Infobox Anatomy Name Bronchiole secondary tubes Latin GraySubject 240 GrayPage 1098 Image Alveoli diagram.png Caption Diagram of the alveoli with both cross section and external view. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre Bronchioles DorlandsSuf A04.411.125 Code TerminologiaHistologica 3 05 02.0.00005 The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first passageways by which the air passes through the nose or mouth to the air sacs of the lungs in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa . They are branches of the bronchi . The bronchioles terminate by entering the circular sacs called alveolus alveoli . Structure A pulmonary lobule is the portion of the lung ventilated by one bronchiole. Bronchioles are approximately 1mm or less in diameter and their walls consist of ciliated cuboidal epithelium and a layer of smooth muscle. Bronchioles divide into even smaller terminal bronchioles that are 0.5mm or less in diameter. Terminal bronchioles in turn divide into respiratory bronchioles which divide into alveolar ducts. Terminal bronchioles mark the end of the conducting division of air flow in the respiratory system while respiratory bronchioles are the beginning of the respiratory division where actual gas exchange takes place. The diameter of the bronchioles plays an important role in air flow. The bronchioles change diameter to either increase or reduce air flow. An increase in diameter is called bronchodilation and is stimulated by either epinephrine or sympathetic nerves to increase air flow. A decrease in diameter is called bronchoconstriction ... sectional cut of primary bronchiole Image Illu bronchi lungs.jpg Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs ... Lobar bronchus BR 4. Tertiary bronchus Segmental bronchus BR 5. Bronchiole BR 6. Alveolar duct ... Category Lung anatomy anatomy stub bs Bronhiole cs Pr du inky es Bronquiolo fa fr Bronchiole it Bronchiolo kk lt Bronchiol pl Oskrzeliki pt Bronqu olo ru simple Bronchiole ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Terminal bronchiole Latin bronchioli terminalis GraySubject 240 GrayPage 1098 Image Alveoli diagram.png Caption Diagram of the alveoli with both cross section and external view. Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre b 23 DorlandsSuf 12197525 Code TerminologiaHistologica 3 05 02.0.00015 A terminal bronchiole is a bronchiole at the end of the conducting zone . At the transition into the respiratory zone , Pulmonary alveolus alveoli become present. The terminal bronchiole is the most distal segment of the conducting zone. Each of the terminal bronchioles divides to form Respiratory bronchiole respiratory bronchioles which contain a small number of alveoli. Terminal bronchioles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium containing Clara cell s. Terminal bronchioles contain a limited number of ciliated cells and no goblet cells. Clara cells are non ciliated, rounded protein secreting cells. Their secretions are a nonsticky, proteinaceous compound to maintain the airway in the smallest bronchioles. The secretion, called surfactant , reduces surface tension , allowing for bronchioles to expand during inspiration and keeping the bronchioles from collapsing during expiration. Clara cells, a stem cell of the respiratory system, produce enzymes that detoxify substances dissolved in the respiratory fluid. External links eMedicineDictionary Terminal bronchiole http www.bio.davidson.edu people midorcas animalphysiology Human 20Physiology 20Manual chapter4 exper10 back chap4 exp10.htm Diagram at davidson.edu http www3.umdnj.edu histsweb lab10 lab10lung.html Histology at umdnj.edu Lung Category Lung anatomy Respiratory stub ar ... more details
mergeto Bronchiole date November 2009 The primary bronchioles arise from the tertiary bronchus tertiary bronchi . They are histologically distinct from the tertiary bronchi in that their walls do not have hyaline cartilage and they have Clara cell s in their epithelial lining. The epithelium starts as a simple columnar epithelium simple ciliated columnar epithelium and changes to simple cuboidal epithelium simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium as the primary bronchiole decreases in size. The diameter of the primary bronchioles is often said to be less than 1 mm, though this value can actually range from 5 mm to 0.3 mm. As stated, these bronchioles do not have hyaline cartilage to maintain their patency. Instead, they rely on elastic fiber s attached to the surrounding human lung lung tissue for support. The inner lining lamina propria of these bronchioles is thin with no glands present, and is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle . As the primary bronchioles get smaller they divide into terminal bronchiole s. References Dudek, Ronald W. High Yield Histology , 3rd ed. 2004 . ISBN 0 7817 4763 5 Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. Color Atlas of Histology , 3rd ed. 2000 . ISBN 0 7817 3509 2 Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. Color Textbook of Histology 2001 . ISBN 0 7216 8806 3 Category Lung anatomy ... more details
