Refimprove date December 2009 File Sodium butyrate.png thumb right The chemical structure of sodium butanoate Butyrate is the traditional name for the conjugate base of butanoic acid old name butyric acid . The formula of the butanoate ion is C4H7O2 . The archaic name is used as part of the name of butyrates or butanoates , or ester s and salt s of butyric acid , a short chain fatty acid . Examples include Cellulose acetate butyrate , an aircraft dope Methyl butyrate Ethyl butyrate Butyl butyrate Pentyl butyrate Sodium butyrate a HDAC inhibitor used in psychiatry Butyrates are important as food for cells lining the mammalian colon anatomy colon colonocytes . Without butyrates for energy, colon cells undergo autophagy self digestion and die. ref cite journal pages 517 26 doi 10.1016 j.cmet.2011.02.018 title The Microbiome and Butyrate Regulate Energy Metabolism and Autophagy in the Mammalian Colon year 2011 last1 Donohoe first1 Dallas R. last2 Garge first2 Nikhil last3 Zhang first3 Xinxin last4 Sun first4 Wei last5 O Connell first5 Thomas M. last6 Bunger first6 Maureen K. last7 Bultman first7 Scott J. journal Cell Metabolism volume 13 issue 5 pmid 21531334 pmc 3099420 ref Short chain fatty acids, which include butyrate, are produced by beneficial colonic bacteria probiotics that feed on, or ferment prebiotics, which are plant products that contain adequate amounts of dietary fiber. These short chain fatty acids benefit the colonocyte by increasing energy production,and cell proliferation and may protect against colon cancer 2 . References Reflist 2. Joanne R. Lupton, Microbial Degradation Products Influence Colon Cancer Risk the Butyrate Controversy, J. Nutr. February 1, 2004 vol. 134 no. 2 479 482. Category Butyrates Category Carboxylate anions lv Butir ti nl Butyraat pl Ma lany ru ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Butyrate Esterase is a stain which is specific for white blood cells of the Monocytic proliferation line. It is commonly used in the diagnosis of leukemia when staining touch preparation type slides of bone marrow . It is instrumental in the diagnosis of monocytic leukemia s and the myelomonocytic variant of acute myelocytic leukemia FAB classification M4 . DEFAULTSORT Butyrate Esterase Category Hematology Molecular cell biology stub ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 429362124 Name Pentyl butyrate ImageFile Pentyl butyrate.svg ImageSize 200px ImageName Pentyl butyrate IUPACName Pentyl butanoate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 540 18 1 SMILES CCCCCOC O CCC Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 9 sub H sub 18 sub O sub 2 sub MolarMass 158.24 g mol Density 0.86 g cm MeltingPt 73.2 C BoilingPt 186 C Pentyl butyrate , also known as pentyl butanoate or amyl butyrate , is an ester that is formed when pentanol is reacted with butyric acid , ref name cameo http cameochemicals.noaa.gov chemical 2470 N AMYL BUTYRATE , Cameo Chemicals , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ref usually in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst . This ester has a smell reminiscent of pear or apricot . This chemical is used as an List of additives in cigarettes additive in cigarettes . References references Category Flavors Category Butyrates ester stub de Butters urepentylester es Butirato de amilo fa fr Butanoate de pentyle ja pt Butanoato de pentila ... more details
Chembox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 400838964 ImageFile sodium butyrate.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName Sodium butanoate OtherNames Sodium butyrate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 156 54 7 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 62381 PubChem 5222465 InChI 1S C4H8O2.Na c1 2 3 4 5 6 h2 3H2,1H3, H,5,6 q 1 p 1 SMILES CCCC O O . Na Section2 Chembox Properties C 4 H 7 O 2 Na 1 Sodium butyrate is a Compound chemistry compound with formula Na C sub 3 sub H sub 7 sub COO . It is the sodium salt of butyric acid . It has various effects on cultured mammalian cells including inhibition of Cell growth proliferation , induction of Cellular differentiation differentiation and Regulation of gene expression induction or Repressor repression of gene expression. As such, it can be used in lab to bring about any of these effects. Specifically, butyrate treatment of cells