Unreferenced date March 2009 Cellmediatedimmunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophage s, natural killer cell s NK , antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes , and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches humoral immunity , for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor cell free bodily fluid or blood plasma serum and cellular immunity , for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells. CD4 cells or helper T cells provide protection against different pathogens. Cytotoxic T cells cause death by apoptosis without using cytokines, therefore in cellmediatedimmunity cytokines are not always present. Cellular immunity protects the body by activating antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte s that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens activating macrophages and natural killer cells, enabling them to destroy pathogens and stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses. Cellmediatedimmunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non phagocytic cells. It is most effective in removing virus infected cells, but also participates in defending against fungi , protozoan s, cancer s, and intracellular bacteria. It also plays a major role in transplant rejection . Blood Immune system Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases Category Immune system ar ca Immunitat cel lular es Inmunidad celular fr Immunit cellulaire ko id Sistem kekebalan ... pt Imunidade mediada por c lula ru sv Cell medierad immunitet zh ... more details
Antibody Dependent CellMediated Cytotoxicity ADCC is a mechanism of cellmediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lysis lyses a target cell that has been bound by specific antibodies . It is one of the mechanisms through which antibodies, as part of the humoral immunity humoral immune response , can act to limit and contain infection. Classical ADCC is mediated by natural killer cell natural killer NK cells neutrophils and eosinophil s can also mediate ADCC. For example, eosinophils can kill certain parasitic worms known as helminth s through ADCC. ADCC is part of the adaptive immune system adaptive immune response due to its dependence on a prior antibody response. File Antibody dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity.svg thumb Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity ADCC by NK cells The typical ADCC involves activation of NK cells by antibodies. An NK cell express CD16 which is a Fc receptor. This receptor recognizes, and binds to, the Fc portion of an antibody , such as IgG , which has bound to the surface of a pathogen infected target cell. The most common Fc receptor on the surface of an NK Cell is called CD16 or Fc RIII. Once the Fc receptor binds to the Fc region of IgG, the Natural Killer cell releases cytokines such as interferon Type II IFN IFN , and cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes that enter the target cell and promote cell death by triggering apoptosis . This is similar to, but independent of, responses by cytotoxic T cell s CTLs . ADCC by eosinophils Large parasite s like helminth s are too big to be engulfed ... Eu release assay, and sulfur 35 S sup 35 sup release assay. Usually, a labelled target cell line expressing ... target cells. Target cell lysis is subsequently measured by release of intracellular label by a scintillation ... 3642 X cite book author Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler LM title Immunology, Infection, and Immunity edition ... Cell Cytotoxicity Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases Immune disorders Category Immune system ... more details
wiktionary Immunity Medicine Immunity medical , resistance of an organism to infection or disease. Immunity journal Immunity journal , a scientific journal published by Cell Press Law Amnesty law , immunity from past crimes Charitable immunity , immunity from liability granted to charities in many countries from the 19th century to the mid 20th century Diplomatic immunity , agreement between sovereign governments to exclude diplomats from local laws Immunity from prosecution , immunity granted to a witness in exchange for testimony Immunity from prosecution international law , exclusion of governments or their officials from prosecution under international law Judicial immunity , immunity of a judge or magistrate in the course of their official duties Parliamentary immunity , immunity granted to elected officials during their tenure and in the course of their duties Qualified immunity , in the United States, immunity of individuals performing tasks as part of the government s actions Sovereign immunity , the prevention of lawsuits or prosecution against rulers or governments without their given consent Other Immunity album Immunity album , an album by Rupert Hine Immunity reality television , a condition which protects a contestant on a reality TV show from being kicked off the show in a given period disambiguation bg cs Imunita de Immunit t es Inmunidad fr Immunit hr Imunitet it Immunit he nl Immuniteit no Immunitet ro Imunitate ru sk Imunita sr sh Imunitet razvrstavanje sv Immunitet ... more details
