Digital Polymerase ChainReaction digital PCR, DigitalPCR, dPCR, or dePCR is a refinement of conventional polymerase chainreaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids including DNA , cDNA or RNA . The key difference between dPCR and traditional PCR lies in the method of measuring nucleic acids amounts, with the former being a more precise method than PCR. PCR carries out one reaction per single sample. dPCR also carries out a single reaction within a sample, however the sample is separated into a large number of partitions and the reaction is carried out in each partition individually. This separation allows a more reliable collection and sensitive measurement of nucleic acid amounts. The method has been demonstrated as useful for studying variations in gene sequences such as copy number variants and point mutations and it is routinely used for clonal amplification of samples for next generation sequencing . PCR Basics The polymerase chainreaction method is used to quantify nucleic acids by amplifying a nucleic acid molecule with the enzyme DNA polymerase . Conventional PCR is based on the theory that amplification is exponential. Therefore, nucleic acids may be quantified by comparing the number of amplification cycles and amount of PCR end product to those of a reference sample. However, many factors complicate this calculation, creating uncertainties and inaccuracies. These factors include the following initial amplification cycles may not be exponential PCR amplification eventually plateaus after an uncertain number of cycles and low initial concentrations of target nucleic acid molecules may not amplify to detectable levels. However, the most significant limitation of PCR is that PCR amplification efficiency in a sample ... Polymerase chainreaction Category Laboratory techniques ..., each part will contain 0 or 1 molecules, or a negative or positive reaction, respectively. After ... more details
Infobox television show name Chain Letter image caption format Gameshow picture format NTSC runtime ... cgi bin Pwebrecon.cgi?Search Arg chain letter&SL None&Search Code FTIT&PID qR3OEJ2BoSyDbTfvhaQ 0ezc2C8b&SEQ 20100815184701&CNT 50&HIST 1 UCLA Archive Chain Letter ref Notes reflist References Encyclopedia of Television Game Shows 1st ed. Fred Wostbrock, Steve Ryan, David Schwartz External links IMDb title 0198083 title Chain Letter gameshow stub Category 1966 television series ... producer Monty Hall as announcer. ref http www.usgameshows.net x.php?show ThreeOfAKind&sort 0 The GameShow Pilot Light Three of a Kind ref The game was played similarly but with three players ... x.php?show ChainLetter1964&sort 0 title Chain Letter date usgameshows.net accessdate 25 ... aired start date 1966 07 04 last aired end date 1966 10 14 status Ended Chain Letter is an United States American gameshow produced by Stefan Hatos Monty Hall Productions that aired on NBC during the summer and early fall of 1966. Comedian Jan Murray hosted this gameshow, while Wendell Niles did the announcing. Game play Main round Two teams, each with one celebrity team captain , and a studio ... the chain to be broken. The team earned one point for each acceptable answer with the opposing team earning one bonus point when the chain was broken and control of the next category. At the end of a three minute game, the team with the most points wins the game, a 100 bonus, and the right to play the bonus round. Bonus round The championship team was given a chain word and the players alternated ... word until the chain was broken. Pilots Three of a Kind The first pilot was developed under the title ... not give any more. The second round played with the eventual Chain Letter rules but with 20 for each acceptable word. There was no bonus game. 1964 pilot The second pilot and the first with the Chain Letter name was taped in December 1964 with Dennis James as emcee. This game was played with four ... more details
br Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name ChainReaction Type Album Artist Cuban Link Cover ChainReaction Cuban Link.jpg Released 2005 Recorded 2004 2005 Genre Hip hop music Hip Hop Length Label M.O.B. Records Producer Swizz Beatz , Mr. Porter Last album 24K br Unreleased This album ChainReaction br 2005 Next album Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r787786 first Evan C last Gutierrez ref rev2 rev2Score On August 16, 2005, Cuban Link released his official debut album ChainReaction independently on his new label, M.O.B. Records. ChainReaction boasts production from producers such as Swizz Beatz, Mr. Porter and others while featured guest artists include Avant, Don Omar, Zion, Cap 1, Mya, Jadakiss and Syleena Johnson. The CD was packaged as an enhanced CD with music videos, pictures and a teaser to his future DVD release, Tale From the Bronx. Track listing My Story Intro ChainReaction Produced by Big Humma No Mercy Produced by Big Humma Comin Home Wit Me Produced by Swizz Beatz Featuring Avant Riderz Produced by Big Humma Featuring Cap 1 Scandalous Produced by Big Humma, Eliel Featuring Don Omar