A budgetprocess refers to the process by which governments create and approve a budget , which is as follows The Financial Service Department prepares worksheets to assist the department head in preparation of department budget estimates The Administrator calls a meeting of managers and they present and discuss plans for the following year s projected level of activity. The managers can work with the Financial Services, or work alone to prepare an estimate for the departments coming year. The completed budgets are presented by the managers to their Executive Officers for review and approval. Justification of the budget request may be required in writing. In most cases, the manager talks with their administrative officers about budget requirements. Adjustments to the budget submission may be required as a result of this phase in the process. Budgeting refers to the setting of the expenditure ... during annual budgetprocess, and if that budget planning is transparent then the rule of law may benefit ... budgetprocess Category Government budgets Process Category Government finances Category Public ... performed in the executive branch by the finance director, clerk s office, budget director, manager, or a team. Budget Call issued to outline the presentation form, recommend certain goals. Budget Formulation reflecting on the past, set goals for the future and reconcile the difference. Budget Hearings can include departments, sections, the executive, and the public to discuss changes in the budget. Budget Adoption final approval by the legislative body. Budget Execution amending the budget ... pfmblog 2007 10 budget practice.html Budget practices and procedures everything you d want to know ... Aristovnik and Janko Seljak, MPRA Paper 15499, 2009 See also Budget Economics Budget theory Political economy Constitutional economics public budgeting budget deficit budget surplus budget crisis Canadian federal budget Comprehensive income Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department ... more details
refimprove date November 2010 The process of creating the United States federal budgetbudget for the United States government is known as the budgetprocess . The framework used by Congress to formulate the budget was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 , ref http frwebgate4.access.gpo.gov cgi bin waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID 978089188734 0 0 0&WAISaction retrieve Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 on http www.gpoaccess.gov cfr GPO access ref the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control .... The process The President s budget request Congressional consideration of the federal budget begins .... The budget resolution serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides ... BudgetProcess an Explanation published by the United States Senate Committee on the Budget ... selective guide for research on the U.S. Federal budgetprocess http www.house.gov budget republicans budgettutorial.shtml BudgetProcess Tutorial From the House Budget Committee Republican Staff ... Budget DEFAULTSORT United States BudgetProcess Category United States federal budgets Process ... 0 0&WAISaction retrieve Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 on http www.gpoaccess.gov cfr GPO access ref and by other budget legislation. Prior to 1974, Congress had no formal process for establishing a coherent budget. When newly elected President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds ... Budget Act created the Congressional Budget Office and directed more control of the budget to CBO and away from the President s Office of Management and the Budget. The Act passed easily ... http www.urban.org publications 500171.html Budget Resolution Explainer , Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute ref Overview The President, according to the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 , must submit a budget to Congress each year. In its current form, federal budget legislation law 31 U.S.C. 1105 a specifies that the President submit a budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday ... more details
The establishment of the annual budget of the Germany Federal Republic of Germany is known as the German budgetprocess . Purpose The primary purpose of the budget is to create an overview of the country s revenues and expenses for the following fiscal year or years. Since the budget is based on past expenditures, it is merely a prediction of the future which can lead to unexpected budget deficits as the fiscal year progresses. In the short term, such deficits are commonly financed by borrowing money which has led to the significant national debt long term debt of the German federal government. Procedure The Bundestag passes the budget as an addendum to the annual or bi annual budget act Art. 110, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany Basic Law . Revenues and expenses are separated by ministry government department ministries and other administrative entities. Budget Guidelines Specific guidelines established by law govern the creation of the budget. Specifically, these are Completeness the budget must include all instances of revenues and expenditures separately. Clarity the budget must be organized along ministry and functional lines. Unity the budget must include all revenues and expenditures Accuracy revenues and expenditures must be estimated based on actual fair market ... body. Historical Succession the budget must be enacted before the fiscal year starts. If there is no budget for the current fiscal year, the previous budget continues in effect. Specificity expenditures .... Publicity all debates on the budget in the Bundestag as well as the final enacted budget are publicly ... on who can access information on those. Example Budget The budget for the 2005 fiscal year also demonstrating the basic budget structure can be found below. class wikitable sortable Function ... Notes Reflist group note refs ref group note name fn 1 Estimated budget authority as presented in the budget ... Major Reforms for German Budget System, IMFSurvey Magazine Countries & Regions, Marc Robinson ... more details
