iodide . The term calotype comes from the Greek language Greek lang el kalos for beautiful , and lang el Tupos for impression . The calotype process Talbot made his first successful ... developed into a fully visible image. This major improvement was introduced to the public as the calotype or talbotype process in 1841. The light sensitive silver halide in calotype paper was silver ..., the calotype was rinsed, blotted, then either stabilized by washing it in a solution of potassium ... of the developed image and making the calotype completely insensitive to light. The calotype process ... only be duplicated by copying it with a camera. Although calotype paper could be used to make positive prints from calotype negatives, Talbot s earlier silver chloride paper, commonly called salted paper ... when making a contact print by sunlight. Calotype negatives were often impregnated with wax to improve ... Smithsonian Institution Press isbn 1 56098 159 8 ref . In addition, the calotype produced a less ... Benham, 1977 . Baxter, W. R. The Calotype familiarly explained , Photography including the Daguerreotype, Calotype & Chrysotype London H. Renshaw, 1842, 2nd edition . Buckland, G. Fox Talbot & the invention ... links http www.rleggat.com photohistory history calotype.htm Calotype History of Photography http www.flickr.com groups 1384661 N22 The Calotype Society flickr group photography subject Category Photographic ... ca Calotip cs Kalotypie de Talbotypie et Kalot pia es Calotipo fr Calotype gl Calotipo it Calotipia ... more details
Calotype Club may refer to Edinburgh Calotype Club , c. 1843 , the first photographic club in the world. Calotype Club London , 1853 , which became the Royal Photographic Society. disambig ... more details
Orphan date December 2009 The Edinburgh Calotype Club c.1843 was the first photographic club in the world. List of prominent members John Adamson 1810 1870 , doctor and chemist in St. Andrews David Brewster 1781 1868 , Scottish physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, and writer Cosmo Innes 1798 1874 , Scottish historian and antiquary James Francis Montgomery 1818 1897 , advocate and cleric Mark Napier historian Mark Napier 1798 1879 , historian Hugh Lyon Playfair 1786 1861 , Provost of St. Andrews William Fox Talbot 1800 1877 , British inventor and pioneer of photography External links http www.nls.uk pencilsoflight history.htm Club records in the National Library of Scotland Scotland org stub photo stub Category Organisations based in Edinburgh ... more details
work was published by Monmouth Calotype. The new 1989 edition was exhibited in 1999 at the Fox ... realised. The Monmouth Calotype edition contains twenty four gold toned silver salt paper prints ... in 1989 by Monmouth Calotype in an edition of 50 copies. References references Category 1989 ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 Paper texture effects in calotype photography limit the ability of this early process to record low contrast details and textures. A calotype is a photographic negative produced on uncoated paper. See Paper negative . An important feature is that a relatively short exposure in a camera produces a latent image that is subsequently made visible by development. Then positive images for viewing are obtained by contact printing . This technique was in use principally from 1840 into the 1850s, when it was displaced by photography on glass. Skilled photographers were able to achieve dramatic results with the calotype process, and the reason for its eclipse may not be evident from viewing reproductions of early work. Background Practical photography plausibly dates from the announcement of the Daguerreotype in 1839. ref Beaumont Newhall, Latent Image , Chapter 1, Anchor Books ... discovered what he called the calotype process for making photographic negatives on writing paper with the relatively .... 9 and 13. ref The chemical operations used to make a calotype were not difficult to perform, and relatively few specialized supplies were required. ref Richard Morris, Chapter 2 Calotype Negatives. In Coming ... be done with the calotype process. This texture can be seen by holding a piece of copier paper up to the light ..., calotype photographs can show bold outlines and high contrast details clearly, but low contrast ... such as those produced by plants growing in close proximity or pebbles in a streambed. Early calotype .... 33, Science Museum, London, copyright 1990. ref Information given in various works where calotype ... Barnier, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, copyright 2000. ref Image Rocky hillside calotype 110109.JPG thumb alt Boulders on a desert hillside. A contact print from a calotype paper negative. The original ... the calotype process could sometimes produce attractive results but was found to be generally unsatisfactory ... Paper Texture Effects In Calotype Photography ... more details