Sugar Daddy Produced by Tiger Featuring M a Tonight s The Night Produced by Mr. Porter Private Party feat. Big Humma Produced by Big Humma Dirty Karaoke Skit I Need To Know Produced by Big Humma No Falla Produced by SPK Featuring Zion Shakedown Produced by Swizz Beatz Talk About It Produced by Swizz Beatz Featuring Jadakiss Life Goes On Produced by Big Humma, Big Menz Featuring Syleena Johnson Prison Wisdom Interlude Letter To Pun Produced by Fallen Down, Ken Lewis Featuring One Solo Singles Sugar Daddy ft. Mya br Scandalous ... ChainReaction debuted at number 188 on the Top 200 Billboard chart on September 3, 2005 http www.billboard.com ... The original version to No Mercy featured a verse by The Game. The album was released without Game s verse since he was at the height of his feud with 50 Cent. At that time, if anyone collaborated ... more details
Infobox album Name ChainReaction Type Studio Artist John Farnham Cover Chain Reaction.jpg Released flagicon Australia 24 September 1990 Recorded 1990 Genre Pop music Pop , Rock music Rock Length 51 59 Label Sony BMG , RCA Records RCA , Glenn Wheatley Wheatley Producer Ross Fraser Reviews Last album Age Of Reason album Age Of Reason br 1988 This album ChainReaction br 1990 Next album Full House John Farnham album Full House br 1991 Misc Singles Name ChainReaction Type Studio single 1 ChainReaction single 1 date August 1990 single 2 That s Freedom single 2 date September 1990 single 3 Burn For You single 3 date November 1990 single 4 In Days To Come single 4 date March 1991 ChainReaction is a studio album by Australia n singer John Farnham . The album was released in Australia on 24 September 1990. ChainReaction was the highest selling album in Australia in 1990 and debuted at 1 on the ARIA charts in September. The album s first three singles yielded top 10 status, with ChainReaction reaching 3 in August, That s Freedom at 5 in September and Burn For You reaching 5 in December. A fourth ... was promoted by a nationwide tour titled, The ChainReaction Tour, which provided a televised performance ... released as a ChainReaction Live In Concert DVD on 13 November 2005. Track listing That s Freedom small ... 4 27 small All Our Sons And Daughters small P. Buckle, J. Farnham, R. Faser 4 09 small ChainReaction ... than 20 years after the album s initial release, ChainReaction is considered one of Farnham s best ... have serious lyrics. See The Banners Fall , That s Freedom and ChainReaction were all delivering ..., and ChainReaction alludes in part by the globalisation that was eventually caused by the break ... 2 align center 1 John Farnham Category 1990 albums Category John Farnham albums it ChainReaction ... for the world to wake up and solve the world s problems. This may be the reason why ChainReaction both the single and the album was a commercial success. These themes were evident on the Age ... more details
for reverse transcription polymerase chainreaction RT PCR reverse transcription polymerase chainreaction In molecular biology , real time polymerase chainreaction , also called quantitative real time polymerase chainreaction Q PCR qRT PCR or kinetic polymerase chainreaction KPCR , is a laboratory technique based on the PCR , which is used to amplify and simultaneously quantify a targeted DNA molecule. For one or more specific sequences in a DNA sample, Real Time PCR enables both detection and quantification. The quantity can be either an absolute number of copies or a relative amount when ... of polymerase chainreaction its key feature is that the amplified DNA is detected as the reaction ..., amplification of the gene transcript is necessary. The polymerase chainreaction is a common ... polymerase chainreaction reverse transcription and fluorophore s permits measurement of DNA ... of the original sample concentration. Applications of real time polymerase chainreaction There are numerous applications for real time polymerase chainreaction in the laboratory . It is commonly used ... techniques Category Polymerase chainreaction Category Real time technology Link GA es Link ... of the reaction is detected at its end. Two common methods for detection of products in real ... interfere with, or prevent, accurate quantification of the intended target sequence. The reaction is prepared as usual, with the addition of fluorescent dsDNA dye. The reaction is run in a real time ... for detection of several genes in the same reaction based on specific probes with different coloured ... products in the reaction. The method relies on a DNA based probe with a fluorescent reporter at one ... of the reporter. The PCR is prepared as usual see PCR , and the reporter probe is added. As the reaction ... increase of the product is used to determine the threshold cycle C sub T sub in each reaction ... importance, and often challenging, because only very few genes show equal levels of expression across ... more details