The Subcommittee on Legislative and BudgetProcess is a subcommittee within the United States House Committee on Rules House Rules Committee According to the Committee rules, this Subcommittee has general responsibility for measures or matters related to relations between the Congress and the Executive Branch. Members, 112th Congress class wikitable Majority Minority party shading Republican valign top Pete Sessions , Texas, Chairman Virginia Foxx , North Carolina Rob Woodall , Georgia Daniel Webster Florida politician Daniel Webster , Florida David Dreier , California party shading Democratic valign top Alcee Hastings , Florida, Ranking Member Jared Polis , Colorado External links http www.rules.house.gov legbudg sub lbp.htm Rules Committee, Subcommittee page United States House Rules Subcommittees USCongressCommittees Category Subcommittees of the United States House of Representatives US poli stub ... more details
to achieve budget goals. To evaluate the performance of managers To provide visibility into the company s performance Business start up budget The process of calculating the costs of starting a small ... fully in the budgetprocess, and building accountability for the results. The companies that adhere ... Appropriations Bill GAB . The GAB will go through budget deliberations and voting the same process ... data items. See also col begin col 3 Budget crisis Budget Day BudgetprocessBudget overrun Budget ... budgetprocess Variance analysis accounting Zero based budgeting Performance based budgeting col ...About the rental car company Budget Rent a Car the car insurance company BudgetBudget Group of Companies Refimprove date March 2011 A budget from old French language French bougette , purse is a financial ... 3 ref A budget is an important concept in microeconomics , which uses a budget line to illustrate the trade offs between two or more good economics goods . In other terms, a budget is an organizational ..., or Business operations operation . Why do we produce budgets? Budget helps to aid the planning of actual ... their own operation and those of other departments. Other essentials of budget include To control .... The budget should contain a narrative explaining how you decided on the amount of this reserve ... expenses are also included into business budgeting. Corporate budget The budget of a company law company is often compiled annually, but may not be. A finished budget, usually requiring considerable effort, is a plan for the short term future, typically one year see budget year . While traditionally the Finance department compiles the company s budget, modern software allows hundreds or even thousands ... revenues and expenses in the final budget. If the actual figures delivered through the budget period come close to the budget, this suggests that the managers understand their business and have been ... from the budget, this sends an out of control signal, and the share price could suffer as a result ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 about the Amish newspaper budgets in general Budget The Budget is a weekly newspaper written for and by members of the Amish , Amish Mennonite , Beachy Amish , and Mennonite communities from 1890 to the present. Currently, The Budget is published in two editions a local edition and a national edition, each with different content and readership. History The founder and first editor of The Budget from 1890 though 1913 was Amish Mennonite John C. Miller, who was nicknamed Budget John . Amish Mennonite minister Samuel H. Miller was the second editor through 1920. He was followed by S.A. Smith until 1930, when Smith s son George R. Smith took over until 1969. Serving as editor for nearly 40 years, and continuing as associate editor even after that, George R. Smith contributed greatly to shaping The Budget into what it is today. The current publisher since 2000 is Keith Rathbun, formerly of the Cleveland Scene alternative weekly. Rathbun gave The Budget its first online exposure in the form of an official website , a move which surprised some of the readership and generated some Mass media mainstream media attention due to the apparent logical contradiction of an Amish website. Local edition The local edition focuses on stories of local interest in several Ohio counties, and includes several pages of non Amish specific content. It is the most read newspaper in its area including Holmes County, Ohio Holmes county as well as parts of Tuscarawas County, Ohio Tuscarawas , Wayne County, Ohio Wayne and Coshocton County, Ohio Coshocton County US counties . National ... I Saw It in the Budget publisher Diakonia Ministries location Hartville, Ohio Hartville, OH year ... work S ddeutsche Zeitung date June 27, 2009 External links https www.facebook.com pages The Budget ... encyclopedia contents B8393.html Budget, The Periodical at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online DEFAULTSORT Budget, The Category Amish Category Newspapers published in Ohio pdc The Budget ... more details