Cleanup date February 2008 Infobox Anatomy Name Respiratory bronchiole Latin bronchioli respiratorii GraySubject 240 GrayPage 1098 Image Alveoli diagram.png Caption Diagram of the alveoli with both cross section and external view. Image2 Gray975.png Caption2 Schematic longitudinal section of a primary lobule of the lung anatomical unit BR r. b respiratory bronchiole BR al. d alveolar duct at atria BR a. s alveolar sac BR a alveolus or air cell BR p. a. pulmonary artery BR p. v pulmonary vein BR l lymphatic BR l. n lymph node . Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre b 23 DorlandsSuf 12197629 Code TerminologiaHistologica 3 05 02.0.00018 The respiratory bronchioles are the narrowest airways of the lungs, one fiftieth of an inch across. ref name Merck Merck Manual of medical information,home edition, copyright 1997, first printing of pocklet books 1999, Pocket Books, a division of Simon and Schuster Inc ref The bronchi divide many times before evolving into the bronchioles. They are interrupted by alveoli which are thin walled evaginations. Alveolar ducts are distal continuations of the respiratory bronchioles. According to Human Anatomy by Frederic Martini they are the thinnest and most delicate branches of the bronchial tree, and they deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs. The epithelial cells of the respiratory bronchioles and the smaller terminal bronchioles are cuboidal. Cilia are rare, and there are no mucous or underlying mucous glands. p. 643 Human Anatomy sixth edition . Additional images gallery Image Gray974.png Part of a secondary lobule from the depth of a human lung, showing parts of several primary lobules. gallery References reflist External links http www.bio.davidson.edu people midorcas animalphysiology Human 20Physiology 20Manual chapter4 exper10 back chap4 exp10.htm Diagram at davidson.edu eMedicineDictionary Respiratory bronchioles BUHistology 13606loa Lung Category Lung anatomy Respiratory stub it Bronchiolo ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Gray961.png thumb 200px The proximal respiratory tree from human lung, showing the trachea down to the conducting bronchioles. The respiratory tree describes the branching structure of the vertebrate lung . Beginning with the top of the respiratory system, the Vertebrate trachea trachea , the order of branchings is as follows trachea main bronchus lobar bronchus segmental bronchus conducting bronchiole terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sac alveolus At each division point or generation , one airway branches into two or more smaller airways. The human respiratory tree may consist of up to 28 generations, while the respiratory tree of the mouse has up to 13 generations. Proximal divisions those closest to the top of the tree, such as the bronchi mainly function to transmit air to the lower airways. Latter divisions including the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts and alveoli, are specialized for gas exchange . DEFAULTSORT Respiratory Tree Category Respiratory system Respiratory stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Tertiary bronchus Latin bronchi segmentales GraySubject GrayPage Image illu quiz lung05.jpg Caption 1. Vertebrate trachea Trachea BR 2. Mainstem bronchus BR 3. Secondary bronchus Lobar bronchus BR 4. Segmental bronchus BR 5. Bronchiole BR 6. Alveolar duct BR 7. Pulmonary alveolus Alveolus Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre b 23 DorlandsSuf 12198382 The tertiary bronchi also known as the segmental bronchi arise from the secondary bronchus secondary bronchi . The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle . This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions. The smooth muscle layer is surrounded by irregular plates of hyaline cartilage which help maintain the patency of the airway. Each of the tertiary bronchi serves a specific bronchopulmonary segment . There are 10 tertiary bronchi in the right lung, and eight in the left. The tertiary bronchi get smaller and divide into primary bronchiole s. Additional images gallery Image Illu bronchi lungs.jpg Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs Image Terminal bronchiole.JPG Cross sectional cut of terminal bronchiole Image Respiratory bronchus2.JPG Human respiratory bronchiole. gallery References Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. u Color Textbook of Histology, 2nd ed. u 2001 . ISBN 0 7216 8806 3 External links GPnotebook 1147863100 SUNYAnatomyLabs 19 17 01 00 Pleural Cavities and Lungs The Bronchi and Their Divisions 1 2 SUNYAnatomyLabs 19 17 02 00 Pleural Cavities and Lungs The Bronchi and Their Divisions 2 2 Lung Category Bronchus Category Human anatomy ar ... more details