refimprove date October 2008 File Edinburgh Ale by Hill & Adamson c1844.png thumb Edinburgh Ale James Ballantine , Dr George Bell and David Octavius Hill by Hill & Adamson , ca. 1844. The salt print was the dominant paper based Photographic processing photographic process for producing positive prints during the period from 1839 through approximately 1860. The salted paper technique was created by British photographer William Henry Fox Talbot . He called his negative process calotype printing, while the salt print process was used for making positive prints from the Calotype negatives. They both employ a technique of coating sheets of paper with silver salts, but the Calotype process differs slightly in chemicals used in the sensitization procedure, and uses an extra accelerator step, immediately prior to exposure of the sensitized paper. ref http www.mhs.ox.ac.uk features ephotos ctypes.htm ref ref http www.vam.ac.uk vastatic microsites photography processframe.php?processid pr011 ref References Taylor, Roger. Impressed by Light British Photographs from Paper Negatives, 1840 1860 NY, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2007 references External links Commons Category Salt prints http dulce photography.com blog 2010 03 04 how to make a salt print How to Make a Salt Print http www.alternativephotography.com wp processes saltprints a dash of salt Salted Paper Printing Process http www.floridamemory.com photographiccollection photo exhibits photographic processes salt.php Salt Prints http www.metmuseum.org toah hd tlbt hd tlbt.htm William Henry Fox Talbot 1800 1877 and the Invention of Photography Photo stub photography subject Category Photographic processes dating from the 19th century Category Alternative photographic processes cs Slan pap r de Salzdruck ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Talbot Glacier coor dm 65 12 S 63 14 W is a glacier flowing into Etienne Fjord , Flandres Bay , on the west coast of Graham Land . First charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache, 1897 99. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place Names Committee UK APC in 1960 for William H.F. Talbot 1800 77 , English inventor of the first practical photographic process on paper, perfected and called calotype in 1839 41. usgs gazetteer Category Glaciers of Graham Land Category Graham Coast GrahamCoast geo stub ... more details
, England occupation Inventor known for Inventing of the calotype process spouse Constance Talbot ... and photography pioneer who invented the calotype process, a precursor to photographic processes ... subjects, including one on Chemical Changes of Colour. Invention of calotype process File Latticed ... discovery of the calotype , or talbotype , process. This process reflected the work of many predecessors ... process was taking place at the same time as that of William Fox Talbot in England on the calotype ... . In February 1841, Talbot obtained a patent for the calotype process. At first, he was selling individual ... be liable to get a license for calotype. One reason Talbot patented the calotype was that he had spent many thousands of pounds on the development of the calotype process over several years. It is also ... simply too expensive. Ibbetson began experimenting with Talbot s calotype, and in 1842 wrote ... his book using the Talbot calotype process, called Le Premier Livre Imprim par le Soleil at a London ... 18 ref The calotype was a refinement of his earlier photogenic drawing process in the use of a developing ... was a direct positive process and not reproducible. On the other hand, the calotype, despite waxing ... collodion process enabled glass to be used as a support, the lack of detail often found in calotype ... collodion negative not only brought about the end of the calotype in commercial use, but also ... the collodion process does not infringe the calotype patent anyway because of significant differences between the two processes. In the verdict, the jury upheld the calotype patent but agreed ... his calotype negatives. The Reading Establishment as it was known also produced prints from other calotypist ... print from calotype negative 8x9 in. Birmingham Museum of Art See also Talbot effect a diffraction ... 20100311230213 http www.midley.co.uk laroche TalbotvLaroche.htm The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot ... more details