The Process may refer to The Process , A Rock Reggae group from Detroit featuring members of George Clinton s P Funk All Stars. The Process has worked with producer Adrian Sherwood, Little Axe, Ghetto Priest and Congo Natty aka Rebel MC. The Process Brave Combo album The Process Brave Combo album , a 2000 album by Brave Combo The Process Play N Skillz album The Process Play N Skillz album , a 2004 album by rap group Play N Skillz The Process Memphis Bleek album The Process Memphis Bleek album , upcoming album by rapper Memphis Bleek The Process Skinny Puppy album The Process Skinny Puppy album , a 1996 album by industrial band Skinny Puppy The Process collective , an art and philosophy collective formed in the early 1990s The Process novel The Process novel , by Brion Gysin The Process Church of The Final Judgment , a religious group that flourished in the 1960s and 1970s The MacGuffin from the film The Spanish Prisoner See also The Trial by Franz Kafka in German Der Process disambig ... more details
Wiktionary process processes processing Process or processing may refer to TOCright Process philosophy , unifying principles which operate in many different systemic contexts Process haircut, which uses a Relaxer chemical agent to straighten hair Science and technology Process engineering , in the article ... characterized by parameters and constraints Systems engineering process , a process for applying systems engineering techniques to the development of systems Process science , a method ... Chemical process , a method or means of changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds Thermodynamic process , the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system Process control , a statistics and engineering discipline that deals with controlling the output of processes Process theory , the scientific study of processes Stochastic process , in probability theory, a random process, as contrasted to a deterministic process Method patent Process patent , usually refers to a manufacturing process Food processing , transforming raw ingredients into food Information processing , change processing of information detectable by an observer Process Manufacturing , manufacturing concerned ... values Process ontology , a description of the components and their relationships that make up a process Computers Process computing , a computer program or an instance of a program running concurrently with other programs Process group , in POSIX conformant operating systems, a collection of one or more ... Process anatomy , a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body Biological process , a process of a living organism Cognitive process , the process of thought Mental process , functions or processes ..., calcining, or other means Business Business process , activities or tasks that produce a specific service or product for customers Industrial process , a procedure involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items Business process mapping , activities involved ... more details
The S process or slow neutron slow neutron capture process is a nucleosynthesis process that occurs at relatively ... beta decay beta minus decay . In the S process, a stable isotope captures a neutron, but the radioactive .... This process produces stable isotopes by moving along the valley of beta decay stable isobars in the table of nuclides chart of isotopes . The S process produces approximately half of the isotopes ... galactic chemical evolution . The S process differs from the more rapid R process of neutron capture by its slow rate of neutron captures. History The S process was seen to be needed from the relative ... a matter of determining what other nuclei could be accounted for by such a process. A table apportioning the heavy isotopes between S process and R process was published in the famous B2FH ... There it was also argued that the S process occurs in red giant stars. In a particularly illustrative ... fluence could account for the observed S process abundances, but that a wide range of fluences is required ... neutron fluence as a function of the number of iron seed so exposed became the standard model of the S process ... title S process studies in the light of new experimental cross sections journal Astrophysical Journal .... These placed the S process on the firm quantitative basis that it enjoys today. The S process in stars The S process is believed to occur mostly in Asymptotic Giant Branch stars. In contrast to the R process which is believed to occur over time scales of seconds in explosive environments, the S process is believed to occur over time scales of thousands of years. The extent to which the s process ... link yes Neutron Image S process elem Ag to Sb.svg thumb right 400 px The S process acting in the range from silver Ag to antimony Sb . One distinguishes the main and the weak s process ... ref The weak component of the S process, on the other hand, synthesizes S process element S process ... those s isotopes into interstellar space. The S process is often mathematically treated using the so ... more details
