A checkconstraint also known as table checkconstraint is a condition that defines valid data when adding or updating an entry in a table of a relational database . A checkconstraint is applied to each row in the table. The constraint must be a predicate. It can refer to a single or multiple columns ..., one could add a checkconstraint such that the price of a product and quantity of a product is a non ... invalid, even if the application itself accepts invalid data. Definition Each checkconstraint ... CREATE TABLE table name ..., CONSTRAINTconstraint name CHECK predicate , ... ALTER TABLE table name ADD CONSTRAINTconstraint name CHECK predicate If the checkconstraint refers to a single column only, it is possible to specify the constraint as part of the column definition. CREATE TABLE table name ... column name type CHECK predicate , ... NOT NULL Constraint A NOT Null SQL NULL constraint is functionally equivalent to the following checkconstraint with an code IS NOT NULL code predicate CHECK column IS NOT NULL Some Relational database management system relational database management systems are able to optimize performance when the code NOT NULL code constraint syntax is used as opposed to the CHECKconstraint syntax given above. ref PostgreSQL 8.3devel Documentation, Chapter 5. Data ... modifications to these records would then be prevented by the CHECKconstraint. Some examples of dangerous constraints include CHECK select count from invoices where invoices.customerId customerId 1000 CHECK dateInserted CURRENT DATE CHECK countItems RAND User defined Database trigger triggers can ... of Null SQL NULLs . If the predicate evaluates to UNKNOWN, then the constraint is not violated ... to have a negative price 30 or quantity 3 items . Check constraints are used to ensure the validity ... systems restrict check constraints to a single row, with access to constants and deterministic functions ... isolation . Such constraints are not truly table check constraints but rather row check ... more details
wiktionarypar constraintConstraint is the element factor or a subsystem that works as a bottleneck. It restricts an entity, project, or system such as a manufacturing or decision making process from achieving its potential or higher level of output with reference to its goal. Constraint may refer to Theory of Constraints , in business management Loading gauge or structure gauge constraints in engineering A constraint on constrained writing , in literature For example, Oulipo Constraints Oulipian constraints In mathematics Constraint mathematics Constraint information theory Constraint algorithm such as SHAKE, or LINCS In computing Constraint satisfaction , in computer science Constraint logic programming Finite domains Finite domain constraints , in constraint satisfaction. Integrity constraints , an element of database design See also Carrier s constraint Restraint disambiguation disambig es Restricci n ... more details
Wiktionarypar checkCheck may refer to A small crack in the glass, also known as a check, in the glass container industry Cheque Check in U.S. English , an order for transfer of money Check box , a type of widget in computing Check pattern , or Chequered a pattern of squares used on chess boards, fabrics, etc. Check unit testing framework , a unit testing framework for C programs Penetration testing Standards .26 certification CHECK Scheme , a penetration testing certification run by CESG Checking ice hockey , the act of physically keeping an opponent restrained Rain check, an English language idioms derived from baseball R idiom from baseball meaning a deferral Tartan , a checked pattern in fabric and weaving Tick checkmark , a mark used for verification or notation Games betting poker CheckCheck , declining to bet in a game of poker Check chess , a threat to capture the king or general Cross check , in chess, a check played in reply to a check Poker chip , less commonly referred to as a check Musics The Checks band , a New Zealand band Check , a song by Canadian rock band Max Webster from the album Universal Juveniles See also Checkmate disambiguation Chek disambiguation disambig de Check ko ja simple Check sv Check ... more details
