Chondrogenesis is the process by which cartilage is developed. ref MeshName Chondrogenesis ref Cartilage in fetal development In embryogenesis , the skeletal system is derived from the germ layer Mesoderm mesoderm germ layer. Chondrification also known as chondrogenesis is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chondrocytes and begins secreting the molecules that form the extracellular matrix. Early in fetal development, the greater part of the skeleton is cartilaginous. This temporary cartilage is gradually replaced by bone Endochondral ossification , a process that ends at puberty. In contrast, the cartilage in the joints remains unossified during the whole of life and is, therefore, permanent . Mineralization Adult hyaline articular cartilage is progressively mineralization biology mineralized at the junction between cartilage and bone. It is then termed articular calcified cartilage . A mineralization front advances through the base of the hyaline articular cartilage at a rate dependent on cartilage load and shear stress. Intermittent variations in the rate of advance and mineral deposition density of the mineralizing front, lead to multiple tidemarks in the articular calcified cartilage. Adult articular calcified cartilage is penetrated by vascular buds, and new bone produced in the vascular space in a process similar to endochondral ossification at the physis . A cement line demarcates articular calcified cartilage from subchondral bone. Repair Once articular cartilage damage damaged , cartilage has limited repair capabilities. Because chondrocytes are bound in Lacuna histology lacunae , they cannot migrate to damaged areas. Also, because hyaline cartilage does not have a blood supply, the deposition of new matrix is slow. Damaged hyaline cartilage is usually replaced by fibrocartilage scar tissue. Over .... ref http encyclopedia.farlex.com chondrogenesis ref Synthetic Cartilage Researchers say their lubricating ... more details
Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis AMIC is a biological treatment option which repairs articular cartilage damage . It combines microfracture surgery with the application of a bi layer collagen I III membrane. AMIC achieves pain relief and restores functionality in the joint with the goal to regain full mobility, allowing going back to previous lifestyle and activity level. It slows down cartilage degeneration with the intent to avoid or delay partial or total joint replacement e.g. knee replacement surgery. Background The AMIC procedure was first proposed by Behrens in 2003. ref name Behrens cite journal doi 10.1007 s00142 005 0316 0 last Behrens P. year 2005 title Matrixgekoppelte Mikrofrakturierung ... also Knee cartilage replacement therapy Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis AMIC surgery is a single ... retaining the fragile blood clot in larger defects and to possibly enhance the chondrogenesis of MSCs ... adipogenic , osteogenesis osteogenic and most importantly chondrogenesis chondrogenic lineage. Chondrification also known as chondrogenesis is the underlying process of cartilage formation from ... glue supports in vitro chondrogenesis of MSCs and allowed for local release of bioactive TGF beta 1 ... with improved chondrogenesis and long term local supply of TGF 1. TGF 1 is a secreted ... Dickhut A, Dexheimer V, Martin K, Lauinger R, Heisel C, Richter W title Chondrogenesis of human ..., K ller W, Russlies M, Kurz B title Cell Laden and Cell Free Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis versus Microfracture ... J, Schulz AP, Behrens P title Mid term results of Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis for treatment ... cite journal author Benthien JP, Behrens P title Autologous matrix induced chondrogenesis AMIC . A one ... Chondrogenesis AMIC Combining Microfracturing and a Collagen I III Matrix for Articular Cartilage ... G, Horisberger M, Valderrabano V title Autologous matrix induced chondrogenesis aided reconstruction ... Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis Category Orthopedic surgery de Autologe Matrixinduzierte ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 03.5.00019 The perichondrium Etymology Ancient Greek peri, about, around , Chondrium Greek Chondros meaning Cartilage is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenesis chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts , which produce collagenous fibers . The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts or chondrocytes . Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage . Fibrocartilage and articular cartilage both lack perichondrium. Perichondrium is a type of Irregular Collagenous Ordinary Connective Tissue, and also functions in the growth and repair of cartilage. Once vascularized, the perichondrium becomes the periosteum . External links IowaHistology 4 iv 05 Slide 12, Developing Bone H&E . Examine cartilage right and its perichondrium arrows . UIUCHistologySubject 330 Bone and cartilage musculoskeletal stub developmental biology stub Category Skeletal system ca Pericondri cs Perichondrium de Perichondrium es Pericondrio fr P richondre it Pericondrio kk lt Antkremzlis pl Ochrz stna pt Peric ndrio ru sk Perichondrium ... more details