Orphan date April 2011 A Budget monitoring in Ukraine is a continuous Systems engineering processprocess of collecting data about disbursements under the program and its Performance measurement performance measures that are reached in the course of its implementation Monitoring goal is operative management of budget program in the process of its implementation. Result oriented budgetprocess uses monitoring as a tool to keep track of program implementation process, and disclosure of deviations between planned and current performance measures. Therefore, monitoring focuses on current and potential problems in program implementation and stimulates development of activities to correct the situation if needed. Program monitoring ensures resolving of the following issues Target and effective use of budget resources Collection and generalization of information on budget program financing wikt facilitate Facilitation of collection of quantitative and qualitative measures, achievement of goals and objectives according to budget programs Disclosure of deviations in the process of budget implementation wikt coordination Coordination of cooperation between the program participants aimed at increased effectiveness of program implementation Timely provision of information on program implementation to local governments and executive agencies . Monitoring in the system of budgetprocess management may be shown as follows. ref http www.mbr ukr.org index.php?option com content&task blogcategory&id 57&Itemid 107 ref ukraine stub econ stub gov stub References reflist Category Economy of Ukraine uk ... more details
In the United States Congress , a budget resolution is a legislation in the form of a concurrent resolution setting forth the congressional budget. The budget resolution establishes various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include reconciliation instruction s to designated United States House of Representatives House or United States Senate Senate United States Congressional committee committee s. The United States Congressional committee committees are responsible for drafting budget resolutions. Following the traditional calendar, by early April both the House and Senate finalize their drafts and submit it to their respective floors for consideration and adoption. The budget resolution serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriations process. A budget resolution binds Congress, but is not a law. It does allow for certain points of order to be made if the President does not follow the resolution ... in force. ref http www.urban.org publications 500171.html Budget Resolution Explainer , Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute ref History Prior to 1974, there was no Congressional Budget Office nor budget resolution process. When President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds that the Congress ... Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 ref http frwebgate5.access.gpo.gov cgi bin waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID 978741125627 0 0 0&WAISaction retrieve Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 ref created the Congressional Budget Office and directed more control of the budget to CBO and away from the President s Office of Management and the Budget. The Act passed easily as the administration ... publications 500171.html Budget Resolution Explainer , Rudolph Penner, Urban Institute ref See also http www.senate.gov reference glossary term budget resolution.htm U.S. Senate Reference Home Glossary Budget Resolution References references DEFAULTSORT Budget Resolution Category Resolutions law Category ... more details
In the United States a unified budget is a United States federal budget federal government budget in which receipts and outlays from federal funds and the Social Security Trust Fund are consolidated. ref Sita Nataraj, John B. Shoven. http www.nber.org papers w10953 Has the Unified Budget Undermined the Federal Government Trust Funds? , National Bureau of Economic Research , December 2004 . ref The change to a unified budget resulted in a single measure of the fiscal status of the government, based on the sum of all government activity. When these fund groups are consolidated to display budget totals, transactions that are outlays of one fund group i.e., interfund transactions are deducted to avoid double counting. ref name g Glossary, Mikesell, John L., Fiscal Administration Analysis and Applications for the Public Sector, 6th ed. 2003 Thompson ref History The United States government adopted a unified budget in the Johnson administration in 1968, beginning with the 1969 budget. The surplus in the Social Security OASDI Old Age Survivors and Disabilities Insurance budget offsets the total Government budget deficit deficit , making it appear smaller than it otherwise would. ref name autogenerated6 cite web url http www.ssa.gov history BudgetTreatment.html title The Social Security trust funds and the federal budget first Larry last DeWitt date June 18, 2007 publisher U.S. Social Security Administration accessdate July 30, 2011 ref The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 , however changed ... to be off budget and are excluded from the unified budget. ref name autogenerated6 This means ... to the Trust Funds is counted as an expense to an external entity. Often Federal budget reports will contain two sets of numbers for the yearly Federal Budget an off budget deficit or surplus and an on budget ..., but by law for purposes of balancing the budget they are off budget . See also United States budgetprocess Social Security United States Notes reflist Category United States federal budgets ... more details