wood Laroche argued There was prior art in the calotype patent rendering it invalid. In particular, the method .... ref Verdict The jury found that Fox Talbot was the first and true inventor of the calotype process ... acid and Talbot s calotype patent Part II of J. B. Reade, F.R.S. and the early history of photography ... The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot v. Laroche 1854 publisher privately published location Bromley ... more details
About the ninteenth century inventor of the photographic collodion process other people with similar names Fred Archer disambiguation File Frederick Scott Archer.jpg thumb Frederick Scott Archer by Robert Cade photographer Robert Cade c. 1855 File Sparrow1.JPG thumb Frederick Scott Archer Sparrow House, 1857 Frederick Scott Archer 1813 1 May 1857 invented the photographic collodion process ref cite web url http www.bbc.co.uk blogs photoblog 2010 04 remembering frederick scott archer.html title Remembering Frederick Scott Archer author Phil Coomes publisher BBC date 27 April 2010 accessdate 2010 12 06 ref which preceded the modern photographic film gelatin emulsion . He was born in either Bishop s Stortford or more likely Hertford in the United Kingdom and is remembered mainly for this single achievement which greatly increased the accessibility of photography for the general public. Life Scott Archer was the son of a butcher from Hartford who went to London to take an apprenticeship as a silversmith . Later, he became a sculpture sculptor and found calotype calotype photography useful as a way of capturing images of his sculptures. Dissatisfied with the poor definition and contrast of the calotype and the long exposures needed, Scott Archer invented the new process in 1848 and published it in The Chemist in March 1851, enabling photographers to combine the fine detail of the daguerreotype with the ability to print multiple paper copies like the calotype. ref name FSA Cite journal title Frederick Scott Archer journal British Journal of Photography volume 22 issue 773 pages 102 104 date 26 February 1875 url http books.google.com books?id Wp0OAAAAQAAJ&printsec frontcover&cad 0 v onepage&q&f false accessdate 09 06 2011 ref In publishing his discovery, he did so knowingly without first patenting it, ref name FSA giving it as a gift to the world. ref Cite book editor last Peres editor first Michael R. title Focal Encyclopedia of Photography Digital Imaging, Theory and App ... more details
File Crystal Palace South transept & south tower from Water Temple.jpg thumb 300px The fountains at The Crystal Place at Sydenham Philip Henry Delamotte 21 April 1821 24 February 1889 was a British photographer and illustrator. Delamotte was born at Sandhurst Military Academy , the son of Mary and William Alfred Delamotte. Philip Delamotte became an artist and was famous for his photographic images of The Crystal Palace of 1851. He eventually became Professor of Drawing and Fine Art at King s College London . He died on 24 February 1889 at the home of his son in law Henry Charles Bond in Bromley. The Crystal Palace He was commissioned to record the disassembly of the Crystal Palace in 1852, and its reconstruction and expansion at Sydenham , a project finished in 1854. ref cite web title Philip Henry Delamotte Progress of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham url http www.metmuseum.org toah works of art 52.639 work Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History publisher Metropolitan Museum of Art accessdate 5 April 2011 ref His photographic record of the events is one of the best archives of the way the building was constructed and he published the prints in several books. They were some of the first books in which photographic prints were published. He and Roger Fenton were among the first artists to use photography as a way of recording important structures and events following the invention of calotype photography . They were both founding members of the Calotype Club London Calotype Club . The National Monuments Record , the public archive of English Heritage holds a rare album of 47 photographs recording the building and exhibits in about 1859, these can be seen online center gallery File Crystal Palace General view from Water Temple.jpg The Crystal Palace at Sydenham. File Crystal Palace Centre transept & north tower from south wing.jpg Close up of The Crystal Palace. File Delamotte Crystal.png View of the interior. gallery center External links http viewfinder.english heritage.o ... more details
