Refimprove date December 2010 Merge from tcsh discuss Talk Cshell Proposing to merge with tcsh date May 2011 Infobox software name Cshell logo screenshot File TcshAndShScreenCapture.png 300px caption ... X engine platform size language status genre Unix Shell license BSD license website The Cshell csh ... csh tcsh book csh intro.pdf An Introduction to the Cshell by Bill Joy . ref The Cshell is a Command ... commands which cause actions. The Cshell can also read commands from a file, called a Shell script ... links to it as both csh and tcsh so that either name refers to the same improved version of the Cshell ... system, which is where the t came from. ref name Greer Cite newsgroup author Ken Greer title Cshell ... www.tcsh.org tcsh.html DESCRIPTION.html tcsh 1 man page ref with the original Cshell. And though it started ... The main design objectives for the Cshell were that it should look more like the C programming ... system had been written almost exclusively in C, so the Cshell s first objective was a command ... of parentheses and the Cshell s built in expression grammar and support for arrays were all strongly ... . This example illustrates the Cshell s more conventional Operator programming expression operators ... script uses command substitution and the expr command. The statement in Cshell is a pun it s the at sign ... and have the Cshell expand it internally into whatever set of words the user has defined. For many ... work and get out before doing anything else. A user couldn t simply open another window. The Cshell ... of the Cshell, called a job, by typing Control Z code Z code . The user could then switch back ... Path hashing speeds up the Cshell s search for executable files. Rather than doing filesystem calls ..., the Cshell consults an internal hash table built by scanning the path directories. That table can usually tell the Cshell where to find the file, if it exists, without having to search, and can be refreshed with the rehash command. Overview of the language The Cshell operates line at a time. Each ... more details
Infobox software name Hamilton Cshell logo screenshot File HamiltonCshellx64onWindows7.png 300px caption 64 bit Hamilton Cshell on a Windows 7 desktop. collapsible author Nicole Hamilton developer released ... website http www.hamiltonlabs.com cshell.htm Hamilton Cshell is a Clone computing clone of the Cshell Unix Cshell and Unix utilities utilities ref name EarlyQuickRef Early cite book title Hamilton Cshell Quick Reference publisher Hamilton Laboratories, Wayland, MA date Jul 10 1990 url http hamiltonlabs.com archives 1990 07 10 Hamilton Cshell Quick Reference.pdf accessdate Nov 22 2010 ref ref ... Nov 22 2010 ref ref name PCWeek cite journal last Sussman first Ann title Hamilton CShell Speeds ... hamiltonlabs.com archives Hamilton CShell Speeds Development of OS 2 Applications Ann Sussman PC Week ... A. title Hamilton Cshell Announcement journal IBM Personal Systems Developer issue Summer 1989 pages 119 121 url http hamiltonlabs.com archives Hamilton CShell Announcement Douglas A Hamilton ... last Richman first Scott title Examining the Hamilton CShell journal Dr. Dobb s Journal date Jan 1991 url http hamiltonlabs.com archives Examining the Hamilton CShell Scott Richman Dr Dobbs Journal ... The Hamilton Cshell journal MIPS Magazine issue Sep 1989 url http hamiltonlabs.com archives The Hamilton Cshell Kenneth G Goutal MIPS Magazine Sep 1989.pdf accessdate Nov 22 2010 ref ref name ..., Doug title Looking for CShell on NT date Jul 27 1995 newsgroup comp.os.ms windows.nt.misc id hamilton.806823765 ... CShell 2009 The Missing Shell for Windows date Sep 29 2009 url http www.rwoliver2.com 2009 09 19 hamilton cshell 2009 the missing shell for windows accessdate Oct 2 2011 ref Design Hamilton Cshell differs from the Unix Cshell in several respects, its compiler architecture, its use of Thread ... MIPS ref name BYTE Compiler File Hamilton Cshell and Cygwin bash recursion.png thumb 300px right Hamilton Cshell and Cygwin Bash Unix shell bash on Windows 7 , showing the use of recursion for factoring ... more details
wiktionarypar shellShell may refer to TOCright Nature Seashell , a hard outer layer of a marine animal, found on beaches Exoskeleton , an external covering of some animals Mollusc shell Gastropod shell Turtle shell Eggshell Business Royal Dutch Shell , a multinational oil and gas company Shell Oil Company , the U.S. based subsidiary Shell Canada Shell Nigeria Shell corporation , a company which serves as a vehicle for business transactions Entertainment Shell theater , a curved surface for reflecting sound The Shells , a musical group Shells Angel Shells Angel , a TV episode Places Shell, Ecuador Shell, California , United States Shell, Wyoming , United States People Art Shell born 1946 , American football player and coach Donald Shell born 1924 , American computer scientist Karl Shell born 1938 , American economist Weaponry Shell projectile , an explosive device fired from artillery Shotgun shell , a type of shotgun ammunition Other uses Shell computing , a type