Check In service counter Aug 2010.JPG right thumb Check in counter at a hotel in Hong Kong Check in is the process ... . Airlines and airports Image Check in counter at Mumbai International Airport T1 for domestic flights.jpg thumb right Check in at Mumbai International Airport domestic terminal Main Airport check in Check ... feeds into the main baggage handling system. Some airports have curbside check in, where passengers ... directly to security. The airline check in s main function is to accept luggage that is to go in the aircraft ... automated check in processes, with many passengers now able to either check in online before arriving at the airport or use an airline s self service check in kiosks at the airport, avoiding queues for the staffed check in desks. Hotels Image Front desk hotel.JPG right thumb Kempinski Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten check in At a hotel , check in is normally required in order to obtain a room key lock key ... of the stay. The hotel s check in time indicates the time from which the hotel starts charging for the day. If anybody wants to occupy the hotel room before the hotel s check in time, the hotel ... the hotel room after the check in time . Most hotels, however, can accommodate a little buffer time ... before the check in time. For the most cost effective usage of hotel room occupancy, the customer should try to reach at about hotel s check in time and leave or hand over the hotel room at about the hotel s check out time, but it may not be always practical because the customer s arrival and departure time of flights may not align with the hotel check in and check out time and for other reasons. Social check in Many social networking services, such as Foursquare social networking Foursquare , Google Latitude , Google , Facebook , Gowalla , and Brightkite allow users to check in to a physical ... publisher Dow Jones & Company, Inc. accessdate September 30, 2010 ref Users can check in to a specific ... a user can see a list of nearby places into which the user can check in. If a location is not on the nearby ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 About an album other uses Check in disambiguation Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Check In Type Album Artist The Chalets Cover Chalets check in cover.png Released September 2, 2005 Recorded Genre Length 39 15 Label Setanta Records Producer Richard Rainey, Gareth Mannix Last album This album Check In br 2005 Next album Album reviews rev1 Robert Christgau rev1score Rating Christgau B ref name Christgau cite web last Christgau first Robert url http www.robertchristgau.com get album.php?id 13645 title Check In publisher Robert Christgau date accessdate ref noprose yes Check In is an album by The Chalets , released in 2005. Track listing Theme From Chalets 2 55 No Style 3 30 Red High Heels 3 12 Gogo Don t Go 3 27 Arrivals 0 41 Feel the Machine 3 13 Two Chord Song 1 55 Fight Your Kids 3 27 Nightrocker 3 18 Sexy Mistake 2 55 Departures 0 42 Checkout 2 41 Love Punch 2 20 Beach Blanket 4 59 References Reflist Category 2005 albums 2000s indie rock album stub ... more details
good article Infobox Single Name Check On It Cover Checkonit.jpg Released December 13, 2005 Artist Beyonc ... Check on It br 2005 Next single D j Vu Beyonc Knowles song D j Vu br 2006 Extra chronology Artist Slim Thug singles Type singles Last single Luxurious br 2005 This single Check on It br 2005 Next single Wamp Wamp What It Do br 2006 Check on It is a song recorded by American Contemporary ... s Child album 1 s . Columbia Records released Check on It in the United States on December 13, 2005. The song s development was motivated by the phrase Check on It which Knowles and her management jokingly used before they decided to turn it into a song. Check on It is an contemporary R&B R&B ... is dancing. The song consists of two Song structure popular music verse raps by Slim Thug. Check ..., and the assertiveness with which she sings her lines. Check on It was not originally lined up for a release .... Eventually, Check on It debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 Billboard Hot 100 in November 2005 ... as a solo artist. Check on It reached number one in New Zealand and the top ten on various singles ... on December 16, 2005 on MTV . The version of Check on It used in the clip features a remix of The Pink ... of the Year at the 2006 BET Awards . Although Knowles did not perform Check on It in any televised .... Check on It was written by Knowles, Slim Thug , Angela Beyince, and Sean Garrett . Production was handled ... Pensado, and Dexter Simmons mixed Check on It with assistance from Geoffrey Rice, and Matt Serrecchio. ref name allmusic cw url http www.allmusic.com album check on it single r813374 title Check on It & 91 ... that the song s title, Check on It , was a phrase that she and her management jokingly used several ... Williams Williams, Hype Director date 2005 title The making of Check on It medium Documentary publisher ..., 2011 ref Check on It was nevertheless played during The Pink Panther s end credits. ref name pinkk Check on It was not initailly intended for release as a single music single from the album 1 s . However ... more details