Filippos Margaritis 1810 1892 is generally acknowledged to have been the first Greek photographer, whose earliest daguerreotypes , of the Acropolis of Athens, date from 1847. Having studied painting in lithography in Paris , he opened a studio in Athens in 1837 and began teaching at the School of Fine Arts in 1842. He learned the techniques of the daguerreotypes from the French photographer Philibert Perraud who arrived in Greece in 1847, and in turn passed on his knowledge to the students of Athens Polytechnic around 1850. Later, he moved on to producing calotype s and albumen print s on paper, including views of the antiquities of Athens as well as formal portraits of Athenian society including members of the courts of Otto of Greece King Otto and his successor George I of Greece George I . He travelled abroad frequently, often to exhibit his work at international exhibitions and fairs. He died in his sister s home in W rzburg on 1 April 1892. commons category Filippos Margaritis Bibliography Alkis Xanthakis, Filippos Margaritis , Fotografos Editions, Athens 1990 64 pp. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Margaritis, Filippos ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1810 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1892 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Margaritis, Filippos Category Greek educators Category Greek photographers Category 1810 births Category 1892 deaths ... more details
File Louis D sir Blanquart Evrard.jpg thumb Portrait of Louis D sir Blanquart Evrard Louis D sir Blanquart Evrard 2 August 1802, Lille 28 April 1872, Lille ref Lance Day & Ian McNeil, eds., Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology , 1995 ref was a France French cloth merchant by trade, but in the 1840s became a student of photography. He studied the Calotype process, and in 1847 became the first person to publish the process in France. He developed a method of bathing the paper in solutions of potassium iodide and silver nitrate rather than brushing these chemical baths on the surface. In 1850, he developed and introduced the Albumen print albumen paper printing technique , which became the staple process of the soon to be popular Carte de visite . ref http wwar.com masters b blanquart evrard louis desire.html Louis desire Blanquart evrard 1802 1872 Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews Bot generated title ref In 1851 in Lille , France, with Hippolyte Fockedey , he started the Imprimerie Photographique, which was the first large scale printing company to employ a large number of employees. In the 1850s he was known for publishing other artists works, including John Stewart s views of the Pyrenees and Auguste Saltzmann s views of Jerusalem. His process for the calotype had the disadvantage of leaving a blank white sky and dark foreground, which lead to artist manipulating and using multiple negatives to add clouds to the sky and make the foreground more distinct. The problem with these manipulations was that often the clouds were taken in the morning and the foreground was taken in the afternoon. References Reflist http maca.contentdm.oclc.org u? p1325coll1,4043 Photomechanical plates in La photographie, ses origines, ses progr s, ses transformations Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Blanquart Evrard, Louis Desire ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 2 August 1802 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 28 April 1872 PLACE OF DEATH D ... more details
Martin Laroche , born William Henry Silvester , 15 September 1814 10 November 1886 was an early England English professional photographer who successfully challenged William Fox Talbot s patent on the calotype and effected a liberalisation in professional practice, research and development that catalysed the development of photography in the nineteenth century. Life Born Lambeth , he started work as a jeweller . He married Angelique Samson, in the mid 1830s. By 1851 the couple had five children and Laroche had changed his name, occupying studios in Oxford Street, London and describing himself as a Daguerreotype artist . He exhibited at The Great Exhibition 1851 and is said to photographed Queen Victoria and actor Charles Kean , though none of the photographs is extant. ref name wood Wood 1975 ref Talbot v. Laroche main Talbot v. Laroche In 1854, Laroche deliberately fomented a conflict with Talbot by advertising that he was using Frederick Scott Archer s collodion process which Talbot regarded as in breach if his own patent. There are some claims that Laroche had worked with Archer on its development. ref name wood Others believe the two were introduced bt a common friend, photographer William Peirce . Citation needed date March 