Image Blacksmoker in Atlantic Ocean.jpg right thumb A black smoker in the Atlantic Ocean providing energy and nutrients Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donor s in their environments. These molecules can be organic molecule organic chemoorganotroph s or inorganic compound inorganic chemolithotroph s . The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototroph s, which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotroph ic or heterotroph ic. Chemoautotrophs or chemotrophic autotroph , Ancient Greek language Gr Chemo chemical, auto self, troph nourishment in addition to deriving energy from chemical reaction s, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide . Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide , elemental sulfur , iron II oxide ferrous iron , molecular hydrogen , and ammonia . Most are bacteria or archaea that live in extremophile hostile environments such as deep sea vent s and are the primary producer s in such ecosystem s. Evolutionary scientists believe that the first organisms to inhabit Earth were chemoautotrophs that produced oxygen as a by product and later evolved into both Aerobic organism aerobic , animal like organisms and photosynthetic , plant like organisms. Citation needed date November 2010 Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups methanogen s, halophile s, Microbial metabolism Sulfur oxidation sulfur oxidizers and Sulfur reducing bacteria reducer s, nitrification nitrifiers , anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophile s. Chemolithotrophic growth could be dramatically fast, such as Thiomicrospira crunogena with a doubling time around one hour. ref http dx.doi.org 10.1128 JB.187.16.5761 5766.2005 The Carbon Concentrating Mechanism of the Hydrothermal Vent Chemolithoautotroph Thiomicrospira crunogena J Bacteriol. 2005 August 187 16 5761 5766 ref Chemoheterotrophs or chemotrophic heterotrophs Ancient greek language Gr Chemo chemi ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Lithoautotrophy is a special type of chemotroph chemoautotrophy found in Archaea and Bacteria . Lithoautotrophic organisms utilize inorganic compounds as energy sources. The word lithoautotrophy means to feed it or oneself from stone . In ancient Greek, lithos means stone or rock, autos self, and trophein to feed. References http www.iu bremen.de discussion attachment.php?s 78554fa3d0bc304e8d0a4b05ea8c71d3&postid 69823 Ecosystems and Nutrient Cycles Chemosynthesis ecology stub Category Ecology Category Microbial growth and nutrition ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Thermithiobacillus regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Acidithiobacillales familia Thermithiobacillaceae genus Thermithiobacillus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Thermithiobacillus tepidarius Thermithiobacillus is a genus of non sporeforming Rod shaped bacteria rod proteobacteria and so Gram negative . The name derives from the Latin thermae , for warm baths, and the Greek language Greek , theios for sulfur . The members of this genus used to belong to Thiobacillus , before they were reclassified on the basis of 16S rRNA analysis in 2000. ref name Kelly2000 cite journal author Kelly and Wood title Reclassification of some species of Thiobacillus to the newly designated genera Acidithiobacillus gen. nov., Halothiobacillus gen. nov. and Thermithiobacillus gen. nov journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 50 pages 489 500 year 2000 pmid 10758854 last2 Wood first2 AP ref This Chemotroph chemolithoautotrophic genus is obligate ly Aerobic organism aerobic and moderately thermophilic 43 45 C . ref name Kelly2000 References reflist Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub ca Thermithiobacillus es Thermithiobacillus it Thermithiobacillus ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Anaerobacter domain Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Clostridia ordo Clostridia les familia Clostridiaceae genus Anaerobacter Anaerobacter are a genus of Gram positive bacteria related to Clostridium . They are Anaerobic respiration anaerobic chemotroph s and are unusual endospore spore formers as they produce more than one spore per bacterial cell up to five spores . ref cite journal author Siunov A, Nikitin D, Suzina N, Dmitriev V, Kuzmin N, Duda V title Phylogenetic status of Anaerobacter polyendosporus, an anaerobic, polysporogenic bacterium. url http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 49 3 1119.pdf journal Int J Syst Bacteriol volume 49 Pt 3 issue pages 1119 24 year 1999 pmid 10425769 ref They fix nitrogen fixation nitrogen . G C content 29. ref cite book author Madigan M Martinko J editors . title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 isbn 0 13 144329 1 ref