Wiktionary bufferBuffer may refer to Buffer state , a country lying between two potentially hostile greater powers, thought to prevent conflict between them Buffer zone , any area that keeps two or more other areas distant from one another, may be demilitarized Buffer rail transport , a device that cushions the impact of vehicles against each other Buffer stop bumper in U.S. , a device to prevent railway vehicles from going past the end of a section of track Recoil buffer , an accessory for firearms, to cushion the impact of recoil Buffer navy , the colloquial term for the senior seaman sailor in a British Commonwealth Navy ship Buffer wheel , a wheel attached to a motor similar to a pedestal ... in a Movie projector Film loop movie projector People Bruce Buffer , sports announcer Michael Buffer , sports announcer In physical science Buffer solution , a solution which reduces the change of pH ... or weak base in a buffer solution Buffer gas , an inert or nonflammable gas Buffer GIS , a zone around a map feature Lysis buffer , in biochemistry, a destructor of cell membranes that enables analysis of the compounds within Mineral redox buffer , a mineral assemblage which stabilises oxidation state in natural rock systems In electronics and computer science Data buffer , memory used temporarily to store output or input data Framebuffer , a particular type of data buffer for use in graphical display Optical buffer , a device that stores optically transmitted data without converting it to the electrical domain Buffer amplifier also sometimes simply called a buffer , an isolating circuit used in electronics or telecommunications Buffer optical fiber , a component used to encapsulate one or more optical fibers in a fiber optic communication cable disambiguation bg ca Buffer da Buffer de Puffer es Buffer eo Bufro fa fr Tampon ko io Bufro id Buffer disambiguasi he Buffer nl Buffer ja pl Bufor ru sv Buffert ... more details
from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet Telecommunication ... s effective capacity to exchange information through two way telecommunication networks grew from 281 ... in the world economy and the worldwide telecommunication industry s revenue was estimated to be 3.85 .... ref name plunkettresearch.com Etymology The word telecommunication was adapted from the French word ... communicare , meaning to share . ref Telecommunication , tele and communication , New Oxford American ... tele communicare to Telecommunications , 2004. ref History details History of telecommunication Ancient ... of Excellence , International Telecommunication Union, 2006. ref Telegraph and telephone main Electrical ... on modern telecommunication systems. Some of these concepts are discussed below. Basic elements A basic communication system telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always ... to sound for people to listen to. Sometimes, telecommunication systems are duplex telecommunications ... their high power circuitry and their low power circuitry from each other. Telecommunication over ... because it is between one transmitter and one receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts ... year 1999 pages 1 2 isbn 0 534 95409 X ref Telecommunication networks Main Telecommunications network ... multiplexing FDM . Society and telecommunicationTelecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society. In 2008, estimates placed the telecommunication industry ... . ref name plunkettresearch.com Several following sections discuss the impact of telecommunication ... benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors. ref cite journal .... Even relatively poor communities have been noted to use telecommunication to their advantage ... Waverman suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth ... benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the inequitable ... more details
in, first out method, outputting data in the order it arrived. Telecommunicationbuffer A buffer routine ...In computer science , a buffer is a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily hold data while it is being moved from one place to another. Typically, the data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved ... . However, a buffer may be used when moving data between Process computing processes within a computer. This is comparable to buffers in telecommunication. Buffers can be implemented in a fixed memory location in hardware or by using a virtual data buffer in software, pointing at a location in the physical memory. In all cases, the data stored in a data buffer are stored on a physical ... in a printer spooler or in Video hosting service online video Streaming media streaming . A buffer ... in bursts as a coaster arrives and is loaded . The queue area acts as a buffer a temporary space where ... then be operated on as a unit, delaying the transit time of a Signalling