any legally binding effect, but rather initiates the congressional budgetprocess and provides ... BudgetProcess last1 Heniff first1 Bill, Jr last2 first2 date 17 June 2008 work CRS Report ... United States Congress References CRS article Overview of the Executive BudgetProcess url http www.senate.gov ...File US OfficeOfManagementAndBudget Seal.svg thumb right 200px Seal of the Office of Management and Budget of the US Government The executive budget is the budget for the executive branch of the United ... a federal policy in 1921 under the Woodrow Woodrow Wilson Wilson Administration . The process of creating the executive budget consists of three phases. The first stage is the development of the president s budget. In this stage, the president submits a comprehensive budget to congress that covers the full range of federal activities. Next, the budget proposal is edited and revised by congress . Last, the budget is finalized and executed. It is then given a budget bill from the legislature for designated public projects that provide benefits to an interest group. The legislature composes the budget ... budget system which had its first application for municipal government . The federal government conducted an important study of the executive budget system during the administration of President William Howard Taft See Sec. VI The Taft Commission s Federal Budget Study, pp. 26 31 . The executive budget system was adapted from the longstanding British parliamentary practice that forbade ... of the Wilson Administration that were enacted during the administration of Warren G. Harding . Process The executive budgetprocess consists of three main phases development of the president s budget, interaction with congress , and execution of the budget. Development of The president s budget The legal framework originally established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the president to annually submit a comprehensive budget to United States Congress Congress that covers the full ... more details
of the economy including budgetprocess . The standards of constitutional economics when used during annual budget planning, as well as the latter s transparency to the society, are of the primary ... economic and constitutional analysis in the legislative, first of all, budgetprocess, thus helping ... society into budgetprocess. This model of CE is based on the understanding that it is necessary ... owned corporation public administration public finance United States budgetprocess Civil society ...Globalize USA date December 2010 Budget theory is the academic study of political and social motivations behind government and civil society budgeting . Classic theorists in Public Budgeting include Henry Brooks Adams Henry Adams , William F. Willoughby , V. O. Key, Jr. , and, more recently, Aaron Wildavsky . Notable recent theorists include Baumgartner and Jones Frank R. Baumgartner and Bryan D. Jones ... , Thomas Greitens and Gary Wamsley . Budget theory was a central topic during the Progressive Era and was much ... such as the nascent Brookings Institution . The executive budget in USA was a financial innovation ... in the Progressive Era . Since that time, the executive budget has become a tool by which the president ... process or for congress to legislate away their authority . This has resulted in an ever increasing role and power base for what is now called the Office of Management and Budget . Budget, Civil society ... by the constitution and the annual or mid term economic policy, budget legislation and administrative ... the state through budget planning and various privileges being the most dangerous , and the private ... the rules, The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009 ref See also public budgeting budget deficit budget surplus budget crisis Canadian federal budget Comprehensive income Constitutional economics ..., W. Bartley Hildreth. Budget Theory in the Public Sector 2002 , Quorum BooksAman Khan, W. Bartley Hildreth ... polsfacp 48 DEFAULTSORT Budget Theory Category Government budgets Theory Category Public administration ... more details
Federalism Federal budgets are the national budget s of federations , including Federal budget Australia 2009 Brazilian federal budget Federal budget Canada Federal budget United States disambig ... more details
Public finance A balanced budget is when there is neither a budget deficit or a budget surplus when revenue ... &PMDbProgramId 12881&level 4 doi id isbn 0 13 063085 3 ref A cyclically balanced budget is a budget ... budgets, and the associated topic of budget deficits, are a contentious point within academic economics ... budget in every year is not desirable, with budget deficits in lean times being desirable. Most economists have also agreed that a balanced budget would decrease interest rates, ref name uoqz http www.washingtonpost.com wp srv politics special budget stories 050497.htm ref increase savings ... states other than Vermont having a balanced budget amendment of some form, while conversely the US ... being a consistent topic of debate. In rare cases large budget surpluses may also be banned, as in the Kicker ... a cyclically balanced budget, arguing from the perspective Keynesian economics that budget deficits provide fiscal stimulus in lean times, while budget surpluses provide restraint in boom times. Alternative ... arguing that budget deficits are always harmful, and others arguing that budget deficits are both beneficial and in fact necessary. Schools which often argue against the effectiveness of budget deficits ... and neoclassical economics more generally, and the Austrian school of economics . Budget deficits ... are an important goal. Every state other than Vermont has a balanced budget amendment , providing ..., and requires the state to refund taxpayers in event of a budget surplus. Sweden Following the over ... expenditure. Balanced budget multiplier Because of the multiplier effect, it is possible to change aggregate demand Y keeping a balanced budget. The government increases its expenditures G , balancing ... into the economy, itself becoming part of the multiplier process. In general, a change in the balanced budget will change aggregate demand by an amount equal to the change in spending. math Y 1 c ... alpha 0 , math See also Balanced Budget Amendment United States government References Refimprove ... more details