Infobox Album Name ChainReaction Anaheim Ca 11 5 05 Type Live Album Artist The Juliana Theory Cover Released April 11, 2006 Recorded Genre Rock music Rock , Emo music Emo Length Label Instant Live Instant Live Rec. Producer Reviews Last album Neckbeard s Tempe Az 11 7 05 br 2006 This album ChainReaction Anaheim Ca 11 5 05 br 2006 Next album ChainReaction Anaheim Ca 11 5 05 is a live recorded CD by Greensburg, Pennsylvania Greensburg , Pennsylvania indie rock band The Juliana Theory released on April 11, 2006 on Instant Live Instant Live Rec. . Track listing Disc 1 Shotgun Serenade To the Tune of 5,000 Screaming Children If I Told You This Was Killing Me, Would You Stop? I Love You to Death Drive Safe August In Bethany The Final Song White Days Leave Like a Ghost Drive Away This Is a Love Song... for the Loveless Disc 2 Into the Dark Do You Believe Me? French Kiss off This Is the End of Your Life Constellation This Valentine Ain t No Saint Encore 2000s rock album stub Category The Juliana Theory albums Category 2006 live albums Category Double live albums ... more details
This page assumes familiarity with the terms and components used in polymerase chainreaction PCR process. The overlap extension polymerase chainreaction or OE PCR is a variant of polymerase chainreaction PCR . It is also referred to as Splicing by overlap extension Splicing by overhang extension SOE PCR . It is used to insert specific mutation s at specific points in a sequence or to splice smaller DNA fragments into a larger polynucleotide . ref cite journal author Higuchi R, Krummel B, Saiki R title A general method of in vitro preparation and specific mutagenesis of DNA fragments study of protein and DNA interactions journal Nucleic Acids Res volume 16 issue 15 pages 7351 67 year 1988 pmid 3045756 doi 10.1093 nar 16.15.7351 pmc 338413 ref Splicing of DNA Molecules Image Splicing by Overlap Extension PCR.svg thumb 300px right This image shows how OE PCR might be utilized to splice two DNA sequences red and blue . The arrows represent the 3 ends As in most PCR reaction, two primers one for each end are used per sequence. To splice two DNA molecules, special primers are used at the ends that are to be joined. For each molecule, the primer at the end to be joined is constructed such that it has a 5 overhang complementary to the end of the other molecule. Following annealing when replication occurs, the DNA is extended by a new sequence that is complementary to the molecule it is to be joined to. Once both DNA molecules are extended in such a manner, they are mixed and a PCR is carried out with only the primers for the far ends. The overlapping complementary sequences introduced will serve as primers and the two sequences will be fused. This method has an advantage over other ... are used in excess as in Polymerase chainreaction Variations on the basic PCR technique asymmetric ... Polymerase chainreaction Category Genetic engineering Category Molecular biology techniques ... reaction continues to produce a fully Dimer biochemistry dimer ised DNA fragment. After further ... more details
Image Battleforbunker.jpg 400px right Composite screen shot of Battle for the Bunker, one of the many Chain of Command maps. Chain of Command is a free, online, multiplayer World War II WWII Internet game game . In each battle, players can join the Germany German or United States American team. Each player controls four individual soldiers in a squad and there are 1 10 players per team. On an overhead isometric map, each battle lasts a maximum of 15 20 minutes. A player s perspective of the battle is limited by his Line of sight gaming line of sight and visibility of subordinate teammates. Kills are calculated through mathematical probability. As opposed to the lowest ranking soldiers, the commander has a good overall view of the battle. Promotion points are passed on through the highest ranking survivor of each team to lower ranking players. To play, one must first register an account. After the account has been verified, one downloads the program Microsoft Windows Windows only and connects to one of the rooms. All commands in the game are entered via mouse computing mouse by clicking the table of buttons at the bottom of the screen. Each soldier is assigned a row of buttons, or may select the top row to command all his or her soldiers at once. The text chat interface offers communication to other players for help or gameplay. The game was originally made by 2AM Games , which went bankrupt in early 2001. The game itself now survives with dedicated players that mostly play in the evenings in North America . The weekends are especially busy. External links Homepage http www.chain hq.com Download http www.chain hq.com download.php Information http www.coccentral.com A training manual with old screenshots http quizz.8k.com home.htm Daily Player Stats http www.chain hq.com dailyplayerstats.php Regiment Standings http www.chain hq.com regstandings.php DEFAULTSORT Chain Of Command Computer Game Category World War II video games Category Multiplayer online games Category A ... more details