telecommunication signal in order to allow other operations to occur. Buffer versus cache A disk buffer cache often also acts as a buffer, and vice versa. However, cache operates on the premise that the same data will be read ... data within a time out period in write back modes. A buffer does none of this. A buffer is primarily ... in a sequential manner. Good examples include The BUFFERS command statement in CONFIG.SYS of DOS . The buffer ... may only have a 14400 bit s carrier wave carrier . The integrated buffer on a Hard Disk Drive ... buffer is the Outscriber devised by image processing pioneer Russel A. Kirsch for the SEAC computer ... to a printing device without tying up the main computer. blockquote See also Bucket computing Buffer overflow Buffer underrun Circular buffer Disk buffer Streaming media Frame buffer for use in graphical display Double buffering and Triple buffering for techniques mainly in graphics Depth buffer , Stencil buffer , for different parts of image information Variable length buffer Optical buffer ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2010 In telecommunications , an optical buffer is a device that is capable of temporarily storing light. Just as in the case of a regular buffertelecommunicationbuffer , it is a storage medium that enables compensation for a difference in time of occurrence of events. More specifically, an optical buffer serves to store data that was transmitted optically i.e., in the form of light , without converting it to the electrical domain. Optical networks Today, computer networks consist of optical fiber links, interconnected by electrical nodes. The data transport in the backbone is done in the form of light, typically from LED or laser . DWDM technologies enable bitrates well beyond 1 Tbit s. However, at the nodes, this light has to be converted to the electronic domain, in order to switch all data to their separate destinations. Due to rapidly increasing channel capacities, the switching capacity is becoming the bottleneck of the system. Currently, research activities focus on optical switching technologies, that involve fewer or no conversions from the optical to the electronic domain. An important problem however, is the buffering. Contention resolution Whenever two or more data packets arrive at a network node at the same time and contend for the same output, external blocking occurs. All packets but one are perceived as superfluous, and have to be dealt with. Next to the obvious choice of dropping all excess packets, academic literature typically presents three solutions buffering, deflection routing or wavelength conversion. Optical buffering uses ... buffer is made of optical fibers, and is generally much larger than a RAM chip of comparable capacity. A single fiber can serve as a buffer. However, a set of more than one is usually used. A possibility ... implementation of this buffer, and try to reduce the size by using slow light slow light http ... author s homepage . Category Fiber optic communications Buffer, optical ... more details
A ring showing, conceptually, a circular buffer. This visually shows that the buffer has no real end and it can loop around the buffer. However, since memory is never physically created as a ring, a linear representation is generally used as is done below. A circular buffer , cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed size buffer computer science buffer as if it were ... that could possibly use an overwriting circular buffer is with multimedia. If the buffer is used as the bounded buffer in the producer consumer problem then it is probably desired for the producer ... of a circular buffer is that it does not need to have its elements shuffled around when one is consumed. If a non circular buffer were used then it would be necessary to shift all elements when one is consumed. In other words, the circular buffer is well suited as a FIFO computing FIFO buffer while a standard, non circular buffer is well suited as a LIFO computing LIFO buffer. Circular buffering .... Should a maximum size be adopted for a queue, then a circular buffer is a completely ideal implementation all queue operations are constant time. However, expanding a circular buffer requires shifting ... be preferred instead. How it works A circular buffer first starts empty and of some predefined length. For example, this is a 7 element buffer Image Circular buffer empty.svg 250px Assume that a 1 is written into the middle of the buffer exact starting location does not matter in a circular buffer Image Circular buffer XX1XXXX.svg 250px Then assume that two more elements are added &mdash 2 & 3 &mdash which get appended after the 1 Image Circular buffer XX123XX.svg 250px If two elements are then removed from the buffer, the oldest values inside the buffer are removed. The two elements removed, in this case, are 1 & 2 leaving the buffer with just a 3 Image Circular buffer XXXX3XX.svg 250px If the buffer has 7 elements then it is completely full Image Circular buffer 6789345.svg 250px A consequence ... more details