The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of the nose , pharynx , larynx , vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchi , bronchiole s, and terminal bronchiole s their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs. It consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. It is composed of the 1st through the 16th division of the respiratory tract. Functions Low resistance pathway for airflow Defense Warms and moistens air Filters air Phonates See also Respiratory zone The respiratory zone is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange, and is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca resp anatomy.swf Flash overview at mcgill.ca http www.gdn.edu Faculty pjen Anatomy 20and 20physiology 202211K 20 20lecture 205 20notes files image019.jpg Diagram at gdn.edu Lung Category Lung anatomy respiratory stub pt Zona condutora ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Alveolar duct Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray975.png Caption Detailed drawing of the alveoli from Gray s Anatomy , 1918 Schematic longitudinal section of a primary lobule of the lung anatomical unit BR r. b respiratory bronchiole BR al. d alveolar duct at atria BR a. s alveolar sac BR a alveolus or air cell BR p. a. pulmonary artery BR p. v pulmonary vein BR l lymphatic BR l. n lymph node . Image2 Gray974.png Caption2 Part of a secondary lobule from the depth of a human lung , showing parts of several primary lobules . BR 1, bronchiole BR 2, respiratory bronchiole BR 3, alveolar duct BR 4, Atrium heart atria BR 5, alveolar sac BR 6, alveolus or air cell BR m, smooth muscle BR a, branch pulmonary artery BR v, branch pulmonary vein BR s, septum between secondary lobules . System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Code TerminologiaHistologica 3 05 02.0.00022 Alveolar ducts are the tiny end ducts of the branching airways that fill the lung s. Each lung holds approximately 1.5 to 2 million of them. The tubules divide into two or three alveolar sac s at the distal end. They are formed from the confluence openings of several alveoli. Distal terminations of alveolar ducts are atria which then end in alveolar sacs. In human anatomy, respiratory bronchioles exists proximal to the alveolar ducts. The epithelial lining consists of smooth muscle knobs covered by nonciliated, simple cuboidal cells. The smooth muscle constricts under parasympathetic innervation and relax under sympathetic innervation. Additional images Image Alveolar duct2.JPG thumb 250px left human alveolar duct gallery Image Illu bronchi lungs.jpg Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs gallery External links eMedicineDictionary Alveolar duct AnatomyAtlasesMicroscopic 11 229 Alviolar Duct and Alveolar Sacs BUHistology 13607loa Respiratory System lung sheep , alveolar duct UCDavisOrganology respiratory lung lung7 lung3 Mammal, lung EM, Medium Lung Category Lung anatomy respiratory s ... more details
The respiratory zone is the site of O sub 2 sub and CO sub 2 sub exchange with the blood . The respiratory bronchiole s and the alveolar duct s are responsible for 10 of the gas exchange. The Pulmonary alveolus alveoli are responsible for the other 90 . The respiratory zone represents the 16th through the 23rd division of the respiratory tract . See also Conducting zone External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca resp anatomy.swf Flash overview at mcgill.ca http www.gdn.edu Faculty pjen Anatomy 20and 20physiology 202211K 20 20lecture 205 20notes files image019.jpg Diagram at gdn.edu Lung Category Lung anatomy respiratory stub pt Zona respirat ria ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 J 62 8 j 60 ICD9 ICD9 502 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Chalicosis Greek, , gravel , sometimes called Flint disease , is a form of pneumoconiosis affecting the lungs or bronchiole s. It is found chiefly among stonecutters. Causes The disease is caused by the inhalation of fine particles of stone. ref name urlDorlands Medical Dictionary chalicosis cite web url http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands split.jsp?pg ppdocs us common dorlands dorland two 000019742.htm title Dorlands Medical Dictionary chalicosis format work accessdate ref References reflist Respiratory pathology Category Lung disorders Category Occupational diseases disease stub ... more details
on a bronchiole , poorly delimited, and with the tendency to confluence, especially in children. A focus of inflammatory condensation is centered on a bronchiole with acute bronchiolitis suppurative ... the bronchiole are filled with neutrophils leukocytic alveolitis . Massive congestion is present. Inflammatory ... more details