Wiktionary reactionReaction may refer to Response disambiguation Response to another event Adverse drug reaction Chemical reaction Emotional reaction Light reaction Nuclear reaction TNA Reaction , a documentary show of Total Nonstop Action Wrestling TNA behind scenes. Reaction physics , as defined by Newton s third law Reactionary , a political tendency Reflex reaction other uses Reaction Records , a record label ReAction GUI a GUI toolkit used on AmigaOS Reaction software , a Perl application framework Reaction song Reaction song , a 1986 song by American R&B singer Rebbie Jackson Reaction , a 2008 single by Dead Letter Circus Disambiguation als Reaktion ar bg cs Reakce de Reaktion et Reaktsioon el es Reacci n eo Reakcio fa fr R action gl Reacci n ko hr Reakcija it Reazione nl Reactie ja no Reaksjon pl Reakcja pt Rea o ro Reac ie ru simple Reaction sr Reakcija fi Reaktio uk zh ... more details
Radio show called The Chain which is a List of Radcliffe and Maconie s Chain Tracks list ...other uses Refimprove date March 2008 Infobox song Name The Chain Cover Artist Fleetwood Mac Album Rumours ... no 8 Misc Audiosample Background E6E8FA Upper caption Audio sample Audio file The Chain by Fleetwood Mac.ogg The Chain is a song from Fleetwood Mac s best selling album Rumours . The Chain is unique ... on the writing of Rumours , the final section of The Chain beginning with a bass progression was created ... to bring back Fleetwood Mac s The Chain date 24 February 2009 publisher Daily Telegraph accessdate ... Bros released a 4 CD Fleetwood Mac retrospective boxed set titled 25 Years The Chain . In 1997, Fleetwood ... of the Rumours era Fleetwood Mac members. The rendition of The Chain reached number 30 on the Billboard ... of Fleetwood Mac , including The Chain . On 29 March 2009, The Chain entered the UK Chart at 94 through ... One coverage, having regained broadcasting rights from ITV . On 20 March 2011, The Chain .... In 2009, Three Days Grace originally recorded The Chain for their album Life Starts Now ... song Lost in You EP , and since September 22, 2009, they have been playing The Chain at their concerts ... Mac s Rumours . 1980s rock band Shark Island band Shark Island included a cover of The Chain ... heavy metal music heavy metal band Kick Axe performed a cover of The Chain on Rock the World ... Dawn performed a cover of The Chain on their debut album titled Time to Burn . They regularly perform the song as part of their live sets. Country music band Little Big Town has performed a cover of The Chain at live concerts. Florence and the Machine performed a cover of The Chain at the Glastonbury ... in December 2009. The band Puscifer Maynard James Keenan covered The Chain during their 2011 tour. Television File Chainbass.png thumb 200px right The ending bass line from The Chain The ending bass line and guitar solo of The Chain was used as the theme song for the BBC s Formula One coverage ... more details
For other uses, see Chain unit or Chain disambiguation . Image Broad chain closeup.jpg thumb A broad metal chain made of torus shaped links. Image Grave chain with diamond shaped link pins.jpg thumb A metal chain with diamond shaped link pins. Image Kettenvergleich.jpg thumb Roller chains. A chain is a series of connected links which are typically made of metal. A chain may consist of two or more links ... lock , have links that are torus shaped, which make the chain flexible in two dimension s The fixed third dimension being a chain s length. Those designed for transferring power in machines have ... one dimension. They are known as Roller chain s, though there are also non roller chains such as block chain . Two distinct chains can be connected using a Maillon quick link which resembles a carabiner with a screw close rather than a latch. Uses for chain Uses for chain include Bicycle chain , transfers power from the pedals to the drive wheel of a bicycle thus propelling it Chain drive , the main feature that differentiated the safety bicycle Chain gun , type of machine gun that is driven by an external power source, sometimes connected by a chain, to actuate the mechanism rather than using recoil Chain pumps , type of water pump where an endless chain has positioned on it circular discs Chain linked Lewis , lifting device made from two curved steel legs Chainsaw , portable mechanical, motorized saw using a saw chain cutting chain to saw wood. Chain steam shipping Curb chain , used on curb bits when riding a horse Door chain , a type of security chain on a door that makes it possible ... inside Keychain , a small chain that connects a small item to a keyring Lead shank or Stud chain , used on horses that are misbehaving Lavatory chain, the chain attached to the cistern of an old fashioned ... cisterns no longer work like that, the phrase pull the chain is still encountered to mean flush the lavatory . O ring chain , a specialized type of roller chain Roller chain , the type of chain most ... more details
CHAIN can refer to CHAIN programming language CHAIN industry standard , an acronym for Ceced Home Appliances Interoperating Network, a standard for a multi brands home network of interactive household appliances. Controlled and Harmonised Aeronautical Information Network , a concept of EUROCONTROL to improve the quality of aeronautical data. Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network See also Chain . disambig ... more details