for a graph in electronic design automation Constraint graph layout In constraint satisfaction research of artificial intelligence and operations research , constraint graphs and hypergraphs are used to represent relations among constraints in a constraint satisfaction problem . Constraint hypergraph The constraint hypergraph of a constraint satisfaction problem is a hypergraph in which hypervertices correspond to the variables and the hyperedges correspond to the constraints. Two hypervertices are in the same hyperedge if the two variables occur in the same constraint. ref name handbook A simple way to represent the constraint hypergraph is by using a classical graph with the following properties Vertices correspond either to variables or to constraints, an edge can only connect a variable vertex to a constraint vertex, and there is an edge between a variable vertex and a constraint vertex if and only if the corresponding variable occurs in the corresponding constraint. Properties 1 and 2 define a bipartite graph . The definition of the hypergraph is obtained by defining the hypervertices ... constraint vertex. Primal constraint graph The primal constraint graph or simply primal graph also the Gaifman graph of a constraint satisfaction problem is the graph mathematics graph whose nodes are the variables ... in a constraint. ref name handbook Handbook of Constraint Programming , by Francesca Rossi, Peter ... 22primal constraint graph 22 wikipedia&ei XnTzSP OCoPytQO1zpD2Bg&sig ACfU3U029fE32OVFYg63vL PZ4bFsvgBYQ PPA212,M1 p. 211, 212 ref The primal constraint graph is in fact the primal graph hypergraphs primal graph of the constraint hypergraph. Dual constraint graph The set of variables involved in a constraint is called the constraint scope . The dual constraint graph is the graph in which the vertices are all possible constraint scopes involved in the constraints of the problem and two vertices ... reflist Category Constraint programming Category Application specific graphs math stub ... more details
In artificial intelligence and operations research , a regular constraint is a kind of global constraint . It can be used to solve a particular type of puzzle called a nonogram or logigrams. External links Paltzer, Nikos. http www.ps.uni sb.de courses seminar ws04 papers paltzer.pdf Regular Language Membership Constraint Category Constraint programming Compu AI stub Mathapplied stub ... more details
In constraint satisfaction problem constraint satisfaction backtracking algorithm s, constraint learning ... is found. This new constraint may reduce the search space , as future partial evaluations may ... assigned variable, as expected by recursion. A constraint learning algorithm differs because it tries to record some information, before backtracking, in form of a new constraint. This can reduce the further ... with this new constraint. If the algorithm has learned the new constraint, it will backtrack ... solution math x 1 a 1, ldots,x k a k math is inconsistent, the problem instance implies the constraint .... However, recording this constraint is not useful, as this partial solution will not be encountered ..., the corresponding constraint may be useful in the subsequent search, as the same subset of the partial .... If this subset is inconsistent and the algorithm has stored this fact in form of a constraint ... a solution. cellpadding 20 Image Constraint learning 1.svg Image Constraint learning 2.svg Image Constraint ... x 1 math and math x 4 math only. This fact can be stored in a new constraint. If the algorithm reaches the same values of math x 1 math and math x 4 math again, the new constraint blocks the search. Efficiency of constraint learning The efficiency of constraint learning algorithm is balanced between two factors. On one hand, the more often a recorded constraint is violated, the more often backtracking ... not the only feature of learned constraints to take into account. Indeed, a small constraint may ... again. A larger constraint whose violating values are more similar to the current partial assignment may be preferred in such cases. Various constraint learning techniques exist, differing ... of the truth evaluation of math x 1, ldots,x k math to variables that are in a constraint with math x k 1 math , provided that this constraint contains no unassigned variable. Learning ... of variables are in the same constraint, which can be found out from the graph associated to the constraint ... more details