Portal Telecommunication The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to telecommunicationTelecommunication &ndash the Transmission telecommunications transmission of signal electronics signals over a distance for the purpose of communication . In modern times, this process almost always involves the use of electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic waves by transmitters and receivers, but in earlier years it also involved the use of drum communication drum s and visual signals such as smoke signal smoke , Hydraulic telegraph Greek hydraulic semaphore system fire , beacon s, semaphore line s and other optical communications. Essence of telecommunication Main Telecommunication Types of telecommunication networks Main Telecommunications network Computer network s ARPANET Ethernet Internet Wireless network s Public switched telephone network s PSTN Packet switching Packet switched networks Radio network s Television network s Aspects of telecommunication transmission Main Telecommunication Analog signal Analog Digital Optics Telecommunication technology Modulation Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation Nyquist rate Nyquist ISI criterion Pulse shaping Intersymbol interference Communications media types Physical media for Telecommunication Twisted pair Coaxial cable Optical fiber Telecommunication through Free Space Broadcasting Broadcast radio frequency including television and radio Line of sight propagation Line of sight Communications satellite Terrestrial Microwave Wireless LAN Relationship between media and transmitters Physical access to media Simplex Duplex telecommunications Logical relationships Return channel ... Token based Centralized token control Distributed token control History of telecommunication Main History of telecommunication Telegraphy History History of telegraphy History of the telephone Invention ... General telecommunication concepts E mail Instant messaging Radio Telephone VoIP Videoconferencing ... more details
In computing , screen buffer is a part of computer memory used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the computer display . ref http books.google.com books?id XYQruTc6 44C&pg PA160&dq 22screen buffer 22&hl en v onepage&q 22screen 20buffer 22&f false ref The screen buffer may also be called the video buffer , the regeneration buffer , or regen buffer for short. ref http www.smartcomputing.com editorial dictionary detail.asp?searchtype 2&DicID 10421&RefType Dictionary&guid ref Screen buffers should be distinguished from video memory . To this end, the term off screen buffer is also used. See also Framebuffer References reflist Compu storage stub Category User interfaces Category Computer memory ... more details
Refimprove date November 2010 In telecommunication , the term gating has the following meanings 1. The process of selecting only those portions of a wave between specified time intervals or between specified amplitude limits. 2. The controlling of signals by means of combinational logic elements. 3. A process in which a predetermined set mathematics set of conditions, when established, permits a second process to occur. Source From Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL STD 188 DEFAULTSORT Gating Telecommunication Category Telecommunications terms Category Signal processing ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A write buffer is a type of data buffer . In a CPU cache , a write buffer can be used to hold data being written back from the cache computing cache to Computer data storage Primary storage main memory . This is a variation of write through caching called buffered write through . Use of a write buffer in this manner frees the cache to service read requests while the write is taking place. It is especially useful for very slow main memory in that subsequent reads are able to proceed without waiting for long main memory latency. When the write buffer is full i.e. all buffer entries are occupied , subsequent writes still have to wait until some slots are freed. To further mitigate this stall, one optimization called write buffer merge is proposed. Write buffer merge combines writes that have consecutive destination addresses into one buffer entry. Otherwise, they would occupy separate entries which increases the chance of pipeline stall. Sometimes the terminology victim buffer is also called write buffer. Victim buffer is a buffer that stores dirty evicted lines in write back caches note that write through caches don t write the evicted cache lines back before they get written back to the higher level memory. Besides reducing pipeline stall by not waiting for dirty lines to write back as the original write buffer does, victim buffer also serves as a temporary backup storage when subsequent cache accesses exhibit Locality of reference locality , requesting those recently evicted lines, which are still in the victim buffer. See also write combining DEFAULTSORT Write Buffer Category Computer memory Computer stub ... more details