2008 Talbot brought a legal action against Laroche for 5,000 but the claim failed. However, Laroche was left with legal costs of 400 500 though these were raised by public subscription. ref name wood Later life Laroche continued in Oxford Street until the early 1860s and then moved to Birmingham where he died. ref name wood Notes reflist Bibliography cite book title The Calotype Patent Lawsuit of Talbot v. Laroche 1854 author Wood, R. D. publisher privately published location Bromley, Kent year 1975 url http www.webarchive.org.uk wayback archive 20100311230213 http www.midley.co.uk laroche TalbotvLaroche.htm isbn 0 9504377 0 0 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Laroche, Martin ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRT ... more details
with the calotype processes, the lenses, the paper, etc. Schaaf Calotype was an early photographic ... were able to do so. Meanwhile, Talbot patented his calotype process in the UK and the US, but he ..., most professional photographers used the daguerreotype process in the 1840 s, while the calotype ... up as a calotype portraitist in August 1841, in what was probably the first calotype portrait studio ... of his portraits. He took approximately one thousand portraits using the calotype process .... Talbot originated the calotype process and licensed Collen to practice it. Henry paid Talbot a fair ... how limited his ability to experiment further. Henry Collen had taken over one thousand calotype ... to continue. He ended his calotype business in 1844 and retired to St. Albans in 1861. He had photographed ... plate. The Literary Gazette 12 March 1842. Mentions his patent of the calotype with regards to portraiture. The Chemist 28 April 1842. This article compliments his calotype portraiture and the improved ... s calotype. Includes much discussion and examination of his lens, which was made to his specifications ... more details
Image Robert Adamson.jpg right thumb Robert Adamson Image His Faither s Breeks.jpg right thumb His Faither s Breeks , a Newhaven, Edinburgh Newhaven boy, by Robert Adamson and David Octavius Hill, 1843 1847 from the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland Image Graham Fyvie, Robert Cadell and Robert Cunningham Graham Spiers by Robert Adamson.jpg thumb right 200px Graham Fyvie, Robert Cadell and Robert Cunningham Graham Spiers, by Robert Adamson Robert Adamson , April 26, 1821 January 14, 1848 was a Scotland Scottish pioneer photographer at Hill & Adamson . Adamson was born in St Andrews , where he received a basic education, and was hired in 1843 by David Octavius Hill 1802 1870 , a painter of romantic Scottish landscapes. He was commissioned to make a group portrait of the 470 clergymen who founded the Free Church of Scotland 1843 1900 Free Church of Scotland . Hill required calotype s from which he would paint. Distinguished persons from many fields came to be photographed by the partners. Together they made more than 1,000 portraits and numerous views of Edinburgh between 1843 and 1848, until Adamson died at the age of 26. Hill returned to painting and the partners great work was not rediscovered until 1872. References Reflist Unreferenced date January 2009 External links commons category Hill & Adamson http www.nationalgalleries.org collection online az 4 322 ?initial A&artistId 6096&artistName Robert 20Adamson&submit 1 Works in the National Galleries of Scotland Persondata NAME Adamson, Robert ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Photographer DATE OF BIRTH April 26, 1821 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH January 14, 1848 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Adamson, Robert Category 1821 births Category 1848 deaths Category People from St Andrews Category Scottish photographers Category 19th century photographers cs Robert Adamson fotograf de Robert Adamson Fotograf es Robert Adamson fot grafo fr Robert Adamson pl Robert Adamson fotograf ru , uk ... more details