References references Category Clostridiaceae bacteria stub cs Anaerobacter es Anaerobacter ku Anaerobakter uk Anaerobacter ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Nitrobacter vulgaris regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Nitrobacter species N. vulgaris binomial Nitrobacter vulgaris binomial authority Nitrobacter vulgaris is a rod shaped, Gram negative bacteria Gram negative , and a Chemotroph chemoautotrophic bacterium. It plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil. It cannot tolerate highly alkaline NH sub 4 sub conditions. NO sub 2 sub 1 2O sub 2 sub NO sub 3 sub Genomics http www.genomesonline.org search.cgi?colcol all&goldstamp ALL&gen type ALL&org name1 genus&gensp Nitrobacter&org domain ALL&org status ALL&size2 ALL&org size Kb&gen gc ALL&phylogeny2 ALL&gen institution ALL&gen funding ALL&gen data ALL&cont ALL&gen country ALL&gen pheno ALL&gen eco ALL&gen disease ALL&gen relevance ALL&gen avail ALL&selection submit search Nitrobacter Genome Projects from http www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database http img.jgi.doe.gov cgi bin pub main.cgi?section TaxonList&page lineageMicrobes&genus Nitrobacter Comparative Analysis of Nitrobacter Genomes at United States Department of Energy DOE s Integrated Microbial Genomes System IMG system Category Rhizobiales bacteria stub ca Nitrobacter de Nitrobacter et Nitrobacter it Nitrobacter pt Nitrobacter ... more details
An extremotroph from Latin lang la extremus meaning extreme and Greek lang grc Latn troph lang grc meaning food is an organism that feeds on matter that is not typically considered to be food to most life on Earth. These anthropocentric definitions that we make of extremophily and extremotrophy focus on a single environmental extreme but many extremophiles may fall into multiple categories, for example, organisms living inside hot rocks deep under the Earth s surface. ref Horikoshi, Koki Extremophiles Handbook 2010, pg.5 ref Examples Pestalotiopsis microspora Pestalotiopsis microspora Plastic eater ref http www.activistpost.com 2012 02 jungle fungus eats plastic beats cancer.html ref Halomonas titanicae Halomonas titanicae Metal eater Geotrichum candidum Geotrichum candidum Compact Disk eater Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus Fumigatis Printed circuit board Printed Circuit Board eater Deinococcus radiodurans Deinococcus radiodurans Radioactive waste eater ? Space debris eaters ref http rt.com news iss bacteria mir mutation 765 ref Industrial uses Extremotrophs are employed as Bioremediation Bioremediation and Biodegradation Biodegradation agents. See also div style moz column count 3 column count 3 Lithoautotroph Chemotroph Extremophile div References reflist Further reading External links ... more details
Image biosphere2 1.jpg thumb right 300px Biosphere 2 Closed ecological systems CES are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system. The term is most often used to describe small wikt manmade manmade ecosystems. Such systems are scientifically interesting and can potentially serve as a life support system during space flight s, in space stations or space habitat s. In a closed ecological system, any waste products produced by one species must be used by at least one other species. If the purpose is to maintain a life form, such as a mouse or a human , waste products such as carbon dioxide , feces and urine must eventually be converted into oxygen , food , and water . A closed ecological system must contain at least one autotroph ic organism. While both chemotroph ic and phototroph ic organisms are plausible, almost all closed ecological systems to date are based on a phototroph such as green algae . Examples Major large scale closed ecological systems include Biosphere 2 , MELiSSA , and the BIOS 1 , BIOS 2 , and BIOS 3 projects. An Ecosphere aquarium ecosphere is a glass enclosed, self contained and self sustaining closed ecosystem sold primarily as a gift or experiment. It can include tiny shrimp , algae , gravel , decorative Animal shell shell s, and gorgonia . Also bottle garden s can act as a closed ecological system. See also Biosphere Controlled Ecological Life Support System Ecology Eden Project Space colonization Spome Terraforming Integrated biotectural system Sources Manmade Closed Ecological Systems. I. I. Gitelson, G. M. Lisovsky and R. D. MacElroy. Taylor & Francis 2003 ISBN 0 415 29998 5. Category Ecological processes Ecology stub Space stub Category Systems ecology es Sistema ecol gico cerrado eo Fermita ekologia sistemo fr Syst me cologique ferm pl Zamkni ty system ekologiczny zh ... more details