A buffer gas is an inert or nonflammable gas . In the Earth s atmosphere , nitrogen acts as a buffer gas. A buffer gas adds pressure to a system and controls the speed of combustion with any oxygen present. Any inert gas such as helium , neon , or argon will serve as a buffer gas. Uses Buffer gases are commonly used in many applications from gas discharge lamp high pressure discharge lamps to reduce line width of microwave transitions in alkali alkali atoms . A buffer gas usually consists of atomically ... , and xenon are also used, primarily for lighting. In most scenarios, buffer gases are used in conjunction ... light is emitted. Krypton is the buffer gas used in conjunction with the mercury which is used to moderate ... noble gas es as buffer gases. Image Diagram of how buffer gas works.JPG right Buffer gas loading ... cold temperatures. The buffer gas most commonly used in this sort of application is helium. Buffer ... multiple collisions with low energy helium atoms, which most molecules are capable of doing. Buffer ... buffer gas inside a chamber see Figure a . If there are enough collisions between the buffer ..., the buffer gas will sufficiently cool the atoms. Of the two isotopes of helium sup 3 sup He and sup ... higher vapor pressures and buffer gas density at sub kelvin temperatures. Unsourced image removed Image chem119.jpg right Buffer gases are also commonly used in Gas compressor compressors used in power plants for supplying gas to gas turbines . The buffer gas fills the spaces between seal mechanical ... . In this case the buffer gas acts in a way much like oil does in an automotive engine s Bearing mechanical bearings . External links http pra.aps.org abstract PRA v66 i3 e030702 Buffer Gas Cooling http ares.ame.arizona.edu publications cospar 98.pdf Buffer Gas on Mars http www.physics.harvard.edu Thesespdfs Egorov.pdf search buffer 20gas Buffer Gas Cooling of Diatomic Molecules http tf.nist.gov ofm smallclock buffergas.htm Buffer Gas on Microwave Transition Category Gases ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A lysis buffer is a buffer solution used for the purpose of lysis lysing cells for use in molecular biology experiments that analyze the compounds of the cells e.g. western blot . There are many different kind of lysis buffer that one can apply, depending on what analysis the cell lysate will be used for e.g. red blood cell lysis buffer. Generally, lysis buffers contain tris HCl , EDTA , EGTA chemical EGTA , Sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS , deoxycholate , Triton X 100 tritonX and or NP 40 . In some cases the buffer may also contain NaCl 150 mM . In studies like DNA fingerprinting the lysis buffer is used for DNA isolation. Dish soap can be used in a pinch to break down the cell and nuclear membranes, allowing the DNA to be released. Other such lysis buffers include the proprietary Qiagen product Buffer P2 . DEFAULTSORT Lysis Buffer Category Laboratory techniques Category Cell biology Category DNA Biology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Buffer credits , also called buffer to buffer credits BBC are used as a flow control method by Fibre Channel technology and represent the number of frames a port can store. Each time a port transmits a frame that port s BB Credit is decremented by one for each R RDY received, that port s BB Credit is incremented by one. If the BB Credit is zero the corresponding node cannot transmit until an R RDY is received back. The benefits of a large data buffer are particularly evident in long distance applications, when operating at higher data rates 2Gbit s, 4Gbit s , or in systems with a heavily loaded Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI bus. See also Fibre Channel Host adapter DEFAULTSORT Buffer Credits Category Fibre Channel de Buffer Credits ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A buffer in GIS is a zone around a map feature measured in units of distance or time. A buffer is useful for proximity analysis . ref Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds. http store.esri.com esri showdetl.cfm?SID 2&Product ID 868&Category ID 49 A to Z GIS ref A buffer is an area defined by the bounding region determined by a set of points at a specified maximum distance from all nodes along segments of an object. See also Dilation morphology data bufferBuffer computing GIS References reflist Category Geographic information systems tech stub es Buffer GIS pl Bufor geoinformatyka sv Buffertzon ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 Wiktionary underrun In computing , buffer underrun