results in histone hyperacetylation, and butyrate itself inhibits HDAC activity. Butyrate has been an essential vehicle for determining the role of Histone acetylation and deacetylation histone acetylation in chromatin structure and function. Inhibition of HDAC activity is estimated to affect the expression of only 2 of mammalian genes. ref cite journal journal J. Nutr. volume 133 issue 7 Suppl pages 2485S 2493S year 2003 title Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Activity by Butyrate author James R. Davie url http jn.nutrition.org cgi content full 133 7 2485S pmid 12840228 ref References reflist http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 21593570 Govindarajan N, Agis Balboa RC, Walter J, Sananbenesi F, Fischer A. Sodium Butyrate Improves Memory Function in an Alzheimer s Disease Mouse Model When Administered at an Advanced Stage of Disease Progression. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011 Category Butyrates Category Sodium compounds de Natriumbutyrat pt Butirato de s dio vi Natri butirat ... more details
enzyme Name butyrate kinase EC number 2.7.2.7 CAS number 37278 14 1 IUBMB EC number 2 7 2 7 GO code 0047761 image width caption In enzymology , a butyrate kinase EC number 2.7.2.7 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP butanoate math rightleftharpoons math ADP butanoyl phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and butanoate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and butanoyl phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with a carboxy group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP butanoate 1 phosphotransferase . This enzyme participates in butanoate metabolism . Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1SAZ and PDB link 1X9J . References reflist 1 cite journal author Hartmanis MG date 1987 title Butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 262 pages 617&ndash 21 pmid 3027059 issue 2 cite journal author Twarog R and Wolfe RS date 1962 title Enzymatic phosphorylation of butyrate journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 237 pages 2474&ndash 2477 pmid 13923331 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.2 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 396304025 Reference ref The Merck Index , 12th Edition, 1591 ref ImageFile Butyl butyrate2.svg ImageSize 200px IUPACName Butyl butanoate OtherNames Butyl butyrate, 1 Butyl butyrate, n Butyl butyrate, n Butyl n butyrate, Butanoic acid butyl ester, Butyric acid butyl ester, n Butyl butanoate, Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 7694 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 1BHV00T1M4 InChIKey XUPYJHCZDLZNFP UHFFFAOYAI StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C8H16O2 c1 3 5 7 10 8 9 6 4 2 h3 7H2,1 2H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XUPYJHCZDLZNFP UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 109 21 7 PubChem 7983 SMILES O C OCCCC CCC InChI 1 C8H16O2 c1 3 5 7 10 8 9 6 4 2 h3 7H2,1 2H3 RTECS ES8120000 Section2 Chembox Properties C 8 H 16 O 2 Appearance Density 0.8692 g cm sup 3 sup at 20 C MeltingPtC 91.5 BoilingPtC 165 Solubility insoluble Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt 49 C Autoignition NFPA H 1 NFPA F 2 NFPA R 0 NFPA O RPhrases R10 , R36 38 Butyl butyrate , or butyl butanoate, is an organic compound that is an ester formed by the condensation of butyric acid and n Butanol n butanol . It is a clear, colorless liquid that is insoluble in water, but miscible with ethanol and diethyl ether . Its refractive index is 1.406 at 20 C. where is the source for this? Aroma Like other volatile esters, butyl butyrate has a pleasant aroma. It is used in the flavor industry to create sweet fruity flavors that are similar to that of pineapple. where is the source for this? It occurs in many kinds of fruit including apple, banana, berries, pear, plum, and strawberry. where is the source for this? Safety It is a marine pollutant. ref name gov.usa http cameochemicals.noaa.gov chemical 10702 BUTYL BUTYRATE , at the site cameochemicals.noaa.gov ref It mildly irritates the eyes and skin. ref name gov.usa References reflist DEFAULTSORT Butyl Butyrate Category ... more details