name The GameShow image caption The GameShow logo genre Talk show , News presenter Jim Festante ... Brian Gramo website http www.thestream.tv gameshow The GameShow is an interactive internet television show that covers video game and gaming industry news. It aired live on the internet television network ..., and Nikole Zivalich . The GameShow was cancelled due to lack of funding after its third season but it has been announced that it will return on June 17, 2011. Segments The GameShow has several recurring segments that make up the show. These include COMBO, Nikole s Top 7, Game Of The Week, What s In Your Box and Pacmobelia. Featured The GameShow was Featured on G4 s the Feed Blog, Friday October ... on The GameShow Tonight at 11 PM.html title G4tv.com s Sterling McGarvey on The GameShow Tonight at 11 ... featured the GameShow on its blog for the GameShow s monthly Xbox 360 giveaway ref cite web url ... Tia date 2009 03 11 publisher justin.tv accessdate 2009 10 03 ref Special Guests The GameShow often ... watch.php?v 1405 title The GameShow 209 Pereira Origins date 2009 05 22 publisher The Stream ... title The GameShow 117 Maximum Haislip date 2008 08 05 publisher The Stream of Consciousness accessdate ... Gourdin, ref cite web url http www.thestream.tv watch.php?v 804 title The GameShow 109 MarioKart 4 ... The GameShow 115 Unrated & Uncensored date 2009 07 03 publisher The Stream of Consciousness accessdate ... watch.php?v 1077 title The GameShow 126 Totally Gears date 2008 11 11 publisher The Stream of Consciousness ... watch.php?v 1102 title The GameShow 128 Wrath of the Day date 2008 11 29 publisher The Stream ... 2009 10 04 ref And as of september 2011 David Guida Leaves the GameShow Episode guide Season ...? Another piece of Pacmobelia will be revealed Episode 103 GameShow Smash 3 11 08 br Games of the Week Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Resistance series Resistance . br The GameShow discusses Super ... video games, which he calls murder simulators. Neat But, The GameShow, where can I read ... more details
wiktionarypar chain commonscat Chains A chain is a sequence of connected links. Chain may also refer to Chain may refer to Necklace a jewelry which is worn around the neck Mail armour or chainmail , a type of armor made of interlocking chain links Chain tool , small mechanical device used to break a bicycle chain in such a way that it could be mended with the same tool Chain length , unit of length Gunter s chain , a unit of measurement Catenary or chain , the shape of a hanging flexible cable when supported at its ends and acted upon by a uniform gravitational force Chain real estate , whereby ... analysis for teaching complicated tasks by breaking them into simpler steps Chain Home and Chain Home ... of ships Management Chain store , retail outlets which share a brand and central management Chain of command , the line of authority and responsibility along which orders are passed Supply chain ... a product or service from supplier to customer Cold chain , temperature controlled supply chain Value chain , a management concept first described by Michael Porter Mathematics Chain algebraic topology , formal linear combination of k simplices Chain complex , a generalization of the algebraic topology construct to homological algebra Total order Chains Chain , a set paired with a total order, it usually refers to a totally ordered subset of some partially ordered set Markov chain , discrete time stochastic process with the Markov property Pseudo arc , which has at its heart the concept of a chainChain rule , a tool for differentiation in calculus Conway chained arrow notation , a way of expressing exponents using arrows Chemistry Chainreaction , sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by product causes additional reactions Ideal chain , mathematical model of polymer folding Worm like chain or semiflexible chain , which has Kuhn length equal to twice the persistence length Biochemistry Electron transport chain , a sequence of chemical reactions yielding the transport ... more details
For the DNA sequencing method DNA sequencing Chain termination methods Chain termination is any chemical reaction that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a chain propagation step in the course of a polymerization , effectively bringing it to a halt. Mechanisms of Termination In Polymer Chemistry, there are several mechanisms by which a polymerization reaction can terminate depending on the mechanism and circumstances of the reaction. A method of termination that applies to all polymer reactions is the depletion of monomer. In chain growth polymerization, two growing chains can collide head to head causing the growth of both of the chains to stop. In the case of radical or anionic polymerization, chain transfer can occur where the radical at the end of the growing chain can be transferred from the chain to an individual monomer unit causing a new chain to start growing and the previous chain to stop growing. With step growth polymerization, the reaction can be terminated by adding a monofunctional species containing the same functionality as one or more of the types of monomer used in the reaction. For example, an alcohol R OH can be used to stop a reaction between a polyisocyanate and a polyol because it will react with the isocyanate functionality R N C O to produce R N H C O O R which is then no longer reactive with the polyol. External links IUPAC Gold Book definition http www.iupac.org goldbook T06274.pdf Link Category Polymer chemistry nl Terminatie scheikunde ... more details