In artificial intelligence and operations research , constraint satisfaction is the process of finding a solution to a set of Constraint mathematics constraint s that impose conditions that the Variable ... that satisfies all constraints. The techniques used in constraint satisfaction depend on the kind of constraints being considered. Often used are constraints on a finite domain, to the point that constraint ... or local search constraint satisfaction local search . Constraint propagation are other methods ... or prove it unsatisfiable, but not always. Constraint propagation methods are also used in conjunction ... or the simplex algorithm . Constraint satisfaction originated in the field of artificial intelligence ... into a programming language were developed. Languages often used for constraint programming are Prolog and C . Constraint satisfaction problem main Constraint satisfaction problem As originally ... take. Informally, a finite domain is a finite set of arbitrary elements. A constraint satisfaction ... of constraints, each constraint specifying the allowed values for a group of variables. A solution ... values of the variables that would satisfy the constraint. One of the most used constraints is the one ... be expressed as constraint satisfaction problems are the Eight queens puzzle , the Sudoku solving ... definition of a constraint satisfaction problem, arithmetic equations and inequalities bound the values ... the definition of a constraint satisfaction problem , which is limited to finite domains. They are however used often in constraint programming . Solving Constraint satisfaction problems on finite ... of backtracking , constraint propagation , and Local search optimization local search . These techniques ... been generalized to any finite CSP in another book by the same author lang en Constraint Resolution Theories ref name Constraint Resolution Theories en cite news first Denis last Berthier titre lang en Constraint Resolution Theories url http www.carva.org denis.berthier CRT work Lulu Publishers, ISBN ... more details
In constraint satisfaction , constraint inference is a relationship between constraints and their consequences. A set of constraints math D math entails a constraint math C math if every solution to math D math is also a solution to math C math . In other words, if math V math is a valuation of the variables in the scopes of the constraints in math D math and all constraints in math D math are satisfied by math V math , then math V math also satisfies the constraint math C math . Some operations on constraints produce a new constraint that is a consequence of them. Constraint composition operates on a pair of binary constraints math x,y ,R math and math y,z ,S math with a common variable. The composition of such two constraints is the constraint math x,z ,Q math that is satisfied by every evaluation of the two non shared variables for which there exists a value of the shared variable math ... x,y ,R math and math y,z ,S math . Constraint projection restricts the effects of a constraint to some of its variables. Given a constraint math t,R math its projection to a subset math t math of its variables is the constraint math t ,R math that is satisfied by an evaluation if this evaluation can be extended to the other variables in such a way the original constraint math t,R math is satisfied ... of possibly non binary constraints the generated constraint is on an arbitrary subset of the variables ..., the extended composition of them is the constraint math A,R math where an evaluation of math A math satisfies this constraint if it can be extended to the other variables so that math C 1, ldots,C m math are all satisfied. See also Constraint satisfaction problem References cite book first Rina last Dechter title Constraint processing publisher Morgan Kaufmann year 2003 url http ... Principles of constraint programming publisher Cambridge University Press year 2003 ISBN 0 521 82583 ... year 1998 publisher MIT Press ISBN 0 262 13341 5 Category Constraint programming Category ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 In loop quantum gravity , dynamics such as time evolutions of fields are controlled by the Hamiltonian constraint . The identity of the Hamiltonian constraint is a major open question in quantum gravity , as is extracting of physical observables from any such specific constraint. The Thomas Thiemann Thiemann Operator physics operator has been proposed as such a constraint. Although this operator defines a complete and consistent quantum theory, doubts have been raised as to the physical reality of this theory due to inconsistencies with classical general relativity the quantum constraint algebra closes, but it is not isomorphic to the classical constraint algebra of GR, which is seen as circumstantial evidence of inconsistencies definitely not a proof of inconsistencies , and so variants have been proposed. External links http relativity.livingreviews.org open?pubNo lrr 1998 1&page node27.html Overview by Carlo Rovelli http arxiv.org abs gr qc 9606088 Thiemann s paper in Physics Letters http arxiv.org pdf gr qc 9710008 Good information on LQG Category Loop quantum gravity quantum stub ... more details