Refimprove date April 2011 An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates a form of a chemotroph . This term is used in microbiology to classify and describe organisms based on how they obtain energy. Typically most organotrophs such as animals and many bacteria, are also heterotrophs. Organotrophs can be either anaerobic or aerobic. Antonym Chemoorganotroph , Lithotroph , Adjective Organotrophic . See also Primary nutritional groups Chemoorganotroph Lithotroph Heterotroph Autotroph modelling ecosystems Category Hydrogen biology Category Marine Microbiology Category Microbial Ecology ca Organ trof cs Organotrofie de Organotrophie et Organotroof fr Organotrophie nl Organotroof pl Organotrofia pt Organotrofia es Organotroph ru uk External Links http evolutionwiki.org wiki Organotroph References 1 Michael Allaby. organotroph. A Dictionary of Zoology. 1999, Retrieved March 30, 2012 from Encyclopedia.com http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O8 organotroph.html 2 The Prokaryotes A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria 3rd Ed., Vol 1, CHAPTER 1.4, Prokaryote Characterization and Identi cation 7, Retrieved from http www.scribd.com doc 9724380 1The Prokaryotes A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria 3rd Ed Vol 1 3 Respiration in aquatic ecosystems Paul A. Del Giorgio, Peter J. leB. Williams, Science, 2005, Retrieved April 24, 2012 from http books.google.com books?id pD5RUDW1m7IC&lpg PP1&pg PP1 v onepage&q&f false 4 Phylogenetic structure of unusual aquatic microbial formations in Nullarbor caves, Australia. Andrew J. Holmes1, Niina A. Tujula1, Marita Holley1, Annalisa Contos, Julia M. James, Peter Rogers, Michael R. Gillings1, Article first published online 20 DEC 2001 Retrieved April 24, 2012 http dx.doi.org 10.1046 j.1462 2920.2001.00187.x 5 Iron reduction by bacteria range of organisms involved and metals reduced. J. Gwynfryn Jones, William Davison, Steven Gardener. Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry House, ... more details
The Ayalon Cave is a large underground limestone cave near Ramla , Israel in which new species of crustaceans were discovered in April 2006. ref http www.huji.ac.il cgi bin dovrut dovrut search eng.pl?mesge114907691205976587 The Hebrew University Press release announcing the discovery ref History The cave, 300 feet deep, with its branch extends almost 2.5 kilometres making it the second largest limestone cave in Israel. The cave was first discovered when a small opening was discerned in a quarry near Ramla. According to Professor Amos Frumkin of the Hebrew University , the cave is unique in that a thick layer of chalk left it impermeable to water. Researchers announced that they have so far discovered eight new species, all without eyes, including four crustacean species and four terrestrial species, previously unknown to science. They added that the crustaceans included two saltwater species and two freshwater species, indicating that this diversity might help better understand the water history of the region. As the cave was completely cut off from the outside environment, it sustained an independent ecosystem this ecosystem did not rely on sunlight and photosynthesis , or on organic compounds , for an energy source. Rather, energy was extracted by Chemotroph Chemoautotrophic bacteria , living in a film on top of the pool water. These bacteria produce energy by oxidation oxidizing the sulfide compounds in the water, and derive organic compounds using carbon dioxide from the air. These compounds form the basis of the cave s ecosystem. See also Geography of Israel Wildlife of Israel References reflist External links http news.nationalgeographic.com news 2006 06 060602 israel cave.html National Geographic http www.targetpoint.com greenview ?id 5&sid 3&gid 245 Cave photos cite journal title Cross formational rising groundwater at an artesian karstic basin the Ayalon Saline Anomaly, Israel author A. Frumkina and H. Gvirtzman journal Journal of Hydrology year 2006 volum ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Thermithiobacillus tepidarius regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Acidithiobacillales familia Thermithiobacillaceae genus Thermithiobacillus species T.tepidarius binomial Thermithiobacillus tepidarius T.tepidarius from the Latin tepidarium a warm bath fed by natural thermal water is a proteobacteria species isolated from the hot springs at Bath, Somerset Bath , Avon county Avon . ref name Wood1986 cite journal author Wood,A.P. & Kelly, D.P. title Chemolithotrophic metabolism of the newly isolated moderately thermophilic, obligately autotrophic Thiobacillus tepidarius journal Archives of Microbiology volume 144 issue 1 pages 71 77 year 1986 doi 10.1007 BF00454959 http www.springerlink.com content hwr4671388635h33 ref It was previously in the genus Hydrogenophilaceae Thiobacillus . ref name Kelly2000 cite journal author Kelly & Wood title Reclassification