Chain of Command may refer to Chain of command , in a military context, the line of authority and responsibility along which orders are passed Chain of Command Beast Wars Chain of Command Beast Wars , the fifth episode of the first season of Beast Wars Chain of Command Star Trek The Next Generation Chain of Command Star Trek The Next Generation , a 1992 sixth season episode Chain of Command book Chain of Command book , book by investigative journalist Seymour Hersh Chain of Command video game , a free, online, multiplayer WWII gameChain of Command film Chain of Command film , a 1999 thriller film starring Roy Scheider and Patrick Muldoon Chain of Command album Chain of Command album , a 2004 album by Jag Panzer Chains of Command novel , a 1993 novel by Dale Brown disambiguation fa ... more details
NOTOC Infobox television show name Unchained Reaction image File Unchained Reaction logo.jpg 260px genre Reality television Reality br Science format creator Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman starring Adam Savage br Jamie Hyneman br Charles Haine narrated composer country United States language English num seasons 1 num episodes 6 list episodes location camera runtime company Discovery Studios br BermanBraun executive producer Adam Savage br Jamie Hyneman br Daniel Soiseth br Lloyd Braun br Gail Berman br Gene Stein br David Pritikin br Tracy Rudolph producer co executive producers br Derek Wan br Jared Heinke distributor network Discovery Channel picture format audio format first aired start date 2012 3 18 last aired present status related website http dsc.discovery.com tv unchained reaction production website Unchained Reaction is a science and engineering reality television reality gameshow ... backgrounds against each other to build an elaborate chainreaction contraption sometimes also referred ... New Discovery Channel Series, Unchained Reaction url http tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com 2012 01 20 mythbusters jamie hyneman adam savage to exec produce new discovery channel series unchained reaction ... title Unchained Reaction Sunday March 18th 10pm url http www.youtube.com watch?v X8z2lnAkpkE publisher ..., and a guest judge. History Discovery Channel announced Unchained Reaction , described by Savage as his ... new Discovery series Unchained Reaction url http thecelebritycafe.com feature mythbusters hosts launch new discovery series unchained reaction 01 20 2012 publisher TheCelebrityCafe.com date 2012 ... wanted to create a show that puts the process of problem solving and ingenuity front and center ... MythBusters hosts launching new show url http insidetv.ew.com 2012 01 20 mythbusters unchained reaction work Entertainment Weekly date 2012 01 20 first James last Hibberd accessdate 2012 01 20 ref ... tv unchained reaction imdb title 2230805 Category 2012 American television series debuts ... more details
The Reed reaction is a chemical reaction that utilizes photochemistry light to redox oxidize hydrocarbon s to sulfonyl chloride s. The reaction performs via the free radicals . First, the light makes a molecule of chlorine dissociate Homolysis homolytically , then a chlorine atom produced attacks the hydrocarbon chain to form hydrogen chloride what results in the formation of alkyl free radical. Then Sulfur dioxide SO sub 2 sub as an electron donor bonds to the reaction center , forming an sulfonyl radical. Finally, the least one attacks another chlorine molecule to produce a sulfonyl chloride and a new chlorine atom which continues the reactionchain. also Chainreaction Image Reed Reaction Scheme.png center 350px The Reed reactionChain initiation math Cl 2 xrightarrow h nu 2Cl cdot math Chain propagation steps math R H cdot Cl longrightarrow R cdot HCl math math R cdot SO 2 longrightarrow R dot S O 2 math math R dot S O 2 Cl 2 longrightarrow R SO 2 Cl Cl cdot math The resulting sulfonyl chlorides are widely used in the detergent industry as a raw material . Under particular circumstances 40 80 C only chlorination of alkane may take place. math R H SO 2Cl 2 rightarrow R Cl SO 2 HCl math References C. F. Reed, US patent 2046090 US patent 2174110 US patent 2174492 . Asinger, F. et al. Chemische Berichte Ber. 1942 , 75 , 34. Asinger, F. et al. Chemische Berichte Ber. 1942 , 75 , 42. Asinger, F. et al. Chemische Berichte Ber. 1942 , 75 , 344. Helberger, J. H. Manecka, G. Fischer, H. M. Ann. 1949 , 562 , 23. Category Substitution reactions Category Carbon heteroatom bond forming reactions Category Name reactions reaction stub de Sulfochlorierung fr Sulfochloration nl Reed reactie ja pt Rea o de Reed ru zh es Reacci n de Reed ... more details