In mathematics , a constraint is a condition that a solution to an optimization mathematics optimization problem must satisfy. There are two types of constraints equality constraints and inequality constraints . The set of solutions that satisfy all constraints is called the candidate solution feasible set . Example The following is a simple optimization problem math min f bold x x 1 2 x 2 4 math subject to math x 1 ge 1 math and math x 2 1, , math where math bold x math denotes the Vectorization mathematics vector x sub 1 sub , x sub 2 sub . In this example, the first line defines the function to be minimized called the objective or cost function . The second and third lines define two constraints, the first of which is an inequality constraint and the second of which is an equality constraint. These two constraints define the feasible set of candidate solution s. Without the constraints, the solution would be math 0,0 , math where math f bold x math has the lowest value. But this solution does not satisfy the constraints. The solution of the constrained optimization problem stated above but math bold x 1,1 math , which is the point with the smallest value of math f bold x math that satisfies the two constraints. Terminology If a constraint is an equality at a given point, the constraint is said to be visible anchor binding , as the point cannot be varied in the direction of the constraint. If a constraint is an inequality at a given point, the constraint is said to be visible anchor non binding , as the point can be varied in the direction of the constraint. If a constraint is not satisfied, the point is said to be Feasible region infeasible . See also Constraint satisfaction problem Karush&ndash Kuhn&ndash Tucker conditions Lagrange multipliers Level set Linear programming Nonlinear programming External links http www unix.mcs.anl.gov otc Guide faq nonlinear programming faq.html Nonlinear programming FAQ http glossary.computing.society.informs.org Mathematical Programming ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2008 dicdef Binary constraint , in mathematical optimization , is a constraint that involves exactly two variables. For example, consider the n queens problem , where the goal is to place n Queen chess chess queens on an n by n chessboard such that none of the queens can attack each other horizontally, vertically, or diagonally . The formal set of constraints are therefore Queen 1 can t attack Queen 2 , Queen 1 can t attack Queen 3 , and so on between all pairs of queens. Each constraint in this problem is binary, in that it only considers the placement of two individual queens. Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages Category Mathematical optimization Category Constraint programming Mathapplied stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2007 In theoretical physics , a constraint algebra is a linear space of all Constraint mathematics constraint s and all of their polynomial functions or functionals whose action on the physical vectors of the Hilbert space should be equal to zero. For example, in electromagnetism, the equation for the Gauss law math nabla cdot vec E rho math is an equation of motion that does not include any time derivatives. This is why it is counted as a constraint, not a dynamical equation of motion. In quantum electrodynamics , one first constructs a Hilbert space in which Gauss law does not hold automatically. The true Hilbert space of physical states is constructed as a subspace of the original Hilbert space of vectors that satisfy math nabla cdot vec E x rho x psi rangle 0. math In more general theories, the constraint algebra may be a noncommutative algebra . See also First class constraints Category Quantum mechanics Category Quantum field theory phys stub ... more details
Original research date June 2011 Programming paradigms Constraint programming is a programming paradigm wherein relations between variables are stated in the form of constraint mathematics constraint s. Constraints .... This makes constraint programming a form of declarative programming . The constraints used in constraint programming are of various kinds those used in constraint satisfaction problem s e.g. A or B ... are usually embedded within a programming language or provided via separate software libraries. Constraint programming can be done in the form of constraint logic programming , which embeds constraints ... of constraint logic programming were Prolog III , CLP R , and CHIP programming language CHIP . Other ... programming . Mostly, constraints are implemented in imperative languages via constraint solving toolkits , which are separate libraries for an existing imperative language. Constraint logic programming main Constraint logic programming Constraint programming is an embedding of constraints ... called constraint logic programming . The two paradigms share many important features, like ... for constraint logic programming. The difference between the two is