of some species of Thiobacillus to the newly designated genera Acidithiobacillus gen. nov., Halothiobacillus gen. nov. and Thermithiobacillus gen. nov. journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 50 pages 489 500 year 2000 pmid 10758854 last2 Wood first2 AP ref The organism is a moderate thermophile 43 45 C and an Aerobic organism obligate aerobic chemotroph chemolithotrophic autotroph . Despite having an optimum pH of 6.0 7.5, growth can continue to an acid minimum of pH 4.8. ref name Wood1986 Growth can only occur on redox reduced inorganic sulfur compounds, and unlike species in the related genus Acidithiobacillus , T.tepidarius is unable to oxidise ferrous iron . ref name Kelly2000 References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Thermithiobacillus Tepidarius Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub ... more details
Infobox scientist name Sergei Winogradsky image image size caption birth date September 1, 1856 birth place Kiev , Ukraine then Russian Empire death date death date and age 1953 2 25 1856 9 1 death place Brie Comte Robert , France residence citizenship Russian and French nationality ethnicity field Microbiology work institutions Saint Petersburg Conservatory Imperial Conservatoire of Music in St Petersburg piano br University of Saint Petersburg br University of Strasbourg br Pasteur Institute alma mater University of Saint Petersburg doctoral advisor doctoral students known for Nitrogen cycle br Chemotroph Chemoautotrophy br Beggiatoa Sulfur oxidizing bacteria author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences Anton de Bary br Nikolai Menshutkin chemistry br Nevskia Famintzin botany br Martinus Beijerinck influenced Selman Waksman br Martinus Beijerinck prizes Leeuwenhoek Medal 1935 br Fellow of the Royal Society ref name frs religion footnotes Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky Fellow of the Royal Society FRS ref name frs cite doi 10.1098 rsbm.1953.0022 ref or Vinogradskyi lang uk , lang ru September 14, 1856 February 25, 1953 was a Ukrainians Ukrainian Russian microbiologist , ecologist and soil science soil scientist who pioneered the Biogeochemical cycle cycle of life concept. ref cite pmid 13076173 ref ref cite pmid 22092289 ref Winogradsky discovered the first known form of lithotrophy during his research with Beggiatoa in 1887. He reported that Beggiatoa oxidized hydrogen sulfide H sub 2 sub S as an energy source and formed intracellular sulfur droplets. ref cite journal author Winogradsky S title ber Schwefelbakterien journal Bot. Zeitung volume issue 45 pages 489 610 year 1887 ref This research provided the first example of lithotrophy, but not autotrophy . His research on nitrifying bacteria would report the first known form of chemotroph chemoautotrophy , showing how a lithotroph carbon fixation f ... more details
Nitrifying bacteria are chemotroph chemoautotrophic or chemolithotrophs depending on the genera Nitrosomonas , Nitrosococcus , Nitrobacter , Nitrococcus bacteria that grow by consuming inorganic nitrogen compounds. ref name pmid11539154 cite journal author Mancinelli RL title The nature of nitrogen an overview journal Life support & biosphere science international journal of earth space volume 3 issue 1 2 pages 17 24 year 1996 pmid 11539154 ref Many species of nitrifying bacteria have complex internal membrane systems that are the location for key enzymes in nitrification ammonia monooxygenase which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine , and nitrite oxidoreductase , which oxidizes nitrite to nitrate. Ecology Nitrifying bacteria are widespread in soil and water, and are found in highest numbers where considerable amounts of ammonia are present areas with extensive protein decomposition, and sewage treatment plants . ref name pmid386925 cite journal author Belser LW title Population ecology of nitrifying bacteria journal Annu. Rev. Microbiol. volume 33 issue pages 309 333 year 1979 pmid 386925 doi 10.1146 annurev.mi.33.100179.001521 ref Nitrifying bacteria thrive in lakes and streams with high inputs of sewage and wastewater because of the high ammonia content. Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate Nitrification in nature is the result of actions of two groups of organisms, the nitrosifyers ammonia oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria nitrite oxidizing, nitrate producing bacteria ref name pmid11539155 cite journal author Ward BB title Nitrification and ammonification in aquatic systems journal Life support & biosphere science international journal of earth space volume 3 issue 1 2 pages 25 9 year 1996 pmid 11539155 doi ref Nitrosifying bacteria br NH sub 3 sub O sub 2 sub 2H sup sup 2e sup &minus sup NH sub 2 sub OH h2o 1.1 br NH sub 2 sub OH h2o no2 5H sup sup 4e sup &minus sup 1.2 br NH sub 3 sub O sub 2 sub no2 3H sup sup 2e sup &minus sup 1 Nitrifying bacteria br no2 ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey status image Spirochaeta americana.png image width 250px domain Bacteria phylum Spirochetes classis Spirochetes ordo Spirochaetales familia Spirochaeta genus Spirochaeta species S. americana binomial Spirochaeta americana binomial authority Richard Hoover Hoover , Elena Pikuta Pikuta and Asim Bej Bej 2003 Spirochaeta americana is a relatively newly discovered ref name ijssgm cite journal last Hoover first Richard B. authorlink coauthors et al. year 2003 month title Spirochaeta americana sp. nov., a new haloalkaliphilic, obligately anaerobic spirochaete isolated from soda Mono Lake in California journal International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology volume 53 issue Pt 3 pages 815 821 doi 10.1099 ijs.0.02535 0 url accessdate quote pmid 12807206 ref single celled extremophile . This Halophile halo Alkaliphile alkaliphilic and Anaerobic organism obligately anaerobic bacterium can be found in the bleach like highly alkaline, salty, deep waters of California s Mono Lake . ref name ijssgm ref cite web url http science.nasa.gov headlines y2003 30jul monolake.htm title A New Form of Life accessdate 2008 02 10 work Science Nasa ref Physical characteristics S. americana has long helically coiled cells, is gram negative , and is chemotroph ic in its metabolism . Spirochaeta also have unique flagellum flagella , sometimes called axial filaments , which run lengthwise between the cytoplasmic membrane and Bacterial outer membrane outer membrane . These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. Despite the extreme environment that they require, their cell walls are very delicate, and it is difficult to keep them alive for long periods in the laboratory, says Dr. Elena Pikuta , one of the discoverers of S. americana . Environment Image Mono lake reflections.jpg left thumb Mono Lake , showing tufa calcium deposits . S. americana thrives in the lake bottom mud of Lake Mono, a 13 mile wide former monomictic volcano vo ... more details
A mixotroph is a microorganism that can use a mix of different Primary nutritional groups sources of energy and carbon . Possible are alternations between phototroph photo and chemotroph y, between lithotroph litho and organotroph y, between autotroph auto and heterotroph y or a combination of it. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryote eukaryotic or prokaryote prokaryotic . ref name Eiler cite journal author Eiler A title Evidence for the Ubiquity of Mixotrophic Bacteria in the Upper Ocean Implications and Consequences journal Appl Environ Microbiol volume 72 issue 12 pages 7431 7 year 2006 month December pmid 17028233 doi 10.1128 AEM.01559 06 pmc 1694265 ref br They can take advantage of different environmental conditions. ref cite journal author Katechakis A, Stibor H title The mixotroph Ochromonas tuberculata may invade and suppress specialist phago and phototroph plankton communities depending on nutrient conditions journal Oecologia volume 148 issue 4 pages 692 701 year 2006 month July pmid 16568278 doi 10.1007 s00442 006 0413 4 ref If a trophic mode is obligate, then it is always necessary for sustaining growth and maintenance if facultative, it can be used as a supplemental source. ref name Eiler Some organisms have incomplete Calvin cycle s, so they are incapable of fixing carbon dioxide and must use organic carbon sources. Examples Paracoccus Paracoccus pantotrophus is a bacterium that can live as chemoorganoheterotroph, whereby a large variety of organic compounds can be metabolized. Also a facultative lithotroph chemolithoautotrophic metabolism is possible, as seen in colorless sulfur bacteria some Thiobacillus , whereby sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide , elemental sulfur , or thiosulfate are oxidized to sulfate. The sulfur compounds serve as electron donors and are consumed to produce adenosine triphosphate ATP . The carbon source for these organisms can be carbon dioxide autotrophy or organic carbon heterotrophy . ref cite book last Libes first Sus ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 Primary nutritional groups are groups of organism s, divided according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction. The sources of energy can be light and organic or inorganic compounds the sources of carbon can be of organic or inorganic origin. ref Brock Biology of Microorganisms http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov articlerender.fcgi?artid 1694265&rendertype table&id t1 Definitions of metabolic strategies to obtain carbon and energy ref The terms aerobic respiration , anaerobic respiration and fermentation biochemistry