Image Respiratory system complete numbered.svg thumb right 250px In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy involved with the process of Respiration physiology respiration . The respiratory tract is divided into 3 segments Upper respiratory tract human nose nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinus es, and throat or pharynx Respiratory airways voice box or larynx , Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchus bronchi , and bronchiole s Lung s respiratory bronchiole s, alveolar duct s, alveolar sac s, and alveoli The respiratory tract is a common site for infections. Upper respiratory tract infection s are probably the most common infections in the world. Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood . Moving down the respiratory tract starting at the trachea, the tubes get smaller and divide into more and more tubes. There are estimated to be about 20 to 23 divisions, ending up at an alveolus. Even though the cross sectional area of each bronchus or bronchiole is smaller, because there are so many, the total surface area is larger. This means there is less resistance at the terminal bronchioles. Most resistance is around the 3 4 division from the trachea due to turbulence. General histology The respiratory tract is covered in an epithelium , the type of which varies down the tract. There are gland s and mucus produced by goblet cell s in parts, as well as smooth muscle , elastin or cartilage . Most of the epithelium from the nose to the bronchi is covered in pseudostratified columnar cilia ted epithelial cell s, commonly called respiratory epithelium . The cilia beat in one direction, moving mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed. Moving down the bronchioles, the cells get more cuboidal in shape but are still ciliated. Cartilage is present until the small bronchi. In the trachea they are C shaped rings, wh ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Airway obstruction Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D000402 Unreferenced date June 2008 Airway obstruction is a Respiration physiology respiratory problem caused by increased resistance in the bronchiole s usually from a decreased radius of the bronchioles that reduces the amount of air inhaled in each breath and the Breathing gas oxygen that reaches the Pulmonary artery pulmonary arteries . It is different from airway restriction which prevents air from diffusing into the pulmonary arteries because of some kind of blockage in the lungs . Diagnosis Obstruction can be measured using spirometry . A decreased FEV1 FVC ratio versus the normal of about 80 is indicative of an airway obstruction, as the normal amount of air can no longer be exhaled in the first second of expiration. An airway restriction would not produce a reduced FEV1 FVC ratio, would produce a reduced vital capacity . The ventilation is therefore affected leading to a ventilation perfusion mismatch and hypoxia. See also Stridor Recurrent airway obstruction Obstructive lung disease Respiratory pathology DEFAULTSORT Airway Obstruction Category Abnormal respiration med stub ru sl Obstrukcija dihal ... more details
unreferenced date January 2012 Infobox Anatomy Name Intrapulmonary nodes Latin nodi lymphoidei intrapulmonales GraySubject 181 GrayPage 719 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The Intrapulmonary nodes or Lymphatic Vessels of the Lungs originate in two plexus es, a superficial and a deep. The superficial plexus is placed beneath the Visceral pleura pulmonary pleura . The deep accompanies the branches of the Pulmonary circulation pulmonary vessels and the ramifications of the Bronchus bronchi . In the case of the larger bronchi the deep plexus consists of two net works one, submucous, beneath the mucous membrane , and another, peribronchial, outside the walls of the bronchi. In the smaller bronchi there is but a single plexus, which extends as far as the bronchiole s, but fails to reach the Pulmonary alveolus alveoli , in the walls of which there are no traces of Lymphatic system lymphatic vessels. The superficial Efferent lymph vessel efferents turn around the borders of the lung s and the margins of their fissures, and converge to end in some glands situated at the Hilum of lung hilus the deep efferents are conducted to the hilus along the pulmonary vessels and bronchi, and end in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes . Little or no anastomosis occurs between the superficial and deep lymphatics of the lungs, except in the region of the hilus. Gray s Thoracic lymph nodes Category Lung anatomy anatomy stub ... more details