enterprise cosmetics inci fragalfm.htm Use of methyl butyrate as an additive in perfume ref and as a food flavoring . Methyl butyrate has been used in combustion studies as a surrogate fuel for the larger ... 2004 00000005 00000004 art00002 Methyl butyrate as a component of biodiesel ref Dead link date January 2012 However, studies have shown that, due to its short chain length, methyl butyrate does not reproduce ... of real biodiesel fuels. Therefore, methyl butyrate is not a suitable surrogate fuel for biodiesel ... more details
Image Trimethyl steroid nomenclature.png thumb Steroid skeleton. Carbons 18 and above can be absent. Note locations of 17 and 21. Image Hydrocortisone 17 butyrate.png thumb hydrocortisone 17 butyrate Image Hydrocortisone 21 butyrate.png thumb hydrocortisone 21 butyrate Hydrocortisone butyrate is a corticosteroid that comes in one of the following forms hydrocortisone 17 butyrate PubChem 26133 hydrocortisone 21 butyrate PubChem 23144 See also Cortisol External links ATC D07 AB02 Corticosteroids Category Corticosteroids Category Butyrates ... more details
, ethyl butyrate is often also added to orange juice, as most associate its odor with that of fresh orange juice. Ethyl butyrate is one of the most common chemicals used in flavors and fragrances. It can ... Butyric acid Butyrate s Methyl butyrate References reflist External links http physchem.ox.ac.uk MSDS ... butyrate and octanal constituents of orange essence by polymeric adsorbents http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 16129526 Biosynthesis of ethyl butyrate using immobilized lipase a statistical ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 411018917 IUPAC name Ethyl 4 morpholin 4 yl 2,2 di phenyl butanoate image Spasmoxal.svg width 180 Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA legal UK legal US C legal status routes of administration Oral, Other ROA Unknown Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 467 86 7 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 48194 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII G751H98FY4 Chemical data C 22 H 27 N 1 O 3 molecular weight 353.45 g mol smiles CCOC O C CCN1CCOCC1 c1ccccc1 c1ccccc1 synonyms Amidalgon, Spasmoxal Dioxaphetyl butyrate International Nonproprietary Name INN trade names Amidalgon , Spasmoxal is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other open chain opioid drugs such as dextropropoxyphene , levacetylmethadol LAAM , lefetamine and dimenoxadol . It produces similar effects to other opioids, including Substance dependence dependence , euphoria , analgesia , sedation , constipation , dizziness and nausea . References Unreferenced date November 2009 references Category Synthetic opioids Category Morpholines Category Ethyl esters Category Mu opioid agonists analgesic stub sv Dioxafetylbutyrat ... more details
main ethyl butyrate Table of physical properties Unreferenced date April 2011 class wikitable Property Value Critical temperature T sub c sub 296 C 569 K Critical pressure p sub c sub 3.10 MPa 30.64 bar Critical density sub c sub 2.38 mol.l sup 1 sup Refractive index n at 20 C 1.390 1.394 Category Chemical data pages ... more details
enzyme Name butyrate acetoacetate CoA transferase EC number 2.8.3.9 CAS number 66231 37 6 IUBMB EC number 2 8 3 9 GO code 0047371 image width caption In enzymology , a butyrate acetoacetate CoA transferase EC number 2.8.3.9 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction butanoyl CoA acetoacetate math rightleftharpoons math butanoate acetoacetyl CoA Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are butanoyl CoA and acetoacetate , whereas its two product chemistry products are butanoate and acetoacetyl CoA . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically the CoA transferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is butanoyl CoA acetoacetate CoA transferase . Other names in common use include butyryl coenzyme A acetoacetate coenzyme A transferase , and butyryl CoA acetoacetate CoA transferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Barker HA, Jeng IM, Neff N, Robertson JM, Tam FK, Hosaka S date 1978 title Butyryl CoA acetoacetate CoA transferase from a lysine fermenting Clostridium journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 253 pages 1219&ndash 25 pmid 624727 issue 4 transferase stub Category EC 2.8.3 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name butyrate CoA ligase EC number 6.2.1.2 CAS number 9080 51 