fermentation do not refer to primary nutritional groups, but simply reflect the different use of possible electron acceptors in particular organisms, such as O sub 2 sub in aerobic respiration, or NO sub 3 sub sup sup , SO sub 4 sub sup 2 sup or fumarate in anaerobic respiration, or various metabolic intermediates in fermentation. Because all ATP generating steps in fermentation involve modifications of metabolic intermediates instead of the use of an electron transport chain fermentation is often referred to as substrate level phosphorylation . Primary sources of energy Phototroph s Light is absorbed in Photosynthetic pigment photo receptors and transformed into chemical energy. br Chemotroph s Bond energy is released from a chemical compound . The freed energy is stored as Potential energy Chemical potential energy potential energy in adenosine triphosphate ATP , carbohydrate s, lipid s or protein s. Eventually, the energy is used for life processes as moving, growth and reproduction. Some bacteria can alternate phototrophy and chemotrophy, depending on availability of light. Primary sources of reducing equivalents Organotroph s Organic compounds are used as electron donor . br Lithotroph s Inorganic compounds are used as electron donor. The electron s from reducing equivalent s are needed by both, phototrophs and chemotrophs, to keep running Redox reduction oxidation reactions that tra ... more details
File Auto and heterotrophs.png thumb 300px Overview of cycle between autotroph s and heterotrophs A heterotroph IPA en h t r tro f lang grc heteros another , different and lang grc trophe nutrition is an organism that cannot carbon fixation fix carbon and uses organic compound organic carbon for growth. ref cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com Heterotroph title heterotroph publisher TheFreeDictionary.com ref This contrasts with autotroph s, such as plant s and algae , which can use energy from sunlight photoautotroph s or inorganic compounds lithoautotroph s to produce organic compound s such as carbohydrate s, fat s, and protein s from inorganic carbon dioxide . These reduced carbon compounds can be used as an energy source by the autotroph and provide the energy in food consumed by heterotrophs. Types Heterotrophs can be divided into two broad classes photoheterotroph s and chemotroph chemoheterotrophs . Photoheterotrophs, including most purple bacteria and Chloroflexi phylum green bacteria , produce adenosine triphosphate ATP from light and use organic compounds to build structures. They consume little or none of the energy produced during photosynthesis to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup to NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle , as they do not need to use the Calvin cycle if carbohydrates are available in their diets. ref name botany cite book last Mauseth first James D. title Botany an introduction to plant biology year 2008 edition 4th publisher Jones & Bartlett Publishers page 252 url http books.google.com books?id xPLGdYW9t5kC&pg PA252&dq heterotroph fix carbon&cd 2 v onepage&q heterotroph 20fix 20carbon&f false isbn 978 0 7637 5345 0 ref Chemoheterotrophs produce ATP by oxidizing chemical substances. There are two types of chemoheterotrophs chemoorganoheterotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs. ref name botany ref cite book last1 Lengeler first1 Joseph W. last2 Drews first2 Gerhart last3 Schlegel first3 Hans G ... more details
In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules usually carbon dioxide or methane and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules e.g. hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis . Chemotroph Chemoautotrophs , organism s that obtain carbon through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse, but groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically important taxa include the sulfur oxidizing gamma and epsilon proteobacteria, the Aquificae les, the Methanogen ic archaea and the neutrophilic iron oxidizing bacteria. Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans also use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single carbon molecules. Two categories can be distinguished. In the rare sites at which hydrogen molecules H sub 2 sub are available, the energy available from the reaction between CO sub 2 sub and H sub 2 sub leading to production of methane, CH sub 4 sub can be large enough to drive the production of biomass. Alternatively, in most oceanic environments, energy for chemosynthesis derives from reactions in which substances such as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia are oxidized. This may occur with or without the presence of oxygen. Many chemosynthetic microorganisms are consumed by other organisms in the ocean, and symbiosis symbiotic associations between chemosynthesizers and respiring heterotrophs are quite common. Large populations of animals can be supported by chemosynthetic secondary production at hydrothermal vent s, methane clathrate s, cold seep s, and whale fall s. It has been hypothesized that chemosynthesis may support life below the surface of Mars , Jupiter Jupiter s moon Europa moon Europa , and other planets. ref Chela Flores, J. 2000 Terrestrial microbes as candidates for survival on Mars and Europa , in Seckbach, Joseph ed. Journey to Diverse Microbial Worlds Adaptation to Exotic Environments , Springer, pp. 387& ... more details