otheruses Mediation disambiguation Mediated How the Media Shapes Your World and the Way You Live in It is a non fiction book by anthropologist Thomas de Zengotita published in 2005 by Bloomsbury Publishing Bloomsbury about the effect of the media in the Western world . Summary Essentially, Mediated aims at creating awareness rather than offering ready made solutions to remedy the intrusion of too much media in our industrial societies. Rather than writing yet another pamphlet against the media, the author chooses to focus on the mechanisms and the processes of our mediated society. The basis of his analysis is that the opposite of reality is not phony or superficial, it s optional. We choose between options to determine who we are, to make statements to the world about who we are. People, he argues, have always done so, but the difference with today s situation is that we have a lot more options. In terms of options, comparing the modern world with the post modern world is like comparing a breeze with a hurricane. The media forces at work since the fifties have contributed to expanding our options greatly, making the self aware of the possibilities to be who it deems worth being. We have become method actors, constantly flattered. Deception is luring as it is the inherent condition of the flattered self . So we seek new ways of satisfying our selves. These are the true forces at work behind what de Zengotita calls the virtual revolution . Reviews With Mediated , Thomas de Zengotita received critical acclaim outside his field of study. The Washington Post called it A fine roar of a lecture about how the American mind is shaped by too much media . ref cite news author Shelby ... stated Reading ... Mediated is like spending time with a wild, wired friend, the kind who keeps ... http www.mediatedtdez.com Official Mediated website ref Notes reflist External links http www.mediatedtdez.com ... article continue Review of Mediated by Peter Preston of The Guardian http dir.salon.com ... more details
humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies, whereas the protection provided by cellmediatedimmunity involves T lymphocytes alone. Humoral immunity is active ... individuals. Similarly, cellmediatedimmunity is active when the organisms own T cells are stimulated ... of cellmediatedimmunity Passive or adoptive immunity adoptive transfer of cellmediatedimmunity ... involves both the cellmediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate ... of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody mediatedimmunity conveyed to a fetus ... transplant , in which undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cell s are transferred. Active immunity Image ...Immunity is a biological term that describes a state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid ... of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering the body. Immunity involves both specific ... immunity. Innate immunity , or nonspecific, immunity is the natural resistance with which a person ..., and phagocytic activity associated with the inflammatory response. The phagocytes express cell ... of invading microbes. Through these approaches, innate immunity can prevent the colonization, entry, and spread of microbes. Adaptive immunity is often sub divided into two major types depending on how the immunity was introduced. Naturally acquired immunity occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate, whereas artificially acquired immunity develops only through Artificial induction of immunity deliberate actions such as vaccination. Both naturally and artificially acquired immunity can be further subdivided depending on whether immunity is induced in the host or passively transferred from a immune host. Passive immunity is acquired through transfer ... months whereas active immunity is induced in the host itself by antigen, and lasts much longer, sometimes life long. The diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. TOC left Image Immunity.png ... more details
The humoral immune response HIR is the aspect of immunity medical immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies as opposed to cellmediatedimmunity , which involves T lymphocytes produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage B cell . B Cells with co stimulation transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. The co stimulation of the B cell can come from another antigen presenting cell, like a dendritic cell . This entire process is aided by CD4 T helper 2 cells, which provide co stimulation ... releases cytokine s that activate the B cell. ref name Janeway5 See also Immune system Immunity ..., Wetzler LM title Immunology, Infection, and Immunity edition publisher ASM Press year 2004 isbn 1 55581 246 5 ref Humoral immunity is so named because it involves substances found in the Humorism humours ... of vertebrates, each of which contains humoral and cellular immunity cellular components. Humoral immunity refers to antibody production and the accessory processes that accompany it, including Th2 ..., affinity maturation and memory cell generation. It also refers to the effector biology effector ... 