7 IUBMB EC number 6 2 1 2 GO code 0047760 image width caption In enzymology , a butyrate CoA ligase EC number 6.2.1.2 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP an acid CoA math rightleftharpoons math AMP diphosphate an acyl CoA The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , acid , and coenzyme A CoA , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP , diphosphate , and acyl CoA . This enzyme belongs to the family of ligase s, specifically those forming carbon sulfur bonds as acid thiol ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is butanoate CoA ligase AMP forming . Other names in common use include butyryl CoA synthetase , fatty acid thiokinase medium chain , acyl activating enzyme , fatty acid elongase , fatty acid activating enzyme , fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase , medium chain acyl CoA synthetase , butyryl coenzyme A synthetase , L 3 hydroxybutyryl CoA ligase , and short chain acyl CoA synthetase . This enzyme participates in butanoate metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author MAHLER HR, WAKIL SJ, BOCK RM date 1953 title Studies on fatty acid oxidation. I. Enzymatic activation of fatty acids journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 204 pages 453&ndash 68 pmid 13084616 issue 1 cite journal author Massaro EJ and Lennarz WJ date 1965 title The partial purification and characterization of a bacterial fatty acyl coenzyme A synthetase journal Biochemistry volume 4 pages 85&ndash 90 doi 10.1021 bi00877a015 pmid 14285249 cite journal author Websterlt JR, Gerowin LD and Rakita L date 1965 title Purification and characteristics of a butyryl coenzyme A synthetase from bovine heart mitochondria journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 240 pages 29&ndash 33 pmid 14253428 ligase stub Category EC 6.2.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 9 sub H sub 18 sub O sub 2 sub The molecular formula C sub 9 sub H sub 18 sub O sub 2 sub may refer to Ethyl heptanoate Nonanoic acid Pentyl butyrate Propyl hexanoate MolFormDisambig fr C9H18O2 ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 22 sub H sub 27 sub NO sub 3 sub The molecular formula C sub 22 sub H sub 27 sub NO sub 3 sub molar mass 353.45 g mol may refer to Dioxaphetyl Butyrate Oxpheneridine MolFormDisambig ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 5 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 2 sub The molecular formula C sub 5 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 2 sub molar mass 102.13 g mol may refer to tert Butyl formate tert Butyl formate Isopropyl acetate Isovaleric acid Methyl butyrate Pivalic acid Propyl acetate Valeric acid MolFormDisambig el C5H10O2 fr C5H10O2 ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 2 sub The molecular formula C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 2 sub may refer to Butyl acetate sec Butyl acetate sec Butyl acetate tert Butyl acetate tert Butyl acetate Diacetone alcohol Ethyl butyrate Hexanoic acid Isobutyl acetate Methyl pentanoate Propyl propanoate MolFormDisambig fr C6H12O2 ... more details
A Thiokinase is a ligase that synthesizes CoA Thioester s. They are classified under EC number 6.2, but often have primary names without thiokinase in the title. Types include Acetate CoA ligase ADP forming Butyrate CoA ligase Citrate CoA ligase Malate CoA ligase Succinate CoA ligase ADP forming Succinate CoA ligase GDP forming Ligases chemistry stub Category EC 6.2 ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 8 sub H sub 16 sub O sub 2 sub The molecular formula C sub 8 sub H sub 16 sub O sub 2 sub may refer to Butyl butyrate Caprylic acid Cyclohexanedimethanol 2 Ethylhexanoic acid Hexyl acetate Pentyl propanoate 2,2,4,4 Tetramethyl 1,3 cyclobutanediol Valproic acid molFormDisambig fr C8H16O2 sr C8H16O2 ... more details
pmc 206879 doi url ref A related enzyme, butyrate kinase , facilitates the formation of butyryl CoA by phosphorylating butyrate in the presence of ATP to form butyryl phosphate . ref name pmid8396545 ... of the genes encoding phosphotransbutyrylase and butyrate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIMB ... more details