largely in their styles and approaches ... programs, while some are more natural to write as constraint programs. The constraint programming ... variables. The constraint program searches for values for all the variables. Temporal concurrent constraint programming TCC and non deterministic temporal concurrent constraint programming NTCC are variants of constraint programming that can deal with time. Some popular constraint logic languages ... SWI Prolog a free software free Prolog system containing several libraries for constraint solving ... Turtle free software GPL Domains The constraints used in constraint programming are typically over some specific domains. Some popular domains for constraint programming are Boolean datatype ... or more of the above Finite domains is one of the most successful domains of constraint programming ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 A transition constraint is a way of enforcing that the data doesn t enter an impossible state because of a previous state. For example, it shouldn t be possible for a person to change from being married to being single, never married . The only valid states after married might be divorced , widowed , or deceased . Transition constraint is commonly used in database model s such as relational databases . References http citeseer.ist.psu.edu 612731.html Modelling Transition Constraints ResearchIndex Category Data modeling database stub ... more details
In computer science , Constraint automata are a formalism to describe the behavior and possible data flow in coordination models ref http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 2009acse.book..972N Linear Temporal Logic of Constraint Automata by Sara Navidpour and Mohammad Izadi, Department of Mathematical Science, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. ref . It was introduced by Arbab et al. ref http ftp.cwi.nl CWIreports SEN SEN R0309.pdf Effective Modeling of Software Architectural Assemblies Using Constraint Automata by Nikunj R. Mehta, Marjan Sirjani, and Farhad Arbab. Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica CWI Technical Report SEN R0309, October 22, 2003. ref as a variation of finite automata for model checking Reo connector circuits. Constraint automata can be considered generalizations of Probabilistic automaton probabilistic automata , in which data constraints, instead of probabilities, label state transitions and influence their firing. See also Model checking Finite automata Probabilistic automaton Colored Petri net References reflist Category Automata theory ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In robot motion planning , a Pfaffian constraint is a set of k linearly independent Constraint mathematics constraint s linear in velocity, i.e., of the form math A q dot q 0 math One source of Pfaffian constraints is rolling without slipping in wheeled robot s. ref name Choset2005 cite book author Choset, H.M. year 2005 title Principles of Robot Motion Theory, Algorithms, and Implementation publisher The MIT Press isbn 0262033275 ref References reflist Category Robot kinematics Category Control theory ... more details
In constraint satisfaction , constrained optimization also called constraint optimization seeks for a solution maximizing or minimizing a cost function . Definition A constraint optimization problem can be defined as a regular constraint satisfaction problem in which constraints are weighted and the goal is to find a solution maximizing the weight of satisfied constraints. Alternatively, a constraint optimization problem can be defined as a regular constraint satisfaction problem augmented with a number of local cost functions. The aim of constraint optimization is to find a solution to the problem whose cost, evaluated as the sum of the cost functions, is maximized or minimized. The regular constraints are called hard constraints , while the cost functions are called soft constraints . These names ...,n math and math h j mathbf x le d j mathrm for j 1, cdots,m math are constraint functions that need to be satisfied. Solution methods Branch and bound Constraint optimization can be solved by branch ... each soft constraint separately. For each soft constraint, the maximal possible value for any ... constraints may derive from different evaluations a soft constraint may be maximal for math x a math while another constraint is maximal for math x b math . Russian doll search This method runs a branch ... elimination The bucket elimination algorithm can be adapted for constraint optimization. A given ... soft constraint. The cost of this new constraint is computed assuming a maximal value for every ... except math x math , the new soft constraint is defined by not exactly the correct notation, but clear ... constraints of the bucket are replaced as above to remove the variable. The resulting constraint is then placed in the appropriate bucket. See also Distributed constraint optimization Penalty method Lagrange multipliers References cite book first Rina last Dechter title Constraint Processing publisher ... 7 Category Mathematical optimization Category Constraint programming ... more details