of user interface Shell machinery , each half of a two piece plain bearing Electron shell Racing shell , a watercraft Shell account , a user account on a remote server Shell element, a component of the thin shell structure construction method A ring like List of algebraic structures algebraic structure See also Shell sort , a sorting algorithm On shell and off shell , a concept in quantum field theory lookfrom intitle disambig cs Shell de Shell el es Shell eo elo eu Shell fa fr Shell hr Ljuska io Shelo it Shell he hu Shell egy rtelm s t lap nl Shell ja ka pl Muszla ujednoznacznienie pt Shell desambigua o ro Shell ru simple Shell sr sv Skal zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox musical artist name The Shell image The Shell.jpg caption The Shell in 2008, from left to right Michael Fromenwiler, Sacha Leuenberger, Christoph Schorro, Patrice Lambeau image size 250 landscape yes background group or band origin St. Gallen , Switzerland . genre Alternative rock , Indie rock . years active 1996 present website http www.theshell.de current members Michael Fromenwiler br Sacha Leunberger br Christoph Schorro br Patrice Lambeau past members Roger Cadalbert br Raphael Cernelc br Christian Riesen The Shell is an alternative rock band from St. Gallen , Switzerland . They currently comprise of Patrice Lambeau vocals, rhythm guitar , Michael Frommenwiler bass , Sacha Leuenberger lead guitar and Christoph Schorro drums . The band was formed by childhood friends Lambeau and Fromenwiler in 1996 and have since gone on to enjoy success in their native Switzerland and throughout Europe. ref http www.myspace.com theshellworld MySpace.com The Shell berlin, santiago di gallo Indie Alternative Rock www.myspace.com theshellworld Bot generated title ref History Early years 1996 2004 Lambeau and Fromenwiler formed The Shell in spring 1996. After an unsuccessful search for band members in St. Gallen they moved to San Francisco in 1998 where they played a series of live shows with a local drummer. Upon returning to Switzerland they joined with drummer Roger Cadalbert and guitarist Raphael Cernelc before moving to London in 2000 where for six months they played a series of shows and worked on new material. br In February 2001 the band recorded their first demo CD in Stuttgart , Germany which was supported by shows at Rock am See, the Montreux Jazz ... 2004 2006 After winning a national contest for new bands in Zurich The Shell signed to Universal ... enjoyed rotation on Swiss music TV. By the end of 2004 The Shell had received a best newcomer award ... Label Management DEFAULTSORT Shell Category Swiss alternative rock groups Category Swiss ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In physics , particularly in quantum field theory , configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on shell , and those that do not are called off shell . For instance, in classical mechanics in the action physics action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler Lagrange equation s are on shell equations i.e., they do not hold off shell . Noether s theorem is also another on shell theorem. Mass shell The term comes from the phrase mass shell , which is a synonym for mass hyperboloid , meaning the hyperboloid in energy momentum space describing the solutions to the equation math E 2 vec p , 2 c 2 m 2 c 4 math describing combinations of energy E and momentum p allowed by classical special relativity for a particle of mass m where math c math is the speed of light . The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four momentum , in Einstein notation and units where c 1, as math p mu p mu m 2 math or simply as math p 2 m 2 math . Virtual particles corresponding to internal propagator s in a Feynman diagram are in general allowed to be off shell, but the amplitude for the process will diminish depending on how far off shell they are the propagator typically has mathematical singularity singularities on the mass shell. When speaking of the propagator, negative values for E that satisfy the equation are thought of as being on shell, though the classical theory does not allow negative values for the energy of a particle. This is because the propagator incorporates into one expression the cases in which the particle carries energy in one direction, and in which its antiparticle carries energy in the other direction negative and positive on shell E then simply represent opposing flows of positive energy. DEFAULTSORT On Shell And Off Shell Category Quantum field theory fa ko it Soluzione on shell ed off shell ... more details