File Barcelona.Museu.de.la.Ciencia.Interior.1.jpg 180px thumb A lariat chain at the Museu de la Ciencia science museum , in Barcelona, Spain. A Lariat chain is a chain that hangs off, and is spun by a wheel. It is often used as a science exhibit or a toy. The original http normantuck.com catalogPages lariat.html Lariat Chain was created in 1986 by http www.normantuck.com Norman Tuck , as an Artist in Residence project ref http www.exploratorium.edu xref exhibits lariat chain.html ref at the Exploratorium in San Francisco. Lariat Chain was developed from an earlier Tuck piece entitled ChainReaction 1984 . ChainReaction was hand cranked, and utilized a heavy chain attached by magnets onto an iron flywheel. As in Lariat Chain , ChainReaction used a brush to affect the motion of the traveling chain. The speed of the chain is arranged to equal the group velocity wave speed of transverse wave s, so that waves moving against the motion of the chain appear to be standing still. ref http www.exploratorium.edu cmp exnet exhibits group2 lariat index.html Exploratorium ref ref http www.normantuck.com catalogPages lariat.html normantuck.com ref See also Belt mechanical Launch loop has similar potential instabilities References reflist External links Commonscat Lariat chains http www.coilgun.info momentum home.htm Coilgun info Lariat Chain Introduction http www.instructables.com id Kinetic Chain Sculpture Built from a Bicycle Kinetic Chain sculpture built from a bicycle http www.youtube.com watch?v svmyss4J5fw Instructables how to http www.youtube.com watch?v DVn06r8FUs Simulation of a Lariat chain science stub Category Physics experiments ... more details
The Chain is a 1977 Fleetwood Mac song. The Chain may also refer to The Chain Deana Carter album The Chain Deana Carter album , 2007 The Chain 1984 film The Chain 1984 film , a British comedy drama film 25 Years The Chain , a Fleetwood Mac compilation album The Chain Buffy comic The Chain Buffy comic , the 5th issue of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight comics List of Radcliffe and Maconie s Chain Tracks The Chain , a feature on the Radcliffe and Maconie Show on BBC Radio 2 A song from Ingrid Michaelson s 2009 album Everybody Ingrid Michaelson album Everybody a live version is on the 2008 compilation album Be OK album Be OK See also Chain disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
Chain propagation is a process in which a reactive intermediate is continuously regenerated during the course of a chemical reaction . In polymerization reaction, the reactive end group s of a polymer chain react in each propagation step with a new monomer molecule transferring the reactive group to that last unit. External links IUPAC Gold Book definition http www.iupac.org goldbook C00960.pdf Link Category Polymer chemistry physical chemistry stub et Ahela levik nl Propagatie scheikunde ... more details
File It s all in the game 1985 1988 titel.jpg thumb It s all in the game leader File It s all in the game 1985 1988 .jpg thumb Screenshot from the show It s all in the game was a Netherlands Dutch TV gameshow for students of the NCRV which ran from 1985 till 1988. The show centered around home computer computer games games . Several of the games were developed by Radarsoft . Presenters Hans Brian 1985 1987 Henk Mouwe 1987 1988 Commentator Herman Kuiphof 1986 1987 Directors Ren Stokvis 1985,1987 John van de Rest 1986 Fred Hilberdink 1988 External links http beeldengeluidwiki.nl index.php It 27s all in the game It s all in the game on the Beeld en Geluid wiki Netherlands tv stub Category Dutch game shows nl It s All in the Game ... more details
A chain of events is a number of Action theory philosophy actions and their effects that are Contiguity contiguous and linked together. Chainreaction A chainreaction is a chain of events where one or more events in the chain causes additional reaction in an earlier stage of the chain. It results in a self amplification of the chain of events. Determinism Main Determinism Determinism is the philosophy philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition and behaviour, decision and action, is causality causally determined by an unbroken chain of events . ref Van Inwagen, Peter, 1983, An Essay on Free Will , Oxford Clarendon Press. ref blockquote With numerous historical debates, many varieties and philosophical positions on the subject of determinism exist from traditions throughout the world. In value theory In value theory , it is the amount of cause and effects of the chain of events before generating intrinsic value ethics intrinsic value that separates Instrumental value High and low grades high and low grades of instrumental value . The chain of events duration is the time it takes to reach the