for, which is not possible with budget support For the recipient government the risks include Much greater levels of intrusion by donors in your budgetprocess Reduced levels of flexibility about ...Refimprove date April 2007 Budget support is a particular way of giving international development aid , also known as an aid instrument or aid modality. With budget support, money is given directly to a recipient country government, usually from a donor government. Budget support differs from other types of aid modalities such as Balance of payments support , which is currently mainly the domain of the International ... for foreign exchange purposes, while with budget support they generally go to the Ministry of Finance or equivalent and into the budget for public spending. Project aid , where development assistance ... s financing and management. In practice, budget support varies dramatically and is done in a large range of different ways. One of the broadest distinctions is between general budget support and sector budget support. General budget support is unearmarked contributions to the government budget including ..., poverty reduction strategies . Budget support is a method of financing a recipient country s budget ... of earmarking the resources for specific uses, are therefore excluded. Sector budget support , like general budget support, is an un earmarked financial contribution to a recipient government s budget. However, in sector budget support, the dialogue between donors and partner governments focuses on sector specific concerns, rather than on overall policy and budget priorities. ref OECD DAC ref Rationale for budget support The underlying rationale for budget support is variously seen as a Researchers ... www.odi.org.uk resources details.asp?id 3716&title general budget support General Budget Support ... it is hard to tell what level and type of effect budget support is or even could have on these long ... of budget support also . This type of risk includes that of corruption in the recipient government ... more details
File Budgetplanatm.JPG thumb 300px Screenshot of the Personal Budget Planner, a simple Microsoft Excel Excel spreadsheet for management of personal expenses and incomes. A personal budget is a finance ... and personal debt are considered when creating a personal budget. There are several methods and tools available for creating, using and adjusting a personal budget. Sample budget A budget allocates ... class sortbottom Avg. annual Exp. 4.3 2.6 Tools 20 tools are helpful for constructing a personal budget. Regardless of the tool used, a budget s accuracy is only as good as the accuracy of the updated budget data an old budget that does not reflect actual income or expenses is of little use to a current budget. Computer generated budgets have become commonly used as they replace the need to rewrite and recalculate the budget every time there is a change. Pencil and paper A simple budget can be written ... or bookkeeping forms that creates a budget by filling in the blanks. Spreadsheet software Spreadsheet ..., budget spreadsheets are used to keep track of income and expenses. The major reason most people discontinue using budget spreadsheets that don t offer date shifting is that the information ... to avoid several common pitfalls of budgeting. Purpose A budget should have a purpose or defined ... The more complicated the budgeting process is, the less likely a person is to keep up with it. The purpose of a personal budget is to identify where income and expenditure is present in the common ... can generally be lumped into one category Car, Household items, etc. . Flexibility The budgeting process is designed to be flexible the consumer should have an expectation that a budget will change from month to month, and will require monthly review. Cost overruns in one category of a budget should ... on food in spite of their best efforts, next month s budget should reflect an approximate 40 increase and corresponding decrease in other parts of the budget. Busting the budget is a common ... more details
Committee on the Budget can refer to United States House Committee on the Budget United States Senate Committee on the Budget Committee on Budgetary Control European Parliament disambig ... more details
Football Budget may refer to one of two separate Australian rules football match day programmes The South Australian Football Budget , official programme of the South Australian National Football League The Football Budget Western Australia Football Budget Western Australia , official programme of the West Australian Football League Disambiguation name Football Budget ... more details
A budget set or opportunity set includes all possible consumption bundles that someone can afford given the price s of goods and the person s income level. The budget set is bounded above by the budget line . Graphically speaking , all the consumption bundles that lie inside the budget constraint and on the budget constraint form the budget set or opportunity set. By most definitions, budget sets must be compact and convex. Microeconomics stub microeconomics Category Budgets Set Category Consumer theory ... more details