have been the Bourne shell and the Cshell . The Bourne shell, sh, was written by Stephen Bourne ... Peter Grandi, Dept of CS, UCW Aberystwyth, UK, Dec 17, 1989. ref The Cshell , csh, was written ... the control structures and the expression grammar, was modeled on C. The Cshell also introduced a large number of features for interactive work, including the Cshell History history and Cshell Editing operators editing mechanisms, Cshell Aliases aliases , Cshell Directory stack directory stacks , Cshell Tilde notation tilde notation , Cshell Cdpath cdpath , Cshell Job control job control and Cshell Path hashing path hashing . Both shells have been used as coding base and model for many ... by its characteristic default command line prompt character, the dollar sign . Cshell Main Cshell The Cshell was developed by Bill Joy for the Berkeley Software Distribution, a line of Unix operating ... derived from the 6th Edition Unix shell Thompson shell . Its syntax is modeled after the C programming ... and operating system control. Cshell has many interactive commands. Shell categories Bourne ... 2009 Busybox Tiny utilities for small and embedded systems, include a shell. Cshell compatible Cshell csh Written by Bill Joy , while at the University of California, Berkeley . First distributed ... to Unix and Linux . ref TENEX Cshell tcsh Hamilton Cshell Written by Nicole Hamilton, first distributed ... Cshell for Windows Release Notes 4.0 , retrieved June 19, 2010. ref Others or exotic es shell ...No footnotes date September 2009 File TcshAndShScreenCapture.png thumb 300px right tcsh and sh shell windows on a Mac OS X desktop. A Unix shell is a command line interpreter or shell computing shell that provides ... shell means any program that users employ to type commands. A shell hides the details of the underlying operating system with the shell interface and manages the technical details of the operating ... line interpreters for interactive sessions. When a user log in logs in to the system, a shell ... more details
Unix Bourne shell syntax. Moreover although the v7 shell is written in C programming language C ... An Introduction to the Cshell by Bill Joy . ref ref cite web last Bezroukov first Nikolai title Introduction ... giants introduction.shtml accessdate September 29, 2010 ref for its shortcomings compared to the Cshell . The Bourne shell was not as User friendly friendly for interactive use. Cshell offered Cshell History history , Cshell Aliases aliases , Cshell Job control job control and other features that made ... language C , the Bourne shell s Formal grammar grammar looked nothing like C it looked like ALGOL ... shell and the Cshell . Its syntax was chiefly drawn from the Bourne shell, while its job control Unix job control features resembled those of the Cshell. The functionality of the original Korn ... systems, although historically BSD based systems had many scripts written in Cshell csh . Bourne shell ... src cmd sh Actual C source code for the Bourne shell using mac.h macros http steve parker.org sh ...Refimprove date January 2008 Infobox software name Bourne shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible ... size language status genre Unix shell website license under discussion inline License The Bourne shell tt sh tt , was the default Unix shell of Version 7 Unix Unix Version 7 . Most Unix like systems continue to have bin sh which will be the Bourne shell, or a symbolic link or hard link to a compatible shell even when other shells are used by most users. Developed by Stephen Bourne at AT&T Bell Laboratories , it was a replacement for the Thompson shell , whose executable file had the same ... the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form. Origins The shell was designed as a replacement for the Mashey shell . Among the primary goals were ref http www.computerworld.com.au article 279011 z programming languages bourne shell sh The A Z of Programming Languages Bourne shell, or sh March 2009, Computerworld ref To allow shell script s to be used as filters. To provide programmability ... more details
Infobox software name Almquist shell logo screenshot caption developer latest release version latest release date programming language C programming language C operating system Cross platform platform Cross platform language English, multilingual gettext status Active genre Unix shell source model Open source license website URL http www.in ulm.de mascheck various ash The Almquist shell also known as A Shell , ash and sh was originally Kenneth Almquist s clone of the SVR4 variant of the Bourne shell it is a fast, small, POSIX compatible Unix shell designed to replace the Bourne shell in later BSD ... shell tt bin sh tt on FreeBSD , NetBSD , DragonFly BSD and Minix . ash is also fairly popular ... in this area. Debian s version of ash is known as Debian Almquist shell Debian Almquist Shell dash . Some Linux distribution s also use Debian Almquist shell a derivative of ash as the default shell, although Bash Unix shell Bash Bourne Again Shell is more popular. Debian and Ubuntu operating system Ubuntu Symbolic link symlink tt bin sh tt to the dash shell for faster Shell script script execution, but keeps Bash as the default login shell. History ash was first released via a posting to the code ... on May 30, 1989. It was described as a reimplementation of the System V shell with most features of that shell, plus some additions. ref Cite web title v19i001 A reimplementation of the System V shell ... ash Kenneth Almquist s ash shell blockquote A lightweight 92K Bourne compatible shell. Great for machines with low memory, but does not provide all the extras of shells like Bash Unix shell bash , tcsh , and zsh . Runs most shell scripts compatible with the Bourne shell. Note that under Linux ... exception, since ash is the shell used on the install disks. NetBSD and Ubuntu uses ash as its ... Shell Scripting From Novice to Professional author Peter Seebach publisher Apress year 2008 isbn ... Category Unix shells Category Cross platform software el Almquist fr Almquist shell ja Almquist ... more details