Constraint Grammar CG is a methodological paradigm for Natural language processing NLP . Linguist written, context dependent rules are compiled into a grammar that assigns grammatical tags readings to words or other tokens in running text. Typical tags address lemmatisation lexeme or base form , inflexion , derivation linguistics derivation , syntactic function , dependency, Valency linguistics valency , case role s, semantic type etc. Each rule either adds, removes, selects or replaces a tag or a set of grammatical tags in a given sentence context. Context conditions can be linked to any tag or tag ... of a given kind, thus providing a high degree of robustness. The Constraint Grammar concept was launched ... treebank projects have used Constraint Grammar for automatic annotation. CG methodology has also used .... List of Constraint Grammar systems sorted by language Free software http beta.visl.sdu.dk cg3.html VISL CG 3 Constraint Grammar compiler parser Northern Sami language North and Lule Sami language ... constraint grammar.html DanGram English http www2.lingsoft.fi cgi bin engcg ENGCG , http www.ling.helsinki.fi avoutila cg index.html ENGCG 2 , http beta.visl.sdu.dk constraint grammar.html VISL ENGCG Esperanto http beta.visl.sdu.dk constraint grammar.html EspGram French http beta.visl.sdu.dk constraint grammar.html FrAG German http beta.visl.sdu.dk constraint grammar.html GerGram Irish ... Spanish http beta.visl.sdu.dk constraint grammar.html HISPAL Swedish http www2.lingsoft.fi doc swecg intro SWECG Swahili Portuguese http beta.visl.sdu.dk constraint grammar.html PALAVRAS External links http kevindonnelly.org.uk 2010 05 constraint grammar tutorial CG Tutorial by Kevin Donnelly http ... Bick, Eckhard. 2000. The Parsing System Palavras Automatic Grammatical Analysis of Portuguese in a Constraint .... Constraint Grammar as a Framework for Parsing Unrestricted Text. H. Karlgren, ed., Proceedings ..., Fred, Atro Voutilainen, Juha Heikkil , and Arto Anttila, editors. 1995. Constraint Grammar ... more details
Orphan date October 2011 In corporate governance , the outrage constraint is an upper limit on executive pay . ref name Krugman2002 Cite news last Krugman first Paul title The Outrage Constraint url http www.nytimes.com 2002 08 23 opinion the outrage constraint.html work The New York Times date 2002 08 23 accessdate 22 October 2011 quote In practice, modern C.E.O. s set their own compensation, limited only by the outrage constraint outrage not on the part of the board, whose members depend on the C.E.O. s good will for many of their perks, but on the part of outside groups that can make trouble. ref ref name BebchukFried2006 cite book author1 Lucian Arye Bebchuk author2 Jesse M. Fried title Pay Without Performance The Unfulfilled Promise of Executive Compensation url http books.google.com books?id JDDnbxaleNsC&pg PA65 accessdate 25 October 2011 date 1 September 2006 origyear Previous edition 2004 publisher Harvard University Press isbn 978 0 674 02228 7 page 65 quote When the potential outrage costs are large enough, they will deter the adoption of arrangements that managers would otherwise favor. We shall refer to arrangements that are deterred in this way as ones that violate the outrage constraint. ref ref Cite journal last Sheehan first Kym title Is the Outrage Constraint an Effective Constraint on Executive Remuneration? Evidence from the UK and Preliminary Results from Australia url http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 974965 publisher Social Science Research Network date 2007 03 18 accessdate 23 October 2011 quote The managerial power thesis of Professors Lucian Bebchuk and Jesse Fried argues that outrage is perhaps the only effective constraint on executive remuneration, where the board of directors is effectively dominated by a sufficiently powerful CEO or senior management group. ref ref cite conference url http www.people.fas.harvard.edu idew papers ... over boards of directors and are mainly restricted by an outrage constraint where shareholders ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 File Budget constraint.svg thumb 250px Budget constraint, where math A frac m P y math and math B frac m P x math A budget constraint represents the combinations of goods and services that a consumer can purchase given current prices with his or her income. Consumer theory uses the concepts of a budget constraint mathematics constraint and a preference map to analyze consumer choices. Both concepts