0 8153 3642 X ref History The concept of humoral immunity developed based on analysis of antibacterial ... immunityImmunity in infectious disease Full Text Version Cambridge University Press ref In 1890 he ... immunity, and bridged the features of innate and acquired immunity. ref name Metch Following the 1888 ... need not be caused by microorganisms themselves. They discovered that cell free filtrates were ... that could neutralize the activity of the toxin and could transfer immunity to non immune ... ricin and abrin , and proposed that these antibodies are responsible for immunity. ref name Metch ... antibodies became the major tool for standardizing the state of immunity medical immunity ... 1em auto Major discoveries in the study of humoral immunity ref name G.E Substance Activity Discovery ... 1890 ref von Behring E, Kitasato S. 1890 On the acquisition of immunity against diphtheria and tetanus ... more details
italic title Infobox journal title Immunity cover editor Peter T. Lee discipline Immunology formernames abbreviation Immunity publisher Cell Press country United States frequency 12 year history 1994&ndash present openaccess license impact 20.589 impact year 2009 website http www.cell.com immunity home link1 http www.cell.com immunity archive link1 name Online archive link2 link2 name RSS http www.cell.com immunity rss atom JSTOR OCLC 37832296 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1074 7613 eISSN boxwidth Immunity is a Peer review peer reviewed medical journal of immunology published by Cell Press . The journal was established in December 1994, and is edited by Peter T. Lee . med journal stub Category Immunology journals Category Cell Press academic journals Category Publications established in 1994 Category Monthly journals Category English language journals ... more details
Intrinsic immunity refers to a set of recently discovered cell biology cellular based anti viral defense mechanisms, notably genetically encoded proteins which specifically target eukaryotic retrovirus es. Unlike adaptive immunity adaptive and innate immune system innate immunity effectors, intrinsic immune proteins are usually expressed at a constant level, allowing a virus viral infection to be halted ... to combat them. Intrinsic immunity comprises cellular proteins which are always active and have evolved ... Bieniasz PD title Intrinsic immunity a front line defense against viral attack journal Nat. Immunol ... ref The recognition of intrinsic immunity as a potent anti viral defense mechanism is a recent discovery ... intrinsic immunity affords is still unknown, it is possible that intrinsic immunity may eventually ... system Intrinsic Immunity combines aspects of the two traditional branches of the immune system adaptive and innate immunity but is mechanistically distinct. Innate cellular immunity recognizes viral ... of viral attenuation . Like innate immunity, however, the intrinsic immune system does not respond differently upon repeat infection by the same pathogen. Also, like adaptive immunity, intrinsic immunity is specifically tailored to a single type or class of pathogens, notably retroviruses . Unlike adaptive and innate immunity, which must sense the infection to be turned on and can in the case of adaptive immunity, take weeks to become effective intrinsic immune proteins are constitutively ... can become saturated and ineffective if a cell is infected with a high level of virus. Activities ... a cell, but will produce non viable progeny virus due to the action of APOBEC3G. ref name pmid12167863 ... Inactivating a cellular intrinsic immune defense mediated by Daxx is the mechanism through which ... 3871.2006 url issn ref References Reflist 1 immune system DEFAULTSORT Intrinsic Immunity Category Virology Category Immunology Category HIV AIDS Category Retroviruses Category Cell biology ... more details
of cellmediatedimmunity The one exception to passive humoral immunity is the passive transfer of cellmediatedimmunity , also called adoptive immunization which involves the transfer of mature ... acquired passive immunity Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody mediatedimmunity conveyed to a fetus by its mother during pregnancy. Maternal ...Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity medical immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when ... protective immune responses? Full text html Nature Medicine 11, S54 S62 2005 . ref Passive immunity ... passive immunity see also artificial induction of immunity Temporarily induced immunity Temporarily induced immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short term immunization achieved by the transfer ... http cmr.asm.org cgi content full 13 4 602 Passive Immunity in Prevention and Treatment of Infectious ... in the treatment of several types of acute infection, and to treat poison ing ref name USC Immunity ... human origin. ref name Janeway Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop ... name Janeway History and applications of artificial passive immunity The birth of passive immunotherapy ... , and following the 1890 discovery of an antitoxin based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus , by Emil ... therapeutic Immunology. ref name Silverstein The artificial induction of passive immunity has been ... some types of cancer and immunodeficiency . However, this specialized form of passive immunity is most often used in a laboratory setting in the field of Immunology , to transfer immunity between congenic , or animal model deliberately inbred mouse strains which are histocompatible. See also Immunity medical Active immunity References Reflist 2 immune system Category Immune system Category Immunology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Mediated transport refers to transport mediated by a membrane transport protein . There are three types of mediated transport uniport , symport , and antiport . Types Facilitated diffusion Active transport DEFAULTSORT Mediated Transport Category Transport phenomena Category Transport proteins Biochem stub http media.wiley.com product data excerpt 57 04712149 0471214957 2.pdf ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2010 Absolute immunity is a form of legal immunity in contrast to qualified immunity . While qualified immunity, by its very nature, carries with it a set of conditions that must be fulfilled in order for the immunity to attach, an absolute immunity is unconditional. Examples of absolute immunity include judicial immunity and Parliamentary immunity legislative immunity . Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Absolute Immunity Category Legal terms Category Immunity law law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Orphan date October 2008 A mediated VPN is a virtual private network ing topology whereby participants connect to a central switchboard server managed typically by a third party in order to create a virtual private network between them, as distinct from a typical VPN arrangement whereby clients of an organisation connect to a VPN concentrator managed by the same organization. Typically a switchboard server referred to as a mediator will manage several VPNs, identifying each individually by authentication credentials such as username, network name and passwords . The mediator s role is to assign IP address es to each participant in a VPN, and to encrypt data through the switchboard server in order to keep it secure from other participants in other VPNs. DEFAULTSORT Mediated Vpn Category Network architecture Telecomm stub ... more details
The Immunity Syndrome may refer to The Immunity Syndrome Space 1999 The Immunity Syndrome Space 1999 , a 1977 episode of Space 1999 The Immunity Syndrome Star Trek The Immunity Syndrome Star Trek , a 1968 second season episode of Star Trek The Original Series disambiguation ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Mediated deliberation is a form of deliberation that is achieved through the News media media which acts as a mediator between the mass public and elected officials. The communication professionals of the media relay information, values, and diverse points of view to the public in order for effective public deliberation to occur. ref name John Gastil Gastil, John. Political Communication and Deliberation. Los Angeles Sage Publications, 2008. 43 76. ref Benjamin Page proposes mediated deliberation be a division of labor with the idea of using the media to deliver information between the elected officials and the public because modern problems make it impossible to rely on the elected officials to deliberate for the public. The role of the media is to encourage discussion amongst the citizens to keep them engaged with their elected officials. ref name Benjamin Page ... Press ref Ideal form Mediated deliberation follows the conception of a deliberative democracy . According ... without the professionals of the media system and the various elites who produce mediated political communication. ref name John Gastil This ideal mediated deliberation would blockquote to mobilize ... model, mediated deliberation should promote public knowledge on important issues as well as encouraging public opinion through enlightenment. To achieve an effective mediated deliberation, it requires ... in order for the ideal, mediated deliberation to occur. In the analytic process, it involves introspection ... violate your trust The analytic and social processes for mediated deliberation gives people the opportunity to evaluate the actions of media producers as well as their users. Assessing mediated deliberation ... that they want to make. Movement shift toward mediated deliberation Civic public journalism Civic journalism ... Hendriks Investigative journalism One of the best sources to see an example of a mediated deliberation ... are valid, investigative journalism can improve mediated deliberation by serving as an objective, unbiased ... more details
The term Personal immunity may refer to the following concepts. A kind of the immunity from prosecution international law Personal inviolability , an inviolability of a person against an arbitrary prosecution without due process . disambig ... more details