File Auto and heterotrophs.png thumb 300px Overview of cycle between autotrophs and heterotroph s. Photosynthesis is the main means by which plants, algae and many bacteria produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water font color green green arrow font . An autotroph Ref label A none , Auto self Ecology Trophic levels feeding or producer , is an organism that produces complex organic compound s such as carbohydrate s, fat s, and protein s from simple substances present in its surroundings . For example using energy from light by photosynthesis or inorganic chemical reactions chemosynthesis . They are the primary production producers in a food chain , such as plant s on land or algae in water. They are able to make their own food . Therefore, they do not use energy source or a carbon source. Autotrophs can reduce carbon dioxide add hydrogen to it to make organic compounds. The reduction of carbon dioxide, a low energy compound, creates a store of chemical energy. Most autotrophs use water as the reducing agent , but some can use other hydrogen compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. Phototrophs, a type of autotroph, convert physical energy from sun light in case of green plants into chemical energy in the form of reduced carbon. Autotrophs can be phototroph s, lithotroph s, or chemotroph s. Phototrophs use light as an energy source, while lithotrophs make use of inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide , elemental sulfur , ammonium and Iron II oxide ferrous iron , as reducing agents for biosynthesis and chemical energy storage. Chemotrophic species simply utilize electron donors as a source of energy, whether it be from organic or inorganic sources, however in the case of autotrophs, these electron donors come from inorganic chemical sources. Phototrophs and lithotrophs use a portion of the Adenosine triphosphate ATP produced during photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic compounds to reduce Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAD ... more details
For the lunar crater Beijerinck crater NOTOC Infobox scientist name Martinus Beijerinck image Mwb in lab.JPG image size 150 px caption birth date birth date March 16, 1851 birth place Amsterdam , Netherlands death date death date January 1, 1931 aged expr 1931 1851 1 3 or 1 3 and 1 16 death place Gorssel , Netherlands residence citizenship nationality ethnicity field Microbiology work institutions Wageningen University br Delft School of Microbiology founder alma mater Leiden University doctoral advisor doctoral students known for Nitrogen cycle br Chemotroph Chemoautotrophy br Virology br Sulfate reducing bacteria br Microbiological culture Bacterial cultivation author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced Sergei Winogradsky prizes Leeuwenhoek Medal 1905 religion footnotes Image Martinus Beijerinck.png thumb upright Martinus Beijerinck in the 1880s or 1890s Image Former Delft School of Microbiology.jpg thumb The Laboratory of Microbiology in Delft , where Beijerinck worked from 1897 to 1921. Martinus Willem Beijerinck March 16, 1851 January 1, 1931 was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist . Born in Amsterdam , Beijerinck studied at the Technical School of Delft, where he was awarded the degree of Chemical Engineer in 1872. He obtained his Doctor of Science degree from the University of Leiden in 1877. ref cite journal last1 Chung first1 K. T. last2 Ferris first2 D. H. title Martinus Willem Beijerinck 1851 1931 Pioneer of General Microbiology journal ASM News year 1996 volume 62 issue 10 pages 539 543 publisher American Society For Microbiology location Washington, D.C. url http asm.org ccLibraryFiles FILENAME 0000000251 621096p539.pdf ref At the time, Delft, then a Polytechnic, did not have the right to confer doctorates, so Leiden did this for them. He became a teacher in microbiology at the Agricultural School in Wageningen now Wageningen University and later at the Polytechnische Hogeschool Delft Delft Institute of technology Belgium and the Netherla ... more details
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