nofootnotes date April 2011 An energy budget is a balance sheet of energy income against expenditure . It is studied in the field of Energetics which deals with the study of energy transfer and transformation from one form to another. Calorie is the basic unit of measurement. An organism in a laboratory experiment is an open thermodynamic system, exchanging energy with its surroundings in three ways heat, work and the potential energy of biochemical compounds . Fishes, like all organisms, use ingested food resources C consumption as building blocks in the synthesis of tissues P production and as fuel in the metabolic process that power this synthesis and other physiological processes R respiratory loss . Some of the resources are lost as waste products F faecal loss, U urinary loss . All these aspects of metabolism can be represented in energy units. Fact date April 2007 The basic model of energy budget may be shown as blockquote P C R U F or blockquote blockquote P C R U F or blockquote blockquote C P R U F blockquote All the aspects of metabolism can be represented in energy units e.g. joules J 1 food calorie 4.2 kJ . Energy used for metabolism will be blockquote R C F U P blockquote Energy used in the maintenance will be blockquote R F U C P blockquote The compilation of energy budget for fish has a fairly short history, with the result that literature on the subject is limited. References Kumar, Ranjan 1999 Studies on Bioenergics modelling in a fresh water fish, Mystus vittatus Bloch , Ph.D thesis, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya. B.R. Braaten 1976 Bioenergetics a review on Methodology. In Halver J,E and K. Tiews eds . Finfish nutrition and Finfish Technology vol. II, pp .... 1997 Studies on energy budget in a siluroid fish, Heteropneustes fossilis Bloch , Ph.D thesis, Magadh ... 1996 Energy Budget in relation to various dietary conditions in snake headed murrel, Channa punctatus ... ration on the energy budget of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Rechardson . J. Fish Biol. 9, 29 ... more details
Mergeto Carbon cycle date July 2010 No footnotes date April 2010 Carbon budget refers to the contribution of various sources of carbon dioxide on the planet. Carbon budget has nothing to do with Politics of global warming political agendas, Individual and political action on climate change climate change legislation , carbon controls, Carbon capture and storage carbon storage , or geopolitical carbon footprint . Carbon Sources Annual 80.4 Tonne Gt Carbon C by soil respiration and Fermentation biochemistry fermentation Raich et al., 2002 38 GtC and rising by 0.5 GtC per annum by cumulative photosynthesis deficit Casey, 2008 by post clearance deflation See Eswaran, 1993 7.8 GtC IPCC, 2007 Needs peer reviewed reference 2.3 GtC by process of deforestation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC , 2007 Melillo et al., 1996 Haughton & Hackler, 2002 0.03 GtC? by Volcanoes by Rift Tectonic rifts by Animal Respiration physiology Respiration by Plant Respiration physiology Respiration Carbon Sinks Annual 120 GtC by Photosynthesis Bowes, 1991 By Carbon dioxide In the oceans Ocean Carbonate Buffer Cumulative Photosynthesis Deficit Carbon pooled in photosynthesising biota ecology biota is 560 GtC Schlesinger, 1991 . Carbon released by deforestation between 1850 2000 is 156 GtC Haughton & Hackler, 2002 , reducing the total photosynthesising biomass to 540 GtC in 2000. Reduction in photosynthesis between 1850 2000 156 540 156 22 br 120 100 22 78 of 154 GtCpa a difference of 34 GtCpa in 2000 Given the increase of 0.5 GtCpa over the past eight years since 2000, this figure would be closer to 38GtCpa in 2008. References Bowes, G., 1991, Growth at Elevated CO2 Photosynthetic Responses Mediated through Rubisco , Plant Cell & Environment, v. 14. pp. 795 806 Casey, T., 2008, Deforestation and Carbon Emission , http deforestation.geologist 1011.net http deforestation.geologist 1011.net ..., D. W., & McGuire, A. D., 1996, Tropical Deforestation and the Global Carbon Budget , Annual ... more details
Merge to Purdah pre election period date November 2010 Budget purdah , in the United Kingdom , is the period after plans have been prepared but before the Chancellor of the Exchequer Chancellor of the Exchequer s annual budget is announced, when he refrains from discussing any matters which have relevance to the forthcoming budget. References http blogs.telegraph.co.uk ukcorrespondents homefront mar07 budget.htm http money.uk.msn.com budget2008 article.aspx?voteshowresults 1&pollcontent 1110411010&jsdisabled true&cp documentid 4750582 DEFAULTSORT Budget Purdah Category Economy of the United Kingdom ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Union budget of India Union Budget of India for the year 1997 98, also called the Dream Budget by the Indian media, was presented on February 28, 1997, by Finance Minister P. Chidambaram . ref cite news url http economictimes.indiatimes.com articleshow 1525524.cms title Tenth year after that dream budget author Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar coauthors M. K. Venu publisher The Economic Times date 2007 01 30 accessdate 2007 03 01 ref The budget presented a road map for economic reforms in India and included lowering Income tax in India income tax rates, removal of the Surtax surcharge on Income tax in India Corporate Income tax corporate tax es, and reduced corporate tax rates. ref cite web publisher Ministry of Finance, Government of India title Budget Highlights url http indiabudget.nic.in ub1997 98 bh BHMAIN.HTM accessdate 2007 03 01 ref References reflist External links http indiabudget.nic.in ub1997 98 welcome.html Official 97 98 Budget website Category Union budget of India ... more details
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