refimprove date October 2009 A blanagram from blank anagram is a word which is an anagram of another but for the substitution of a single letter. The term has its origin in competitive Scrabble , where a blank tile on a player s rack may be used to form any of several possible words in conjunction with the player s other tiles. Examples of blanagrams On the list of currently acceptable words for club and tournament Scrabble in North America OWL2 , the anagram pair EPICOTYL LIPOCYTE has 18 blanagrams Replacing C with L or N yields POLITELY or LINOTYPE Replacing I with A or F yields CALOTYPE or COPYLEFT Replacing L with C or D yields ECOTYPIC or COPYEDIT Replacing O with H or I yields PHYLETIC or PYELITIC Replacing P with R or V yields CRYOLITE or VELOCITY Replacing T with N yields POLYENIC Replacing Y with A, H, N, R, or U yields POETICAL, CHIPOTLE HELICOPT, LEPTONIC, LEPROTIC PETROLIC, or POULTICE. Note that in this case no blanagram is available by replacing the E, so EPICOTYL and LIPOCYTE are the only eight letter words that can be formed from the Scrabble tiles CILOPTY plus a blank. The eight letter word ANGRIEST and anagrams such as GANTRIES and INGRATES has over 100 blanagrams that are common words, and many more that are more obscure. See talk page for some of them seems overkill to swamp the article The word FILMCARD has only one acceptable blanagram FLUIDRAM. However, some other dictionaries list other possibilities, such as FRICADEL ref http encarta.msn.com encnet features dictionary DictionaryResults.aspx?lextype 3&search fricadel ref and FILECARD ref http www.thefreedictionary.com filecard ref . Turkish language Turkish is a blanagram of Kurdish language Kurdish . Pangram , Tangram and Managua are blanagrams of the word anagram . Many seven and eight letter words, such as KILOVOLT and Quixotism QUIXOTIC , have no acceptable blanagrams such words typically contain a subset of the letters JKQVWXZ. References references Category Word games Category Word play ... more details
Other uses Thomas Duncan disambiguation Image Thomas Duncan, 1807 1845.jpg right thumb 225px Thomas Duncan, by Hill & Adamson , about 1844 medium calotype print , size 19.60 x 14.50 cm from the collection of the National Galleries of Scotland Thomas Duncan , Royal Academician RA 1807 &ndash 25 May 1845 was a Scottish people Scottish portrait and historical Painting painter born in Kinclaven , Perthshire . Educated at the Perth Academy , he began studying law , but abandoned it for art. Beginning under the instruction of Sir William Allan painter William Allan , he attained early distinction as a delineator of the human figure and his first pictures established his fame so completely, that at a very early age he was appointed professor of coloring in little kiddie paintings, joined rowing, in the Trustees Academy of Lawnbowls. In 1840 he painted one of his finest pictures, Charles Edward Stuart and the Highlanders entering Edinburgh after the Battle of Prestonpans , which secured his election as an associate of the Royal Academy in 1843. In the same year he produced his picture of Charles Edward asleep after battle of Culloden Culloden , protected by Flora MacDonald Scottish Jacobite Flora MacDonald , which, like many other of his works, has been often engraved. In 1844 appeared his Cupid , and his Martyrdom of John Brown of Priesthill . His last work was a self portrait , now in the National Gallery of Scotland National Gallery in Edinburgh . He particularly excelled in his portraits of ladies and children, yet his own portrait was painted by Robert Scott Lauder . He died in Edinburgh. References 1911 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Duncan, Thomas ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1807 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 25 May 1845 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Duncan, Thomas Category 1807 births Category 1845 deaths Category Scottish painters Category Royal Academicians Category People educated at Perth Academy Category 19th century Scott ... more details
of the book, Talbot included an incomplete history of his development of the calotype, titled ...., 1989. ISBN 0962109606 Bath Monmouth Calotype 1989 External links gutenberg no 33447 name The Pencil ... more details
The David Octavius Hill Medal is a prize in photography established in 1955, by the Deutsche Fotografische Akademie . It is named in honor of the Scottish artist David Octavius Hill , famous for his Hill & Adamson calotype calotypes . Recipients 1955, Walter Hege , Carl Adolf Schleussner , Erich Stenger , Bruno Uhl 1957, Albert Renger Patzsch 1958, Erna Lendvai Dircksen 1964, Herbert List 1965, Otto Steinert 1966, Martin H rlimann 1967, Paul Strand 1968, Fritz Gruber 1969, Liselotte Strelow 1970, Allan Porter 1971, Edouard Boubat 1972, Regina Relang 1973, J.A. Schmoll , gen. Eisenwerth 1974, Fritz Kempe 1978, Heinz Hajek Halke , Willi Moegle 1979, Fritz Brill , Kurt Julius 1981, Peter Keetman 1983, Helmut Gernsheim 1984, Robert H usser 1986, John Hilliard artist John Hilliard 1988, Joan Fontcuberta 1990, Stefan Moses 1994, J rgen Heinemann , Klaus Kammerichs 1996, Gottfried J ger 1999, Dieter Appelt 2002, Alex Webb photographer Alex Webb 2005, Bernhard Prinz 2009, Joakim Eskildsen , Cia Rinne References http www.deutsche fotografische akademie.com 03 dohill alle preistraeger.html Tr ger der David Octavius Hill Medaille German . Accessed January 24, 2010. Category Photography awards Category German awards Category Awards established in 1955 Category Photography in Germany de David Octavius Hill Medaille es Medalla David Octavius Hill fr M daille David Octavius Hill ... more details