one source date November 2011 The PWB shell also known as the Mashey shell was an early Unix shell . ref name Mashey1976 10 13 cite paper url title Using a Command Language as a High Level Programming ... shell with additional features to increase usability for programming, and was maintained ... features Although it was soon superseded by the Bourne shell , several features introduced in the PWB shell remain in many later shells. The if and goto commands were made internal to the shell, and extended ... their own sets of shared commands. In addition, the shell s command searching was enhanced to allow shell procedures to be invoked like binary commands, i.e., if the shell found a non binary file marked executable, it would fork another shell instance to read that file as a shell script. Thus people ... in the same way as the shell. The character Sigil computer programming sigil , used previously for identifying arguments to a shell script , became the marker for dereferencing a variable, and could ... These features could not overcome the shortcomings of the Thompson shell, and so a new shell was written from scratch by Stephen Bourne . This Bourne shell was incompatible with the Thompson and PWB shells, but included equivalents of most of the PWB shell s features, but done from scratch ... shell as the standard shell in Version 7 Unix, use of the PWB shell was phased out, although for a while, there was an internal Bell Labs course called Bourne Shell Programming for Mashey Shell Programmers . The Cshell , developed before the public release of the Bourne shell, also inherited some of the features of the PWB shell. Citation needed date April 2010 See also Comparison of computer ... Bourne Shell Family History and Development Sven Mascheck http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne PWB Manual page for the PWB shell , 31 May 1977 http groups.google.cl group net.unix wizards msg 742dc733194063e0?dmode source Article by Mashey on the PWB shell s development and influence Unix Shells Category ... more details
Infobox software name Thompson shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible author Ken Thompson ... platform size language status genre license Unix shell website The Thompson shell was the first Unix shell , introduced in the first version of Unix in 1971, and was written by Ken Thompson computer ... line interface and led to the development of the later Unix shells. History The name shell for a command line interpreter and the concept of making the shell a user program outside of the operating ... of the Thompson shell was a compact syntax for input output redirection. In Multics, redirecting ... for input or the > symbol for output, and the shell would redirect I O for the duration of the command ... exactly the same result as command1 command2 The Thompson shell syntax for redirection with < ... and replacements The shell s design was intentionally minimalistic even the if and goto statements ... shell was inadequate for most serious programming tasks. At this time, the developers of the Programmer s Workbench UNIX distribution, most notably John Mashey , began modifying the Thompson shell ... shell or the Mashey shell, included more advanced flow control mechanisms and introduced shell variables, but remained limited by the necessity to remain compatible with the Thompson shell. Finally, the Thompson shell was replaced as the main Unix shell by the Bourne shell in Unix Version 7 and the Cshell in Berkeley Software Distribution PDP 11 beginnings 2BSD , both released in 1979. Since virtually all modern Unix and Unix like systems are descended from V7 and 2BSD, the Thompson shell is generally ... 1st 1 sh Manual page for the Thompson shell in Unix 1st Edition . http cm.bell labs.com cm cs who dmr hist.html The Evolution of the Unix Time Sharing System describes the early development of the shell http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne index.html origins Origins of the Bourne shell manual pages ... Sixth Edition Thompson Shell Port the Thompson shell and its associated utilities ported to modern ... more details
Shell Lake can refer to Shell Lake, Saskatchewan Shell Lake, Wisconsin Shell Lake Township, Minnesota Shell Lake murders Shell Lake Municipal Airport Shell Lake No. 495, Saskatchewan Inuvik Shell Lake Water Aerodrome Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge disambig de Shell Lake ... more details
Shell Point can refer to Shell Point, Sinaloa Shell Point, Florida Shell Point, South Carolina geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages vo Shell Point ... more details