or buffer underflow is a state occurring when a Buffer computer science buffer used to communicate between two devices ... the program or device reading from the buffer to pause its processing while the buffer ... should not be confused with buffer overflow , a condition where a portion of memory being used as a buffer has a fixed size but is filled with more than that amount of data. Whereas buffer overflows are usually the result of programming errors, and thus preventable, buffer underruns are often the result ... of the buffer if an incoming data stream needs to be read at 1 bit per second, a buffer of 10 bits would ... or device, which can be expensive. It assumes that the buffer starts full requiring a potentially ... connection with a 60 bit buffer would lead to a buffer underrun if the connection remained active for an hour. In real time applications, a large buffer size also increases the latency between input ... recording issues Buffer underruns can cause serious problems during CD DVD burning , because once ... can cause the data on the disc to become invalid. Since the buffer is generally being filled from a relatively ... concurrent tasks can easily exhaust the capacity of a small buffer. Therefore, a technique called Optical disc recording technologies Buffer underrun protection buffer underrun protection was implemented ..., the laser is indeed able to stop writing for any amount of time and resume when the buffer ... screen will appear to hang until the buffer receives new data. Many video player programs e.g. MPlayer feature the ability to drop frames if the system is overloaded, intentionally allowing a buffer underrun to keep up the tempo. The buffer in an Sound card audio controller is a ring buffer ... in the buffer, which may hold a quarter of a second. Such effect is commonly referred to as machinegun ... Buffer Underrun Category Data transmission ca Subdesbordament de mem ria interm dia de Buffer Underrun ... more details
the stencil buffer in other ways for example, it can be used to find the area of the screen obscured by a portal and re render those pixels correctly. The stencil buffer and its modifiers can be accessed ... Z buffering depth buffer Shadow volume a stencil buffer technique creating shadows DEFAULTSORT Stencil Buffer Category 3D computer graphics Compu graphics stub Link GA sr de Stencilbuffer hu Stencil buffer pl Bufor szablonowy sr zh ... more details
In telecommunication s, a slip is a positional displacement in a sequence of transmitted symbols that causes the loss or insertion of one or more symbols. Slips are usually caused by inadequate synchronization of the two clocks controlling the transmission telecommunications transmission or by poor reception of the signal. References Federal Standard 1037C Category Telecommunications terms Telecomm term stub ... more details
Drop , in telecommunication , has several meanings. In a communications network , a drop is the portion of a device directly connected to the internal station facilities, such as toward a telephone switchboard , toward a switching center , or toward a telephone exchange . A drop can also be a wire or cable from a pole or cable terminus to a building. It may also be referred to as a downlead . These cables may be reinforced to withstand the tension due to gravity and weather of an aerial drop i.e., hanging in air , as in messenger type RG 6 coaxial cable , which is reinforced with a steel messenger wire along its length. To drop is to delete, intentionally or unintentionally, or to lose part of a Signalling telecommunication signal , such as Bit slip dropping bit s from a bit stream . Sources Federal Standard 1037C , in support of MIL STD 188 Category Telecommunications terms ... more details
Disputed date April 2011 Pixel buffer or pBuffer is an extension to OpenGL which allows to do off screen rendering. It expands upon Vertex Buffer Object Vertex Buffer Objects VBO in order to store not only vertex data but also pixel data into the buffer objects. The pBuffer has been deprecated and replaced by Framebuffer Object FBOs Framebuffer Objects . See also Framebuffer Object External links http www.songho.ca opengl gl pbo.html OpenGL Pixel Buffer Object PBO Category OpenGL compu prog stub ... more details