lung fuse, giving rise to eight. The segmental bronchi divide into many primary bronchiole s which divide into terminal bronchiole s, each of which then gives rise to several respiratory bronchiole ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin bronchi lobares GraySubject GrayPage Image illu quiz lung05.jpg Caption 1. Vertebrate trachea Trachea BR 2. Mainstem bronchus BR 3. Lobar bronchus BR 4. Tertiary bronchus Segmental bronchus BR 5. Bronchiole BR 6. Alveolar duct BR 7. Pulmonary alveolus Alveolus Image2 Gray961.png Caption2 Front view of cartilages of larynx, trachea, and bronchi. System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre b 23 DorlandsSuf 12198332 Secondary bronchi also known as lobar bronchi arise from the primary bronchus primary bronchi , with each one serving as the airway to a specific lobe of the Human lung lung . Structure They have relatively large lumens that are lined by respiratory epithelium . There is a smooth muscle layer below the epithelium arranged as two ribbons of muscle that spiral in opposite directions. This smooth muscle layer contains seromucous gland s. Irregularly arranged plates of hyaline cartilage surround the smooth muscle. These plates give structural support to the bronchus and maintain the patency of the lumen. A bronchus has cartilage plates, smooth muscle, and mucus secreting gland cells in its wall. It also has lining cells with cilia departing towards the mouth this removes dust and other small debris. Secondary bronchi of right lung superior lobe bronchus or eparterial bronchus middle lobe bronchus Additional images gallery Image Illu bronchi lungs.jpg Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs Image Bronchi.JPG Cross sectional cut of a human secondary bronchus gallery References Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. Color Atlas of Histology, 3rd ed. 2000 . ISBN 0 7817 3509 2 Gartner, Leslie P. and James L. Hiatt. Color Textbook of Histology, 2nd ed. 2001 . ISBN 0 7216 8806 3 External links SUNYAnatomyFigs 19 08 03 The divisions of the bronchus. GPnotebook 825557051 Lung Category Bronchus ar ... more details
Orphan date June 2008 Notability date June 2008 ChestEze or Do Do ChestEze is a United Kingdom British over the counter substance over the counter pharmaceutical product manufactured by Novartis ref http emc.medicines.org.uk medicine 20683 SPC Do Do Chesteze eMC product summary ref for relief of Bronchiole bronchial cough , wheeze wheezing , Dyspnea breathlessness and other symptom s of asthma tic bronchitis and to clear the chest of mucus following upper respiratory tract infection . It contains 30mg caffeine , 18.31mg ephedrine hydrochloride and 100mg anhydrous theophylline . It comes in a fawn brown tablet. Recommended doses are Adults not more than 1 tablet in 4 hours. Maximum 4 tablets in 24 hours. Young persons over 12 years 1 tablet and no more than 3 tablets daily with an interval of at least 4 hours between each tablet. Because ChestEze contains ephedrine, it is sometimes used illicitly in large doses by bodybuilders. This use can be dangerous, however, since theophylline can be toxic at relatively low doses. In 2008, changes in the law regarding supply of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine containing medicines ref cite web url http www.mhra.gov.uk home idcplg?IdcService GET FILE&dDocName CON014095&RevisionSelectionMethod LatestReleased title Drug Safety Update, March 2008 format pdf work date 2008 06 30 publisher The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and the Commission on Human Medicines ref resulted in ChestEze being withdrawn from pharmacies in the bulk 30 pack size. It is still available without prescription in the 9 pack size at the pharmacist s discretion from most UK Pharmacies. References references Category Decongestants ... more details
A parasympatholytic agent is a substance or activity that reduces the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system . ref name urlDorlands Medical Dictionary parasympatholytic cite web url http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands split.jsp?pg ppdocs us common dorlands dorland six 000078651.htm title Dorlands Medical Dictionary parasympatholytic work accessdate ref The parasympathetic nervous system is often colloquially described as the Feed and Breed or Rest and Digest portion of the autonomic nervous system . The parasympathetic nervous system becomes strongly engaged during or after a meal and during times when the body is at rest. The term parasympatholytic typically refers to the effect of a drug , although some poison s act to block the parasympathetic nervous system as well. Most drugs with parasympatholytic properties are anticholinergic s. Parasympatholytic and sympathomimetic agents have similar but not identical effects. For example, both cause mydriasis , but parasympatholytics reduce Accommodation eye accommodation cycloplegia , whereas sympathomimetics do not. Clinical significance Parasympatholytic drugs are sometimes used to treat slow heart rhythms bradycardia s or bradydysrhythmias caused by myocardial infarction s or other pathologies, as well as to treat conditions that cause bronchiole s in the lung to constrict, such as asthma . By blocking the parasympathetic nervous system, parasympatholytic drugs can increase heart rate in patients with bradycardic heart rhythms, and open up airways and reduce mucous production in patients suffering from asthma. Main Article Anticholinergic References reflist External links http www.salisbury.edu healthsci RESP Classes RLJoyner Fall AHPH544 4parasym.htm Overview at salisbury.edu