Adoptive immunity acts in a host after his immunological components are withdrawn, their immunological activity is modified extracorporeally, and then reinfused into the same host. ref name Rosenberg cite journal last1 Rosenberg first1 SA last2 Restifo first2 NP last3 Yang first3 JC last4 Morgan first4 RA last5 Dudley first5 ME title Adoptive cell transfer a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy journal Nature reviews. Cancer volume 8 issue 4 pages 299 308 year 2008 pmid 18354418 pmc 2553205 doi 10.1038 nrc2355 ref ref name Nagata Nagata K, Miyasaka M, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, eds. 2003 . Adoptive transfer. Dictionary for Keywords in Molecular Biology and Immunology , 2nd ed. Tokyo Igakushoin, Ltd., p. 839 840. ISBN 4 260 13653 4 Y9800 in Japanese . ref This process in its former part is analogous to adoption a child is once adopted out from his home, grown up, and then returned back to his home of birth. Transferred immunological components include immune cells such as T lymphocytes or tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, ref name Rosenberg NK cells, macrophages, or B cells. ref name Redei R dei GP 2003 . adoptive cellular therapy. Encyclopedic dictionary of genetics, genomics, and proteomics, 2nd ed. New York Wiley Liss, p. 23. ISBN 0471268216. ref There seems to be some variation in usage of this term. 1. Transferred components are immune cells and autologous as above. ref name Rosenberg ref name Nagata 2. Transfer of immune cells is made between different individuals of monozygotic twins in human or of the same pure line in experimental animals from immunologically sensitization immunological sensitized to naive host, where transferred cells are engrafted without ... M, eds. 1993 . Adoptive immunity. Dictionary of Terms in Immunoglogy , 3rd ed. Osaka Saishin Igakusha ... for passive immunity in some situations, ref name Abbas however, passive immunity acts among xenogeneic ... immunotherapy Immunotherapy Adoptive cell therapy Adoptive cell therapy adoptive tolerance References ... more details
Wikify date November 2010 Orphan date November 2010 In United States Constitutional Law , intergovernmental immunity is a doctrine that prevents the federal government and individual state governments from intruding on one another s sovereignty. It is also referred to as Supremacy Clause immunity or simply federal immunity from state law . References references http law.jrank.org pages 7719 Intergovernmental Immunity Doctrine.html http heinonline.org HOL Page?handle hein.journals ylr112&div 72&g sent 1&collection journals 2219 http books.google.com books?id bAhi1GbCldsC&pg PA128&dq 22Supremacy Clause immunity 22&hl en&ei LUFgTMmnEML98Abf IW4DQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCUQ6AEwAA v onepage&q 22Supremacy 20Clause 20immunity 22&f false http books.google.com books?id bAhi1GbCldsC&pg PA128&lpg PA128&dq 22intergovernmental immunity 22&source bl&ots 40ZY5Ua6aT&sig LCKUVZftOfuMl1PG7MdjXqGAIQE&hl en&ei jj9gTI KHsKC8gbf7t3LDQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CBUQ6AEwADge v onepage&q 22intergovernmental 20immunity 22&f false Category Constitutional law ... more details
Qualified immunity is a doctrine in United States U.S. federal law that arises in cases brought against state officials under Title 42 of the United States Code 42 U.S.C Section 1983 and against federal officials under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents , 403 U.S. 388 1971 . Qualified immunity shields government officials from liability for the violation of an individual s federal constitutional rights . This grant of immunity is available to state or federal employees performing discretionary functions where their actions, even if later found to be unlawful, did not violate clearly established law. The defense of qualified immunity was created by the U.S. Supreme Court , replacing a court s inquiry into a defendant s subjective state of mind with an inquiry into the objective reasonableness of the contested action. A government agent s liability in a federal civil rights lawsuit now no longer turns upon whether the defendant acted with Malice law malice , but on whether a hypothetical reasonable person in the defendant s position would have known that his her actions violated clearly established law. As outlined by the Supreme Court in Harlow v. Fitzgerald , Case citation 457 U.S. 800 1982 , ref citation qualified immunity is designed to shield government officials from actions insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. In 2001, the Supreme Court in Saucier v. Katz established a rigid order in which courts must decide the merits of a defendant s qualified immunity defense. First, the court determines whether the complaint states a constitutional violation. If so, the next sequential step is to determine whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the official ... step procedure was no longer mandatory. See also Absolute immunityImmunity Zieper v. Metzinger ... Legal doctrines and principles Category Immunity law ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Immunity Zone Cover 51nlI9sYrAL SS500 .jpg Type studio Artist Andromeda Swedish band Andromeda Released Start date 2008 9 16 Genre Progressive metal Length 66 29 Label Nightmare Records Reviews Last album Chimera Andromeda album Chimera br 2006 This album The Immunity Zone br 2008 Next album Manifest Tyranny br 2011 The Immunity Zone is the fifth full length album by progressive metal band Andromeda Swedish band Andromeda . Track listing Recognizing Fate 7 19 Slaves of the Plethora Season 5 34 Ghosts on Retinas 4 28 Censoring Truth 6 42 Worst Enemy 6 01 My Star 5 40 Another Step 5 58 Shadow of Lucent Moon 7 22 Veil of Illumination 17 25 Personnel David Fremberg vocals Johan Reinholdz guitars Thomas Lejon drums Martin Hedin keyboards Fabian Gustavsson bass References reflist DEFAULTSORT Immunity Zone, The Category Andromeda albums Category 2008 albums lt The Immunity Zone nl The Immunity Zone ... more details