have a ready Consumer Theory graphical representation in the two good case. Uses Individual choice File Indifference curves showing budget line.svg thumb right An individual should consume at Qx, Qy . An individual consumer should choose to consume goods at the point where the most preferred available indifference curve on their indifference curve Map and properties of indifference curves preference map is tangent to their budget constraint. That is, the indifference curve tangent to the budget constraint represents the maximum utility obtained utilizing the entire budget of the consumer. The tangent point the xy coordinate represents the amount of goods x and y the consumer should purchase to fully utilize their budget to obtain maximum utility. ref Lipsey 1975 . p 182. ref A line connecting all points of tangency between the indifference curve and the budget constraint is called the expansion path . ref name Salvatore Salvatore, Dominick 1989 . Schaum s outline ... constraints on production. A production possibility frontier is a budget constraint presented ... models of international trade, the budget constraint of the economy its CPF is determined by the terms ... between multiple goods through a budget constraint. In such a case, assuming there are math n , math ... constraint is math sum i 1 np ix i leq W. math Further, if the consumer spends his income entirely, the budget constraint binds math sum i 1 np ix i W. math In this case, the consumer cannot ... isbn 0297768999 DEFAULTSORT Budget Constraint Category Consumer theory Category Budgets Constraint Category ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2008 A liquidity constraint in economic theory is a form of imperfection in the capital market . It causes difficulties for models based on intertemporal consumption . Many economic models require individuals to Saving money save or borrow money from time to time. A liquidity constraint is an arbitrary limit on the amount an individual can borrow, or an arbitrary alteration in the interest rate they pay. By raising the costs of borrowing, they prevent individuals from fully optimising their behaviour over time. Actually existing liquidity constraints are mainly due to risk based behaviour by lenders such as bank s. Mortgage loan Mortgage lending is the cheapest way of an individual borrowing money, but is only available to people with enough savings to buy property. Because the loan is secured on a house or other property, it is only accessible to particular individuals those who have enough savings to put down a deposit . Other forms of credit, like loan unsecured loan s, credit card s and loan shark s, have progressively higher interest rates, and are used more by poorer people. econ stub Category Intertemporal economics ... more details
Carrier s constraint is the observation that air breathing vertebrates which have two lungs and flex their bodies sideways during animal locomotion locomotion find it very difficult to move and breathe at the same time, because the sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other. this shunts stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air. ref cite journal last Carrier first D.R. title The evolution of locomotor stamina in tetrapods circumventing a mechanical constraint journal Paleobiology volume issue 13 pages 326 341 year 1987 ref Consequences of Carrier s constraint Most lizards move in short bursts, with long pauses for breath. Around the Late Triassic period, animals with Carrier s constraint were preyed on by bipedal species that evolved a more efficient stride. Ways of avoiding Carrier s constraint Partial solutions Snake s have only one lung. It is not known how this lung operates during locomotion, other than that they can indeed move and breathe at the same time. Monitor lizard s increase their stamina by using bones and muscles in the throat and floor of the mouth to gulp air via buccal pumping . ref cite web url http biomechanics.bio.uci.edu html nh biomech monitor monitor.htm title Monitor Marathons year 2003 last Summers first A ref Crocodilians use a high walk , with a more erect limb posture that minimizes sideways flexing, to cross long distances. However, as they evolved from upright walkers with limited bipedality, this may simply be a remnant of past behavior rather than a specific adaptation to overcome this difficulty. Complete solutions Bird s have erect limbs and rigid bodies, and therefore do not flex sideways when moving. In addition many of them have a mechanism which pumps both lungs simultaneously when the birds rock their hips. Most mammal s have erect limbs and flexible bodies, which makes their bodies flex vertically when moving quickly. This aids breathing, as it expands and compresses ... more details
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