terminal event. In value theory this is generally the intrinsic value also called terminal value . It is contrasted with ethic value duration , which is the time that an object has any value intensity . Fabric of events A fabric of events is an expansion of the chain of events , emphasizing that chains of events are intertwined with each other, as a Textile fabric . In aviation Main Chain of events aviation In aviation , a chain of events , often called the error chain , is a term specifically referring to the concept that many contributing factors typically lead to an Aviation accidents and incidents accident , rather than one single event. ref name GFDPrivate cite book author Willits, Pat others Mike Abbott and Liz Kailey title Guided Flight Discovery Private ... 145504766 pages 10 26 ref References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Chain Of Events Category Action Category ... more details
The Varrentrapp reaction is an organic reaction involving the chemical decomposition of an , saturation chemistry unsaturated carboxylic acid acid into two other acid fragments by action of molten alkali . This reaction pioneered by F. Varrentrapp in 1840 ref F. Varrentrapp, Ann., 36, 196 1840 ref has been of some importance in structure elucidation of certain fatty acid s but has no practical synthetic use. ref Organic reactions in strong alkalis I Fission of ethylenic acids the varrentrapp reaction Tetrahedron journal Tetrahedron , Volume 8, Issues 3 4, 1960 , Pages 221 238 R. G. Ackman, Patrick Linstead, B. J. Wakefield and B. C. L. Weedon doi 10.1016 0040 4020 60 80031 2 ref ref A Mechanism for the Cleavage of Unsaturated Acids with Molten Alkali William A. Bonner, Robert T. Rewick J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962 84 12 2334 2337. DOI 10.1021 ja00871a013 ref The original 1840 Varrentrapp reaction concerned the conversion of oleic acid to palmitic acid , acetic acid and hydrogen gas Image VarrentrappReaction.svg 600px center The Varrentrap reaction the reaction conditions are harsh medium molten potassium hydroxide at temperatures in the range of 250 to 300 C . Likewise cinnamic acid is converted to benzoic acid . The reaction mechanism for this reaction is outlined below. Although the alkene group in the fatty acid can be located at more than one position in the chain, this does not affect the nature of the reaction products. This is because the double bond always migrates to the position next to the carboxylic acid group prior to cleavage. The next step is nucleophilic addition of a hydroxyl anion to the double bond of 1 followed by proton migration to intermediate 3 . The next step is cleavage to enolate 4a and aldehyde 4b . The enolate on acidic workup will form acetic acid .... The hydride transfer is akin the Cannizzaro reaction . Image VarrentrappMechanism3.svg 600px center Varrentrapp reaction mechanism References Reflist Category Elimination reactions Category ... more details
The Nef reaction is an organic reaction describing the acid catalysis acid hydrolysis of a salt of a primary or secondary nitroalkane 1 to an aldehyde or a ketone 3 and nitrous oxide 4 . ref The NEF Reaction Wayland E. Noland Chem. Rev. 1955 , 55 1 , 137 155. Review, DOI 10.1021 cr50001a003 ref ref Pinnick, H. W. Org. React. 1990 , 38 , 655 792. Review ref ref Grierson, D. S. Husson, H. P. Comp. Org. Syn. 1991 , 6 , 937 944. Review ref Image Nef Reaction Scheme.png center 650px The Nef reaction The reaction was reported in 1894 by the chemist John Ulric Nef chemist John Ulric Nef ref Nef, J. U. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1894 , 280. ref , who treated the sodium salt of nitroethane with sulfuric acid ..., the reaction was pioneered a year earlier in 1893 by Konovalov ref Konovalov., J. Russ. Phys ... acid to acetophenone . The Nef reaction should not be confused with the Nef synthesis . Reaction mechanism The reaction mechanism starting from the nitro salt as the resonance structure s 1a and 1b is depicted below Image NefMechanism.png center 500px The Nef reaction mechanism The salt is protonated ... blue color of the reaction mixture in many Nef reactions. This intermediate rearranges to hyponitrous ... the carbonyl compound. Note that the reaction requires an alpha hydrogen atom and therefore the reaction fails with tertiary nitro compounds. Scope The Nef reaction is frequently encountered in organic synthesis . It has been applied in carbohydrate chemistry as a chain extension method for aldose ... D arabinose and C14 nitromethane the first step here is a Henry reaction Image NefChainExtention.png center 500px The Nef reactionchain extension The opposite reaction is the Wohl degradation . The reaction is also used in combination with the Michael reaction in the synthesis of gamma keto carbonyls ... 1860 5397 1 11 ref Image NefMichaelTandem.png 500px center Nef reaction in combination with Michael ... acid s and hydroxylamine salts. The hydrolysis step of the Nef reaction can also be performed ... more details
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