TE buffer is a commonly used buffer solution in molecular biology , especially in procedures involving DNA or RNA . TE is derived from its components Tris , a common pH buffer, and EDTA , a molecule that chelation chelates cations like Magnesium in biological systems Mg sup 2 sup . The purpose of TE buffer is to solubilize DNA or RNA, while protecting it from degradation. Recipe A typical recipe for making 1X TE buffer is 10 mM Tris , bring to pH 8.0 with HCl 1 mM EDTA TE buffer is also called as T sub 10 sub E sub 1 sub Buffer, and read as T ten E one buffer . To make a 100 ml solution of T sub 10 sub E sub 1 sub Buffer, 1 ml of 1 M Tris HCl pH 8.0 and 0.2 ml EDTA 0.5 M and make up with double distilled water up to 100ml. Based on nuclease studies from the 1980 s, the pH is usually adjusted to 7.5 for RNA and 8.0 for DNA . Citation needed date September 2011 The respective DNA and RNA nucleases are supposed to be less active at these pH values, but pH 8.0 can safely be used for storage of both DNA and RNA. EDTA further inactivates nucleases , by binding to metal cations required by these enzymes. Genomic and plasmid DNA can be stored in TE Buffer at 4 C 39.2 F for short term use, or 20 C 4 F to 80 C 112 F for long term storage. Repeated freeze thaw cycles should be avoided. ref cite journal last Ross coauthors Haites, Kelly title Repeated freezing and thawing of peripheral blood and DNA in suspension effects on DNA yield and integrity journal Journal of Medical Genetics year 1990 volume 27 issue 9 pages 569 570 doi 10.1136 url http jmg.bmj.com content 27 9 569.short ref References references External links cite web title OpenWetWare TE buffer url http openwetware.org wiki TE buffer accessdate July 2, 2006 Category Buffers biochemistry stub ... more details
unreferenced date April 2012 A gap buffer in computer science is a dynamic array that allows efficient insertion and deletion operations clustered near the same location. Gap buffers are especially common in text editor s, where most changes to the text occur at or near the current location of the cursor computers cursor . The text is stored in a large buffer in two contiguous segments, with a gap between them for inserting new text. Moving the cursor involves copying text from one side of the gap to the other sometimes copying is delayed until the next operation that changes the text . Insertion adds new text at the end of the first segment. Deletion increases the size of the gap. Text in a gap buffer is represented as two literal string s, which take very little extra space and which can ... Below are some examples of operations with buffer gaps. The gap is represented pictorially by the empty ... a pointer without changing the text in the buffer. It is a common programming practice to use ... following the last character in the first buffer, and the end of gap points to the first valid character in the second buffer or equivalently, the pointers are considered to point between characters .... User moves the cursor before started system moves started from the first buffer to the second buffer ... buffer where the gap is always at the end Zipper data structure , conceptually a generalization of the gap buffer. Linked list Circular buffer Rope computer science External links http www.codeproject.com ... Implementation of a cyclic sorted gap buffer in .NET C http history.dcs.ed.ac.uk archive apps ecce hmd e915.imp.html Use of gap buffer in early editor. First written somewhere between 1969 and 1971 http www.gnu.org software emacs elisp html node Buffer Gap.html emacs gap buffer info Emacs gap buffer reference http www.common lisp.net project flexichain download StrandhVilleneuveMoore.pdf Text Editing Category Arrays it Buffer gap ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In telecommunication , an interchangeability is a condition which exists when two or more items possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of being exchanged one for the other without alteration of the items themselves, or of adjoining items, except for adjustment, and without selection for fit and performance. Sources DODDIC FS1037C Category Telecommunications Telecomm term stub ... more details
Orphan date December 2009 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Telecommunication Breakdown Type Album Artist Emergency Broadcast Network Cover Released 1995 Recorded 1995 Genre Electronic music Electronic Length 53 13 Label TVT Records TVT Producer Jack Dangers Reviews Last album This album Telecommunication Breakdown br 1995 Next album Telecommunication Breakdown is an album by Emergency Broadcast Network , released in 1995 by TVT Records . The CD release included three video tracks in addition to the audio as well as a floppy disc that included AV editing software. The music for the album was produced by Jack Dangers , as a side project for his group Meat Beat Manifesto . The album features a number of guest performers Brian Eno on Homicidal Schizophrenic , with Jamie West Oram of The Fixx on guitar Bill Laswell contributed to Shoot the Mac 10 , with Grandmaster Melle Mel rapping. ref Allmusic class album id r209990 pure url yes Telecommunication Breakdown > Overview . Allmusic . Retrieved December 16, 2009. ref Track listing Search 0 59 Electronic Behavior Control System 4 33 Go To 0 12 Sexual Orientation 3 06 Station Identification 4 40 Get Down Ver. 2.2 3 45 Shoot the Mac 10 4 03 You Have 5 Seconds to Complete This Section 3 06 Super Zen State Power Chant No.3 6 50 State Extension 1 15 