MeshName Parasympatholytics Receptor agonists and antagonists Category Anticholinergics med stub es Parasimpaticol tico ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 477508648 IUPAC name 1 methyl 4 9 H thioxanthen 9 ylidene piperidine image Pimethixene.png Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international pimethixene pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Oral, nasal Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 314 03 4 ATC prefix R06 ATC suffix AX23 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 152408 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey NZLVRVYNQYGMAB UHFFFAOYSA N PubChem 4822 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII T46J20J26F KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D07406 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4656 SMILES S2c1ccccc1 C c3c2cccc3 C4 CCN C CC4 InChI 1 C19H19NS c1 20 12 10 14 11 13 20 19 15 6 2 4 8 17 15 21 18 9 5 3 7 16 18 19 h2 9H,10 13H2,1H3 InChIKey NZLVRVYNQYGMAB UHFFFAOYAX StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C19H19NS c1 20 12 10 14 11 13 20 19 15 6 2 4 8 17 15 21 18 9 5 3 7 16 18 19 h2 9H,10 13H2,1H3 Chemical data C 19 H 19 N 1 S 1 molecular weight 293.426 g mol Pimethixene is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the thioxanthene chemical class that is often used to treat hyperactivity , anxiety , sleep disorder s, and allergy . It is also used for anesthesia and as a bronchodilator to dilate the bronchi and bronchiole s for more airflow . See also Thioxanthene References Reflist 2 Cholinergics Histaminergics Tricyclics Category Piperidines Category Thioxanthenes respiratory system drug stub pl Pimetiksen th ... more details
Image Gray961.png right thumb The tracheobronchial tree The tracheobronchial tree is the structure from the Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchi , and bronchiole s that forms the airway s that supply air to the lung s. It is within the neck and the chest. ref name Johnson08 cite journal author Johnson SB title Tracheobronchial injury journal Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery volume 20 issue 1 pages 52&ndash 57 year 2008 pmid 18420127 doi 10.1053 j.semtcvs.2007.09.001 url http journals.elsevierhealth.com retrieve pii S1043 0679 08 00011 7 ref The structure looks like a tree because the trachea splits into the right and left mainstem bronchi , which branch into more progressively smaller structures. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelium ciliated columnar epithelial cells. ref name Moore04 cite book author Moore EJ, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL title Trauma publisher McGraw Hill, Medical Pub. Division location New York year 2004 pages 545 isbn 0 07 137069 2 oclc doi accessdate 2008 06 15 url http books.google.com ?id VgizxQg 8QQC&pg PA545&dq tracheobronchial ref Injuries to the tracheobronchial tree are potentially fatal because they can interfere with breathing . ref name Chu02 cite journal author Chu CP, Chen PP title Tracheobronchial injury secondary to blunt chest trauma Diagnosis and management journal Anaesth Intensive Care volume 30 issue 2 pages 145 52 year 2002 month April pmid 12002920 doi url ref The tracheobronchial tree and the lung parenchyma comprise the lower respiratory tract . ref name Sircar2008 cite book author Sabyasachi Sircar title Principles of medical physiology url http books.google.com ?id zFl7y5xqHj4C&pg PA309 accessdate 26 April 2010 year 2008 publisher Thieme isbn 9783131440617 pages 309 ref See also Tracheobronchial lymph nodes References reflist External links http www.pulmonologychannel.com anatomy.shtml Respiratory System Pulmonary Anatomy Respiratory system respiratory stub Category ... more details
Parenchyma is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. It is used in different ways in animals and in Ground tissue Parenchyma plants . The term is New Latin , f. Ancient Greek Greek parenkhuma , visceral flesh , f. parenkhein , to pour in f. para , beside en , in khein , to pour . ref eMedicineDictionary Parenchyma ref wiktionary In animals The parenchyma are the functional parts of an organ anatomy organ in the body. This is in contrast to the Stroma animal tissue stroma , which refers to the structural tissue of organs, namely, the connective tissues. In cancer , the parenchyma refers to the actual mutant cells of a single lineage, whereas the stroma is the surrounding connective tissue and associated cells that support it. Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers ectoderm external layer , endoderm internal layer and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm . The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal brain, skin or endodermal origin lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas . The parenchyma of a few organs spleen, kidneys, heart is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin. Examples include class wikitable Organ Parenchyma brain neuron s and glial cell s heart myocyte kidney nephron liver hepatocyte lung s Lung parenchyma in its strictest sense refers solely to alveolar tissue with respiratory bronchiole s, alveolar duct s and terminal bronchiole s. However, the term is often used loosely to refer to any form of lung tissue, also including bronchioles , bronchi , blood vessel s and lung interstitium . Source Medical Dictionary Parenchyma Of Lung In turn citing Stedman s Medical Dictionary. 2006 pancreas Islets of Langerhans and exocrine pancreas Pancreatic acini spleen white pulp and red pulp placenta placental villi, including the fetal vessels, and the maternal intervillous space non parenchyma comprises chorionic and decidual plates, fetal vessels of dia ... more details
Infobox disease Name Bronchospasm ICD9 ICD9 519.11 Bronchospasm or a bronchial spasm is a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchiole s. It is caused by the release degranulation of substances from mast cells or basophil s under the influence of anaphylatoxin s. It causes difficulty in breathing which can be very mild to severe. Image Asthma before after en.svg thumb right 470px Inflamed airways and bronchoconstriction in asthma . Airways narrowed as a result of the inflammatory response cause wheezing. Bronchospasms appear as the feature of asthma , chronic bronchitis , anaphylaxis , as a possible side effect of the drug pilocarpine which is used to treat illness resulting from the ingestion of deadly nightshade as well as other things and also as a side effect for beta blocker s used to treat hypertension and other drugs. It can present as a sign of giardiasis . Bronchospasms are one of several conditions associated with cold housing. ref cite journal doi 10.1080 02673030050009258 title Housing Deprivation and Health A Longitudinal Analysis year 2000 last1 Marsh first1 Alex last2 Gordon first2 David last3 Heslop first3 Pauline last4 Pantazis first4 Christina journal Housing Studies volume 15 issue 3 pages 411 ref Some of the things that can cause bronchospasms are consuming foods, taking medicines, getting insect bites or stings when one is allergic to them, and fluctuating hormone levels, particularly in women. ref name Haggerty2003 cite journal doi 10.1016 S1081 1206 10 61794 2 title The impact of estrogen and progesterone on asthma year 2003 last1 Haggerty first1 Catherine L. last2 Ness first2 Roberta B. last3 Kelsey first3 Sheryl last4 Waterer first4 Grant W. journal Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology volume 90 issue 3 pages 284 ref ref name Hatfield cite web author Hatfield title Asthma in Women url http www.webmd.com asthma features asthma women ref A few of the more common allergens are foods such as eggs, milk, peanuts, walnuts, t ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image CFtreatmentvest2.JPG Caption A typical breathing treatment for cystic fibrosis, using a mask nebulizer and the ThAIRapy Vest ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D035641 OPS301 OtherCodes HCPCSlevel2 The Vest Airway Clearance System , a form of chest wall oscillation , is a device and system for clearing excess mucus from lung airways bronchi and bronchiole s . It is principally used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis , but is gaining use in the treatment of other diseases, such as bronchiectasis , Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD , cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy , in which excessive mucus can block airways due to excessive production or impaired clearance. This passive system is not dependent on the effort of the patient. It uses a compressor to inflate and deflate the vest rhythmically at timed intervals and thus imposes high frequency chest wall oscillations that are transferred to the lungs. These oscillations thin thixotropy thixotropic airway mucus , facilitating its removal by cough ing. Delivery of air to the vest can be controlled manually. History The Vest System was developed by Dr. Warren Warwick , a pediatrician and cystic fibrosis expert at the University of Minnesota, which licensed the product to American Biosystems in 1988. ref http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 990CE4DD1F3FF935A35757C0A963958260&pagewanted all When Amazing Is No Longer Enough . By Barnaby J. Feder. Published April 6, 1995. The New York Times. ref ref http www.google.com patents about?id 6Z7AAAAEBAJ Device and method for measuring a spirogram , Warren J. Warwick et al. Patent number 6050953. Filing date May 21, 1998. ref ref http www.google.com patents about?id uaiaAAAAEBAJ Chest compression apparatus , Warren J. Warwick et al. Application number 11 204,547. Publication number US 2006 0036199 A1. ref It is the original High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation Device by Advanced Respiratory, Inc ARI , formerly American Biosystems, Inc., ... more details
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