ES5425000 Section4 Chembox Related OtherAnions butyrate Function carboxylic acid s OtherFunctn propionic ... acid br pentanoic acid OtherCpds 1 butanol butanol br butyraldehyde br methyl butyrate Butyric acid ... . Salts and esters of the acid are called butyrate s or butanoates. Butyric acid or fermentation butyric acid is also found as a hexyl ester hexyl butyrate in the oil of Heracleum giganteum a type of Heracleum plant hogweed and as the octyl ester octyl butyrate in parsnip Pastinaca sativa it has ... butyrate esters. Low molecular weight esters of butyric acid, such as methyl butyrate , have mostly ... Butyrate is produced as end product of a fermentation process solely performed by Obligate anaerobe ... of butyrate producing species of bacteria Clostridium acetobutylicum Clostridium butyricum Clostridium ... ATP and butyratebutyrate kinase ATP is produced, as can be seen, in the last step of the fermentation ... pathway, which starts as butyrate fermentation. Some of these species are Clostridium acetobutylicum ... Clostridium tetanomorphum Clostridium aurantibutyricum These bacteria begin with butyrate ... including butyrate, producing more SCFA than less fermentable fibers such as cellulose s. ref name ... Products Influence Colon Cancer Risk the Butyrate Controversy volume 134 issue 2 pages 479 82 journal ... starch consistently produces more butyrate than other types of dietary fiber . ref cite journal ... ref The production of SCFA from fibers in ruminant animals such as cattle is responsible for the butyrate ... pmid 1779073 ref Cancer and life span The role of butyrate changes differs between normal and cancerous cells. This is known as the butyrate paradox . Butyrate inhibits colonic ... first9 RJ title Butyrate Induced Transcriptional Changes in Human Colonic Mucosa volume 4 issue ... title Oncogenic Ras Promotes Butyrate induced Apoptosis through Inhibition of Gelsolin ... benefits of butyrate depend in part on amount, time of exposure with respect to the tumorigenic process ... more details
BHB may refer to Hancock County Bar Harbor Airport near Bar Harbor, Maine IATA Code BHB Endgame The Blueprint for Victory in the War on Terror beta Hydroxybutyric acid Beta hydroxy butyrate Ballas Hough Band , a band formed by professional ballroom dancers, Dancing with the Stars U.S. TV series Dancing with the Stars dancers Mark Ballas and Derek Hough . British Horseracing Board BHB album , the debut album of the band released under Hollywood Records . Disambig de BHB fr BHB it BHB ja BHB ... more details
protein Name acyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase, C 2 to C 3 short chain caption image width HGNCid 90 Symbol ACADS AltSymbols EntrezGene 35 OMIM 606885 RefSeq NM 000017 UniProt P16219 PDB ECnumber 1.3.99.2 Chromosome 12 Arm q Band 24.31 LocusSupplementaryData Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase is a flavoprotein . It acts upon butyryl coenzyme A . See also Butyric acid Butyrate fermentation Causes of hypoglycemia Metabolic Defects External links MeshName Butyryl CoA Dehydrogenase oxidoreductase stub CH CH oxidoreductases Flavoproteins ... more details
chain fatty acids acetate, propionate, butyrate . The gases are absorbed and excreted by breathing or through the anus. Fatty acids are rapidly metabolized. Thus butyrate, used mainly in the colonic ... more details
Fuel surrogates are mixtures of one or more simple fuels that are designed to emulate either the physical properties vapor pressure or combustion properties laminar flame speed of a more complex fuel. While surrogate mixtures can demonstrate more than one characteristic of the desired fuel, more often than not different components are required in order to emulate the wide variety of properties that are of interest to researchers. Jet fuel is an example of a fuel requiring a surrogate for experimental research and numerical modelling due to its complexity and high content variability from one batch to the next. ref cite journal last Eddings first E.G. coauthors Sarofim, A.F. title Formulation of a surrogate for the simulation of jet fuel pool fires journal Comb. Sci. Tech. volume 177, pages 715 739 year 2005 ref Neat Hydrocarbon Jet Fuel Surrogate Components dodecane decane methylcyclohexane toluene Gasoline Surrogate Components iso octane Diesel Surrogate Components Hexadecane Biodiesel Surrogate Components methyl butyrate methyl decanoate References Reflist Category fuels ... more details
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