3A981 3C781 3AACVOTC 3E2.0.CO 3B2 F&size LARGE&origin JSTOR enlargePage A Calotype View of Trinity ... Calotype of Trinity College Church , Edinburgh City of Edinburgh Council Capital Collections ref Hill ... more details
This is a partial list of duplicating processes used in business and government from the Industrial Revolution forward. Some are mechanical and some are chemical. There is naturally some overlap with printing processes and photographic processes, but the challenge of precisely duplicating business letters, forms, contracts, and other paperwork prompted some unique solutions as well. There were many short lived invention s along the way. Duplicating processes Within each type, the methods are arranged in very rough chronological order. Methods of copying handwritten letters Manifold stylographic writer , using early carbon paper carbonic paper Letter copying book process Mechanical processes Pantograph , manually operated, and can also enlarge or reduce the document Printmaking , which includes engraving and etching Relief print ing including woodcut Intaglio printmaking or copperplate engraving Planographic printing Line engraving File Office of Consumers Biscuit Co New Orleans 1917.jpg right thumb 1917 office with a Multigraph duplicating machine at lower right Printing Applied ink methods Printing press Gelatin method s also indirect method Hectograph Collography , autocopyist Chromograph, Copygraph, Polygraph Flexography Spirit duplicator also Ditto machine , Banda machine Lithograph ic processes Transfer lithography Anastatic lithography Autographic process Offset lithography Photolithography Stencil based copying methods Papyrography Electric pen , invented by Thomas Edison Trypograph also file plate process Cyclostyle copier Cyclostyle , Neostyle Stencil based machines Mimeograph also Roneo , Gestetner Digital Duplicators also called CopyPrinters, e.g., Riso and Gestetner Typewriter based copying methods Carbon paper Blueprint typewriter ribbon Carbonless copy paper Photographic processes Reflex copying process also reflectography , reflexion copying Breyertype, Playertype, Manul Process, Typon Process, Dexigraph, Linagraph Daguerreotype Salt print Calotype th ... more details
File Asylum patient by Hugh Welch Diamond, c1850 58.jpg thumb Photo of asylum patient, circa 1850 58 Hugh Welch Diamond 1809 &ndash June 21, 1886 was an early British psychiatrist and photographer who made a major contribution to the progress of the craft. A doctor by profession, he opened a private practice in Soho , London , and then decided to specialise in psychiatry, being appointed to Brookwood Hospital, the second Surrey County Asylum . Diamond was one of the founders of the Photographic Society , was later its Secretary and also became the editor of the Photographic Journal . Diamond was fascinated by the possible use of photography in the treatment of mental disorders some of his many calotype s depicting the expressions of people suffering from mental disorders are particularly moving. These were used not only for record purposes, but also, he claimed in the treatment of patients although there was little evidence of success. Perhaps it is for his attempts to popularize photography and to lessen its mystique that Diamond is best remembered. He wrote many articles and was a popular lecturer, and he also sought to encourage younger photographers. Among the latter was Henry Peach Robinson , who was later to refer to Diamond as a father figure of photography. Recognition for his encouragement and for his willingness to share his knowledge came in 1855, in the form of a testimonial amounting to 300 for services to photography among those who subscribed were such people as Delamotte, Fenton and George Shadbolt. In 1867, the Photographic Society awarded its Medal in recognition of his long and successful labours as one of the principal pioneers of the photographic art and of his continuing endeavours for its advancement. The following year, at his own initiative, he relinquished any further salary as Secretary of the Society, and became its Hon. Secretary. References commons category Hugh Welch Diamond Leggat, Dr Robert MA M.Ed Ph.D. Fellow of the Royal Photograp ... more details
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