distinguish2 the doctrine of sovereign immunity , whereby the government of a state may not be amenable before its own courts. The doctrine and rules of state immunity concern the protection which a sovereign state state is given from being sued in the court s of other states. The rules relate to legal proceedings in the courts of another state, not in a state s own courts. The rules developed at a time when it was thought to be an infringement of a state s sovereignty to bring proceedings against it or its officials in a foreign country. There is now a trend in various states towards substantial exceptions to the rule of immunity in particular, a state can be sued when the dispute arises from a commercial transaction entered into by a state or some other non sovereign activity of a state. The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property 2004, which ... has occurred in another country. Immunity against civil proceedings for serious human rights abuses According to some commentators, it is not obvious why states should have wikt immunityimmunity ... of state immunity. The argument goes that these rights have a higher ranking and importance in lawyer speak they constitute norms of jus cogens than a rule of state immunity, and that the recent focus ... to be sued. The argument on the other side is that immunity should be ended, but other ways exist to accomplish this. Ending immunity should not be at the expense of proper conduct of relations between ... of the human rights of individuals. European Convention on State Immunity The European Convention on State Immunity was signed in Basle on May 16, 1972 and is currently in force in 8 countries. ref http ... link date August 2011 cite author Hazel Fox title The Law of State Immunity publisher Oxford University ... of European Convention on State Immunity http untreaty.un.org ilc texts instruments english conventions ... Category Sovereign immunity pl Immunitet pa stwa ro Imunitatea statului ru ... more details
refimprove date October 2010 Distinguish Herd immunity Contact immunity is the property of some vaccines , where a vaccinated individual can confer immunity medical immunity upon unimmunized individuals through contact with bodily fluids or excrement. In other words, if Mark has been Vaccination vaccinated for virus X and John has not, John can receive immunity to virus X just by coming into contact with Mark. The potential for contact immunity exists primarily in live or attenuated vaccine s. Vaccination with a live, but attenuated, virus can produce immunity to more dangerous forms of the virus. These attenuated viruses produce little or no illness in most people. However, the live virus multiplies briefly, may be shed in body fluid s or feces excrement , and can be contracted by another person. If this contact produces immunity and carries no notable risk, it benefits an additional person, and further increases the immunity of the group. The most prominent example of contact immunity was the Polio vaccine Oral vaccine oral polio vaccine OPV . This live, attenuated polio vaccine was widely used in the US between 1960 and 1990 it continues to be used in polio eradication programs in developing countries because of its low cost and ease of administration. It is popular, in part, because it is capable of contact immunity. Recently immunized children shed live virus in their feces for a few days after immunization . About 25 percent of people coming into contact with someone immunized with OPV gained protection from polio through this form of contact immunity. ref cite web last Offit first Paul A. title Polio Vaccine url http www.chop.edu service vaccine education center a look at each vaccine polio vaccine.html publisher The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia accessdate 18 August 2010 date June 2010 ref Although contact immunity is an advantage of OPV, the risk of vaccine ... October 2010 ref Contact immunity differs from herd immunity , a different type of group protection ... more details