a Korn and Cshell as well as Perl capable of command line use. Unix shells are also available ...split Operating system shell Command line interface date March 2012 discuss talk Shell computing Shell computing or operating system shell ? refimprove date June 2010 A shell is a piece of software that provides ... browsers and email clients that are shells for HTML Layout engine rendering engines . The name shell ... purpose of the shell is to invoke or launch another program however, shells frequently have additional ... of the above data. In expert system s, a shell is a piece of software that is an empty expert ... Unix shell , Ken Thompson s sh , ref name v6hist http v6shell.org history ref was modeled after the Multics shell, ref http www.multicians.org unix.html ref itself modeled after the RUNCOM ref http ... languages can be used interactively from an operating system shell or in a purpose built programmer ... discuss talk Shell computing Shell computing or operating system shell ? Unix shells Main Unix shell Notable historic or popular Unix shell s include Bourne shell sh Almquist shell ash Debian Almquist shell dash Bash Unix shell Bourne Again shell bash Korn shell ksh Z shell zsh Cshell csh TENEX Cshell tcsh Hamilton Cshell EMACS shell eshell friendly interactive shell fish rc shell rc shell for Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Unix scsh Scheme Shell Stand alone Shell sash BeanShell Rhino JavaScript engine Rhino Shell Rhino Remote shell rsh a remote shell available on many systems, can also mean Restricted shell on some systems psh a Perl based general purpose shell available in some cases. sqsh a shell available with some SQL implementations for database queries and other tasks. Several of the above ... shell, DCL dn date September 2011 being available for DOS, Windows, OS 2, and Unix type systems in various ... like a separate OS that runs over Windows XP . CANDE CANDE MCS command line shell and text editor on the MCP ... of CP M cmd.exe CMD.exe is the name of the main shell for OS 2 , Windows CE and Windows NT based ... more details
Infobox Film name Shell 43 image writer C. Gardner Sullivan starring H.B. Warner br Enid Markey br John Gilbert actor John Gilbert producer Thomas H. Ince director Reginald Barker distributor Kay Bee Pictures country FilmUS released Film date 1916 08 13 United States runtime 50 mins. language Silent film br English language English intertitles budget Shell 43 is a 1916 American war film written by C. Gardner Sullivan and starring H.B. Warner and Enid Markey . Plot An English spy played by H.B. Warner works behind German lines during World War I . He saves the life of a German officer and is killed in a German trench by an Allied shell. ref http www.silentera.com PSFL data S ShellFortyThree1916.html Shell 43 at silentera.com ref References reflist External links imdb title 0007334 amg movie id shell 43 Category 1916 films Category 1910s drama films Category American war films Category American silent feature films Category Black and white films Category War drama films Silent drama film stub it Shell 43 ... more details
Shell River may refer to Rivers Shell River Manitoba Shell River Minnesota Shell River Saskatchewan Musselshell River , Montana, also known as Shell River Places Shell River, Manitoba Shell River Township, Minnesota geodis de Shell River ... more details
Zealand A bivalve shell is part of the body, the exoskeleton or shell, of a Bivalvia bivalve mollusk . In life, the shell of this class of mollusks is composed of two parts, two Valve mollusc valves ... for muscle attachment, but also for protection from predators and from mechanical damage. The shell ... for commercial sale the international shell trade , occasionally to the detriment of the local ecology. Shell anatomy, structure and composition Image Valve InternalView.png thumb left Diagram of the internal shell structure of the left valve of bivalve resembling a Veneridae venerid Image Valve ... SpondylusPliocene.jpg thumb left Paired Valve mollusc valves of a fossil Spondylus shell a thorny ... The bivalve shell is composed of two calcareous valves. The Mantle mollusc mantle , a thin Biological membrane membrane surrounding the body, secretes the shell valves, ligament and Hinge tooth hinge ... itself is attached to the shell by numerous small mantle retractor muscles, which are arranged in a narrow line along the length of the interior of the shell. The position of this line is often quite clearly visible on the inside of each valve of a bivalve shell, as a shiny line, the pallial line ... allow the bivalve to close the shell tightly. In some bivalves the mantle edges fuse to form siphon ... usually have long siphons, and when the bivalve needs to close its shell, these siphons retract into a pocket ... is clearly indicated on the interior of the shell surface as a pallial sinus , an indentation in the pallial line. The valves of the shell are made of either calcite as with, e.g. oysters or both calcite ... which have this layer in the form of nacre or mother of pearl . The outermost layer of the shell ... or brownish skin on the outside of the shell. ref http paleo.cortland.edu tutorial Bivalves bivalvia.htm The shell of bivalve molluscs in ref The periostracum may start to peel off of a shell when it is allowed to dry out for long periods. The shell is added to, and increases in size, in two ways ... more details