Expert subject Medicine date November 2008 Infobox disease Name Campomelic dysplasia Image Caption DiseasesDB 33419 ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM 114290 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic eMedicine mult MeshID Camptomelic dysplasia is a genetic disorder , camptomelic or campomelic refer to the bowing of the femur and tibia , campto meaning bent and melia refers to the Limb anatomy limbs commonly seen in this disorder. A mutation in the gene coding for the transcription factor Sox9 , localized to chromosome 17 , results in camptomelic dysplasia, which is marked by anomalies of the rib s and vertebral column and bowing of the long bone s. Sox9 controls transcription of Type II collagen ref cite journal last1 Lefebvre first1 V last2 Huang first2 W last3 Harley first3 VR last4 Goodfellow first4 PN last5 De Crombrugghe first5 B title SOX9 is a potent activator of the chondrocyte specific enhancer of the pro alpha1 II collagen gene journal Molecular and cellular biology volume 17 issue 4 pages 2336 46 year 1997 pmid 9121483 pmc 232082 ref ref cite journal last1 Ng first1 LJ last2 Wheatley first2 S last3 Muscat first3 GE last4 Conway Campbell first4 J last5 Bowles first5 J last6 Wright first6 E last7 Bell first7 DM last8 Tam first8 PP last9 Cheah first9 KS title SOX9 binds DNA, activates transcription, and coexpresses with type II collagen during chondrogenesis in the mouse journal Developmental biology volume 183 issue 1 pages 108 21 year 1997 pmid 9119111 doi 10.1006 dbio.1996.8487 ref and the proteoglycan aggrecan , and is also related to sex reversal. Genetically male XY individuals appear phenotypically female, because SOX9 is not able to fulfill its role in sex determination testis development . References Reflist External links http www.nemours.org service medical orthopedics dysplasia campomelic.html Camptomelic dysplasia on www.nemours.org http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov bookshelf br.fcgi?book gene&part campo dysp GeneReviews NCBI NIH UW entry on Campomelic Dysplasia br Tr ... more details
clot and to enhances the chondrogenesis chondrogenic differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cell MSCs . This technique is known as AMIC Autologous matrix induced chondrogenesis Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis and was first published in 2003. ref name Behrens cite journal doi 10.1007 s00142 ... creates a blood clot scaffold on which injected PBPC s can be recruited and enhance chondrogenesis ... more details
cartilage degeneration. Autologous matrix induced chondrogenesis main Autologous matrix induced chondrogenesis Autologous matrix induced chondrogenesis , which is also known as AMIC , is a biological ... and enhances their chondrogenesis chondrogenic differentiation . The AMIC surgery is a single ... a blood clot scaffold on which injected PBPC s can be recruited and enhance chondrogenesis at the site ... more details
PBB geneid 1490 NOTOC CTGF connective tissue growth factor is a cysteine rich, matrix biology matrix associated, heparin binding protein . In vitro , CTGF mirrors some of the effects of TGF beta on skin fibroblasts , such as stimulation of extracellular matrix production, chemotaxis , cell growth proliferation and integrin expression. CTGF can promote endothelial cell growth, migration, adhesion and survival and is thus implicated in endothelial cell function and angiogenesis ref Brigstock DR 2002 Regulation of angiogenesis and endothelial cell function by connective tissue growth factor CTGF and cysteine rich 61 CYR61 . Angiogenesis 5 153 165. ref . br br CTGF binds to perlecan ref Nishida T et al. 2003 CTGF Hcs24, hypertrophic chondrocyte specific gene product, interacts with perlecan in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. J Cell Physiol 196 265 275. ref , a proteoglycan which has been localised in synovium , cartilage and numerous other tissues. br br CTGF has been implicated in extracellular matrix remodelling in wound healing , scleroderma and other fibrotic processes, as it is capable of upregulating both matrix metalloproteinases MMPs and their inhibitors TIMPs . Therefore, CTGF has the potential to activate both the synthesis and degradation of the extracellular matrix . Knockout mice which have had the gene for CTGF removed do not develop normally. Impaired chondrocyte proliferation, angiogenesis , extracellular matrix production and turnover leads to abnormal skeletal growth. ref Ivkovic S et al. 2003 Connective tissue growth factor coordinates chondrogenesis and angiogenesis during skeletal deveopment Development 130 2779 2791. ref Interactions CTGF has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Vascular endothelial growth factor A . ref name pmid11744618 cite journal last Inoki first Isao authorlink coauthors Shiomi Takayuki, Hashimoto Gakuji, Enomoto Hiroyuki, Nakamura Hiroyuki, Makino Ken ichi, Ikeda Eiji, Tak ... more details
PBB geneid 10500 Semaphorin 6C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEMA6C gene . ref name pmid12110693 cite journal author Qu X, Wei H, Zhai Y, Que H, Chen Q, Tang F, Wu Y, Xing G, Zhu Y, Liu S, Fan M, He F title Identification, characterization, and functional study of the two novel human members of the semaphorin gene family journal J Biol Chem volume 277 issue 38 pages 35574 85 year 2002 month Sep pmid 12110693 pmc doi 10.1074 jbc.M206451200 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SEMA6C sema domain, transmembrane domain TM , and cytoplasmic domain, semaphorin 6C url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 10500 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene product is a member of the semaphorin family of proteins. Semaphorins represent important molecular signals controlling multiple aspects of the cellular response that follows CNS injury, and thus may play an important role in neural regeneration. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SEMA6C sema domain, transmembrane domain TM , and cytoplasmic domain, semaphorin 6C url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 10500 accessdate ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Pasterkamp RJ, Verhaagen J title Emerging roles for semaphorins in neural regeneration. journal Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. volume 35 issue 1 pages 36 54 year 2001 pmid 11245885 doi 10.1016 S0165 0173 00 00050 3 cite journal author Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, et al. title The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. journal Nature volume 441 issue 7091 pages 315 21 year 2006 pmid 16710414 doi 10.1038 nature04727 cite journal author Imabayashi H, Mori T, Gojo S, et al. title Redifferentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and chondrog ... more details
technical date December 2011 Infobox Anatomy Name Cartilage Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Hypertrophic Zone of Epiphyseal Plate.jpg Caption Hyaline cartilage showing chondrocyte s and organelle s, Lacuna histology lacunae and Extracellular matrix matrix Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf Cartilage IPAc en k r t l d is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bone s, the rib cage , the ear , the nose , the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral disc s. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle . Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called chondroblast s that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of Type II collagen except fibrocartilage which also contains type I collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan , and elastin fibers. Chondroblasts that get caught in the matrix are called chondrocyte s. They lie in spaces called lacunae with up to eight chondrocytes per lacuna. Cartilage is classified in three types, elastic cartilage , hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage , which differ in the relative amounts of these three main components. Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. Because of this, it heals very slowly. The chondrocytes are supplied by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage. Thus, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Growth and development main Chondrogenesis File Cartilage.jpg thumb Cartilage under a microscope In embryogenesis , the skeletal system is derived from the germ layer Mesoderm mesoderm germ layer. Chondrification also known as chondrogenesis is the process by which cartilage is formed from condensed mesenchyme tissue, which differentiates into chon ... more details
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