of saliva allows the food bolus to be passed easily from the mouth into the esophagus. Saliva contains the enzyme ... lipase a more potent form of lipase to begin fat digestion. Salivary lipase plays a large role in fat digestion in newborn infants as their pancreatic lipase still needs some time to develop. ref ... respiration, whereas parasympathetic stimulation is to facilitate digestion. Parasympathetic stimulation ... enzymes found in saliva. amylase EC3.2.1.1 . Amylase starts the digestion of starch and lipase ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