with three C source code files, rather than manually running the four commands required to build the final program from them, one could instead create a Cshell script, here named tt build tt and kept ... in Windows PowerShell shell Windows PowerShell Scripting A shell script is a Scripting language script written for the Shell computing shell , or command line interpreter , of an operating system . The shell is often considered a simple domain specific programming language . ref Citation last ... The UNIX Programming Environment publisher Prentice Hall, Inc. year 1984 chapter 3. Using the Shell page 94 quote The shell is actually a programming language it has variables, loops, decision making, and so on. isbn 0 13 937699 2 ref Typical operations performed by shell scripts include file manipulation, program execution, and printing text. Many shell script interpreters double as command ... language s primarily intended for shell scripting include DIGITAL Command Language DCL and Job Control Language JCL . Capabilities Shortcuts In its most basic form, a shell script can provide ... lang bash bin sh LC COLLATE C ls FCas source Here, Shebang Unix the first line Shebang indicates ... LC COLLATE C tt sets the default collation order to not fold upper and lower case together, and the tt ... to simply use tt l tt for the most commonly used short listing. Another example of a shell script ... directory. source lang bash bin sh clear ls l a source In this case, the shell script would start ... could be changed to reflect the needs of the user. Batch job s Shell scripts allow several commands ...... cc c foo.c cc c bar.c cc c qux.c cc o myprog foo.o bar.o qux.o echo done. source The script ... shell loops, tests, and variables provides much more flexibility to users. A Bash Unix shell ... directory full of JPEG images with just tt jpg2png .jpg tt Verisimilitude A key feature of shell .... So rather than a user s shell only being able to execute scripts in that shell s language, or a script ... more details
Petricola pholadiformis . A bivalve shell is composed of two hinged valves which are joined by a ligament. File Arianta arbustorum Braunau 1968.jpg thumb Four views of a shell of the land snail Arianta arbustorum The mollusc or mollusk ref group spelling Often spelled mollusk shell in the USA the spelling mollusc is preferred by bruscabrusca ref shell is typically a calcareous exoskeleton which encloses ... s, clam s, tusk shell s, and several other classes. Not all shelled molluscs live in the sea, many live on the land and in freshwater. The ancestral mollusc is thought to have had a shell, but this has ... engrailed expression, serial organization, and shell evolution . Evolution & Development 2 340. ref Today, over 100,000 living species bear a shell there is some dispute as to whether these shell bearing molluscs form a monophyletic group conchifera or whether shell less molluscs are interleaved into their family ... a surprising degree of variation in the exact shape, pattern, ornamentation, and color of the shell ... is the largest extant species of bivalve. The mantle is visible between the open valves A mollusc shell ... color of the shell. When the animal encounters harsh conditions that limit its food supply, or otherwise cause it to become dormant for a while, the mantle often ceases to produce the shell substance ... source date February 2010 The mantle edge secretes a shell which has two components. The organic ... others just express one, suggesting that the role of chitin in the shell framework is highly ... where appropriate. ref name Marin2005 cite doi 10.1016 j.msec.2005.01.003 ref The shell formation requires certain biological machinery. The shell is deposited within a small compartment, the extrapallial ... around the rim of the shell, where growth occurs. This caps of the extrapallial space, which is bounded on its other surfaces by the existing shell and the mantle. ref name Marin2004 rp 475 The periostracum ... Sch2010 cite journal author Scheltema, A author2 Schander, C journal Acta Zoologica Stockholm year ... more details
Shell Island may refer to Shell Island Wales Shell Islets Tasmania geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages de Shell Island ... more details
Shell Building may refer to Shell Building San Francisco , California Shell Building St Louis , Missouri One Shell Square , New Orleans, Louisiana disambig ... more details