Interruption 0 23 Dream Induction 3 20 Transition 0 06 Electronic Behavior Control System Ver. 2.0 2 24 We Must Have the Facts 3 05 Interference 0 14 3 7 8 3 43 Beginning of the End 2 45 Homicidal Schizophrenic A Lad Insane 4 08 End of Audio Program 0 45 Video Track listing Electronic Behavior Control System 5 33 3 7 8 3 42 Homicidal Schizophrenic A Lad Insane 4 17 References Reflist Category 1995 albums 1990s electronic album stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A keyboard buffer is a section of computer computer storage memory used to hold keystrokes before they are processed. Computer keyboard Keyboard buffers have long been used in command line interface command line processing. As a user enters a command, they see it Echo computing echoed on their computer display terminal and can edit it before it is processed by the computer. In time sharing systems, the location of the buffer depends on whether communications is full Duplex telecommunications duplex or half duplex. In full duplex systems, keystrokes are transmitted one by one. As the main computer receives each keystroke, it ordinarily appends the character which it represents to the end of the keyboard buffer. The exception is control character s, such as delete or backspace which correct typing mistakes by deleting the character at the end of the buffer. In half duplex systems, keystrokes are echoed locally on a computer terminal . The user can see the command line on his terminal and edit it before it is transmitted to the main computer. Thus the buffer is local. On some systems, by pressing too many keys at once, the keyboard buffer overflows and will emit a beep from the computer s internal speaker. DEFAULTSORT Keyboard Buffer Category Computer keyboards Category Computer memory de Tastaturpuffer kk pl Bufor klawiatury ... more details
For the Karachi neighbourhood Buffer Zone, Karachi Dablink This article is about buffer zones in general .... A buffer zone is generally a wikt zone zonal area that lies between two or more other areas often, but not necessarily, country countries , but depending on the type of buffer zone, the reason for it may be to segregate regions or to conjoin them. Common types of buffer zones are demilitarized ... . Such zones may be, but not necessarily be, comprised by a sovereign state, forming a buffer state . Buffer zones have various purposes, political or otherwise. They can be set up to prevent violence ..., and have uses in several other scenarios. Buffer zones often result in large uninhabited regions which ... For use in nature conservation, a buffer zone is often created to enhance the protection of areas under management for their biodiversity importance. The buffer zone of a protected area may be situated ... protected areas, therefore increasing their dynamics and conservation productivity. A buffer zone ... Buffer Zones ref The term buffer zone initially gained prominence in the conservation of natural ..., and the term was intended to be used as follows cquote A buffer zone serves to provide an additional layer of protection to a World Heritage site World Heritage property . The concept of a buffer zone ... in 1977. In the most current version of the Operational Guidelines of 2005 the inclusion of a buffer ... International Expert meeting on World Heritage and buffer zones accessdate 10 03 AM 11 24 2010 publisher UNESCO World Heritage Convention quote Background and contents ref A buffer zone is intended ... natural or cultural value itself. ref Martin, Oliver, and Piatti, Giovanna ed. World Heritage and Buffer Zones , International Expert Meeting on World Heritage and Buffer Zones Davos, Switzerland 11 14 March 2008 Paris UNESCO, 2009 ref The importance and function of a buffer zone and the necessary protective ... greatly for each site. ref Ebregt, Arthur and de Greve, Pol, Buffer Zones and their Management Policy ... more details
Multiple issues notability June 2008 context October 2009 In biochemistry and molecular biology , the saline sodium citrate SSC buffer is used as a hybridization buffer chemistry buffer , to control stringency for washing steps in protocols for Southern blotting , in situ hybridization , DNA Microarray or Northern blotting . 20X SSC may be used to prevent drying of agarose gel s during a vacuum transfer. A 20X stock solution consists of 3 molar concentration M sodium chloride and 300 milli m M trisodium citrate adjusted to pH 7.0 with hydrochloric acid HCl . See also Southern Blot Northern Blot DNA Microarray DNA Fingerprinting References http www.cellgro.com shop files documents 46 020.pdf Material safety data sheet for 20x SSC buffer, Mediatech, Inc. http www.le.ac.uk bl phh4 probuffer.htm Molecular Cytogenetics and biology Buffers, University of Leicester DEFAULTSORT Ssc Buffer Category Buffers biochem stub ... more details
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