Cleanup date April 2010 Judicial Immunity is a form of Immunity Law legal immunity which protects judge s and others employed by the judiciary from lawsuits brought against them for official conduct in office, no matter how incompetent, negligent, or malicious such conduct might be, even if this conduct is in violation of statutes. For example, a judge may not be the subject of a slander or libel suit for statements made about someone during a trial, even if the defamatory statements had nothing to do with the trial at hand. Nor may a judge s clerk be sued for negligence in failing to deliver materials to the judge. The purpose of judicial immunity is twofold it encourages judges to act in a fair and just manner, without regard to the possible extrinsic harms their acts may cause outside of the scope of their work. It protects government workers from harassment from those whose interests they might negatively affect. Judicial immunity doesn t protect judges from suits stemming from administrative decisions made while off the bench, like hiring and firing decisions. But immunity generally does extend to all judicial decisions in which the judge has proper jurisdiction, even if a decision is made with corrupt or malicious intent. ref cite news url http online.wsj.com article SB125798232401944303.html work The Wall Street Journal title New Lawsuits Try to Pierce Shield of Judicial Immunity date November 12, 2009 first Ashby last Jones ref Note, however, that, while the judiciary may be immune from lawsuits involving their actions, they may still be subject to criminal prosecutions. For example, when West Virginia judge Troisi became irritated with a rude defendant, he stepped ..., judicial immunity was associated with the English common law idea that the King can do no wrong. Compare Sovereign immunity . Judges, the King s delegates for dispensing justice, accordingly ... 1607 . ref References Reflist See also Judicial misconduct DEFAULTSORT Judicial Immunity Category Immunity ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Immunity Type studio Longtype Artist Rupert Hine Cover Immunity Ruper Hine Album Cover.jpg Released 1981 Recorded Farmyard Studios, Buckinghamshire, England Genre Synth pop Length Label A&M Records A&M Producer Rupert Hine, Stephen W. Tayler Last album Unfinished Picture br 1973 This album Immunity br 1981 Next album Waving Not Drowning album Waving Not Drowning br 1982 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 4.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r40638 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Immunity is a solo album by Rupert Hine . Originally released in 1981, re released and digitally remastered in 2001. The album was dedicated to Liam Byrne. The song Misplaced Love features a brief chorus by British singer Marianne Faithfull . Track listing All tracks composed by Rupert Hine and Jeannette Obstoj I Hang On to My Vertigo Misplaced Love Samsara Surface Tension I Think a Man Will Hang Soon Immunity Another Stranger Psycho Surrender Make a Wish Bonus tracks 2001 CD reissue Scratching at Success Introduction to the Menace Personnel Rupert Hine vocals, keyboards, instrumentation, sound co ordinator Phil Collins percussion on Immunity and Another Stranger Marianne Faithfull vocals on Misplaced Love Trevor Morais drums on I Think a Man Will Hang Soon , percussion on Another Stranger and Make a Wish Phil Palmer guitar Chris Parker treatments Geoffrey Richardson viola on Make a Wish Stephen W Tayler engineering, mixing and co production Ollie W. Tayler clarinet and recorder on Psycho Surrender References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Immunity Album Category Rupert Hine albums Category 1981 albums Category Albums produced by Rupert Hine Category A&M Records albums 1980s pop album stub ... more details
In mathematics, the correlation immunity of a Boolean function is a measure of the degree to which its outputs are uncorrelated with some subset of its inputs. Specifically, a Boolean function is said to be correlation immune of order m if every subset of m or fewer variables in math x 1,x 2, ldots,x n math is statistically independent of the value of math f x 1,x 2, ldots,x n math . Definition A function math f mathbb F 2 n rightarrow mathbb F 2 math is math k math th order correlation immune if for any independent math n math binary random variables math X 0 ldots X n 1 math , the random variable math Z f X 0, ldots,X n 1 math is independent from any random vector math X i 1 ldots X i k math with math 0 leq i 1 ldots i k n math . Results in cryptography When used in a stream cipher as a combining function for linear feedback shift register s, a Boolean function with low order correlation immunity is more susceptible to a correlation attack than a function with correlation immunity of high order . Siegenthaler showed that the correlation immunity m of a Boolean function of algebraic degree d of n variables satisfies m d n for a given set of input variables, this means that a high algebraic degree will restrict the maximum possible correlation immunity. Furthermore, if the function is balanced then m d n &minus 1. ref name Siegenthaler cite journal author T. Siegenthaler title Correlation Immunity of Nonlinear Combining Functions for Cryptographic Applications journal IEEE Transactions on Information Theory month September year 1984 volume 30 issue 5 pages 776 780 doi 10.1109 TIT.1984.1056949 ref References reflist Cryptography navbox block hash stream Category Cryptography Category Boolean algebra crypto stub de Correlation immunity ... more details
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