. Biography Tukiha Maza Iron Shell was born c. 1820. Iron Shell was the son of Sicangu Chief Bull Tail ...orphan date October 2009 Infobox American Indian chief name Iron Shell image Ironshell.jpg image size caption Iron Shell 1900 tribe Brul Sioux lead birth date 1816 birth place death date 1896 death place predecessor successor native name Tukiha Maza nicknames known for death cause resting place rp coordinates religion party education spouse partner children parents Sicangu Chief Bull Tail relations signature footnotes Iron Shell 1816 1896 was a Brul Sioux chief. He initially became prominent after an 1843 raid on the Pawnee people Pawnee , and became sub chief of the Brul under Little Thunder . ref Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux, and Waggoner, Josephine 1998 . With My Own Eyes A Lakota Woman Tells Her People s History , p. 154. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803261640. ref He became chief of the Brul Orphan Band during the Powder River War of 1866 1868. He signed the Treaty of 1868, and lived ... a raid on the Pawnee people Pawnee by the Brul in 1843, Iron Shell received recognition for his actions. Thirteen years later, at Fort Pierre , under Little Thunder, Iron Shell was made a sub chief of the Brules. Iron Shell became chief of the Brul s Orphan Band during the Powder River War of 1866 ... day Lewellen, Nebraska , Chief Iron Shell was there and fought against Harney s troops. Two of Iron Shell s wives were captured that day, though Iron Shell escaped. That confrontation constituted ... frontcover v onepage&q&f false Rosebud Sioux , p. 49. Arcadia Publishing. ref Chief Iron Shell led many attacks against the Omaha and Pawnee. On September 4, 1867, Chief Iron Shell and 180 of his followers ... Dakota . Notes Reflist References http www.axel jacob.de leaders10.html shell Iron Shell , from Axel ... Persondata . NAME Iron Shell ALTERNATIVE NAMES Tukiha Maza SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1816 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1896 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Iron Shell Category Native American people ... more details
Image Achernar.jpg right 200px thumb Depiction of Achernar , the brightest shell star as seen from Earth A shell star , also termed Gamma Cassiopeiae variable GCAS ref ftp cdsarc.u strasbg.fr pub cats ... irregular variations in their luminosity due to the outflow of matter. The shell stars are fast rotators, giving a partial explanation on the mechanism, but shell stars are still considered enigmatic. Shell stars belong to stellar classification spectral types O7.5 to F5, but their spectra ... of shell stars are hard to interpret, since normal spectral features are overlaid with variable ... Shell stars are subdivided in four categories ref cite web url http articles.adsabs.harvard.edu cgi ... and A F type shell stars, page 80 author Slettebak, A. year 1982 accessdate 18 Jan, 2009 ref early ... B7 to B9.5, and A F shell stars ranging from A0 to F5. The spectrum is variable in the long term, and the early type shell stars may switch from and to exhibiting a Be type spectrum or an ordinary B spectrum. All shell stars exhibit broadened emission instead of absorption lines in spectrum for the counterparting non shell star type, so that B shell stars show emission of the Balmer series Balmer ... I and usually Iron Fe II emission, the later shell stars exhibits Calcium H and K lines Ca II and Titanium Ti II emission. It is believed that the shell stars belong to somewhere in the range of main ... broadening caused by the rotation. Examples The prototype shell star is Gamma Cassiopeiae , while the brightest example is Achernar . A certain peculiar shell star is HR 2309 a sharp lined shell ... Scanner observations of shell stars Phi Persei and Psi Persei author Tur, N. S. Goraya, P. S. journal ... abs 1996MNRAS.280L..31P title On the rotational velocities of Be and Be shell stars author Porter .....13Q title Maximum entropy maps of the Be shell star zeta Tauri from optical long baseline interferometry author Quirrenbach, A. Buscher, D. F. Mozurkewich, D. Hummel, C. A. Armstrong, J. T. year 1994 ... more details
BCE to 1000 BCE , but shell rings were also constructed during the Woodland period Woodland c. 1000 ... site Puerto Hormiga shell ring c. 3000 BCE to 2500 BCE has been described in the archaeological ...Shell rings are archaeological site s with curved shell midden s completely or partially surrounding ... , usually oysters . Shell rings have been reported in several countries, including Colombia ... and use of shell rings. Across what is now the southeastern United States, starting around 4000 BCE, people exploited wetland resources, creating large shell middens. Middens developed along rivers, but there is limited ... exploitation of oysters appears. During the period 3000 BCE to 1000 BCE shell rings, large shell middens .... These shell rings are numerous in South Carolina and Georgia U.S. state Georgia , but are also found scattered around the Florida peninsula. Some sites also have sand or sand and shell mound s associated with shell rings. Sites such as Horr s Island archaeological site Horr s Island , in southwest Florida , supported sizable mound building communities year round. Four shell and or sand mounds ... have debated whether the shell rings resulted from the simple accumulation of middens in conjunction ... the plausibility that the shell rings were also monumental architecture. Excavations of the Fig ..., 85, 91, 101 ref Archaeological sites See also List of shell ring sites Sites in Colombia, Peru, and Japan, as well as in the southeastern United States, have been identified as shell rings. Residents of and visitors to the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia had long noticed circular shell mounds on some of the islands. The first written accounts of shell rings in South Carolina and Georgia appeared early in the 19th century. Archaeologists surveyed some shell rings near the end of the 19th century, but the first reported scientific excavation of a shell ring in the United States did not occur until 1933. Scientific excavation of shell mounds in Japan began in the 1920s. ref cite journal ... more details
J. C 1995 The relationship between position on shore and shell ornamentation in 2 size dependent ...File Arianta arbustorum Braunau 1968.jpg thumb Four views of a shell of Arianta arbustorum Apertural ... . File Czescimuszli shells.jpg thumb The shell of a large land snail probably Helix pomatia with parts ... suture br 6 Whorl mollusc whorl br 7 Apex mollusc apex The gastropod shell is a mollusc shellshell ... shell is an external skeleton or exoskeleton , which serves not only for muscle attachment, but also ... and in intertidal marine snails, the shell is also an essential protection against the sun, and against ... and left handed individuals. The gastropod shell has several layers, and is typically made of calcium carbonate precipitated out into an organic matrix known as conchiolin . The shell is secreted by a part of the molluscan body known as the Mantle mollusc mantle . Some gastropods are shell less slug s , but the majority of gastropods do have a shell. In almost every case the shell consists of one ... of limpet s, have simple cone shaped shells as adults. The study of mollusc shell s, including ... shell of Neptunea angulata , on the right is the normally dextral right handed shell of Neptunea ... sought after by some Conchology shell collector s. If a coiled gastropod shell is held with the spire pointing upwards and the aperture more or less facing the observer, a dextral shell will have the aperture on the right hand side, and a sinistral shell will have the aperture on the left hand side .... ref name Laidlaw 1961 Formation of the shell Main mantle mollusc mollusc shell nacre Morphology File Zonitoides nitidus drawing en.svg left thumb 650px Morphology of typical spirally coiled shell. The shell ... whorls and apex br Central image Lateral view showing the profile of the shell br Lower image Basal view showing umbilicus in the centre. File Zonitoides nitidus shell.jpg thumb Photo of the shell of Zonitoides nitidus with an apical view, an apertural view and a basal view Gastropod shell morphology ... more details
Image OS 2 W4.png right thumb The OS 2 Warp 4 desktop The Workplace Shell WPS is a object oriented desktop shell produced by IBM s Boca Raton development lab for OS 2 2.0. It is based on Common User Access and made a radical shift away from the Program Manager type interface that earlier versions of OS 2 shared with Windows 3.1x Windows 3.x or the application oriented WIMP computing WIMP interface of the Apple Macintosh . The Workplace Shell was also used in OS 2 Warp 3 and Warp 4, and is still the user interface of the revamped successor to OS 2 called eComStation of Serenity Inc. Although mostly written in C programming language C , under the covers the Workplace Shell is implemented as an object oriented class library, basing on the System Object Model SOM . The WPS classes are glued together with an interface definition language IDL . SOM and its IDL was developed by IBM in their Austin, Texas lab. The classes can easily be manipulated by sending simple settings strings like KEYWORD VALUE to them both via a C and a Rexx API . When implementing a new WPS class, it is derived from an existing class from within the WPS class hierarchy. For modifying, extending or removing certain functionality ... class implemented by it is registered with the Workplace Shell and an instance of this class is created, it can be acted on by the user or other programs as every other Workplace Shell object. A part ... Reflist External links A well known free and open source Workplace Shell extension package named http ... Workplace Shell Toolkit eases common programming tasks when creating WPS classes, as well ... Workplace Shell for Windows is a freeware clone of the WPS made for Windows unofficially by IBM employees. http ftp.gaby.de pub win3x wpsfw151.zip Download Workplace Shell for Windows http www.os2ezine.com ... forums thread.jspa?threadID 180049 Download Workplace Shell for Windows 2.0 Source Code Category OS 2 Workplace Shell de Workplace Shell nl Workplace Shell ja ... more details
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