No footnotes date April 2009 Stone Age The Clactonian is the name given by archaeologist s to an archaeological industry industry of European flint tool manufacture that dates to the early part of the interglacial period known as the Hoxnian Stage Hoxnian , the Mindel Riss or the Hoxnian Stage Holstein stages c. 400,000 years ago . Clactonian tools were made by Homo erectus rather than modern humans. The term is sometimes applied to early, crude flint tools from other regions that were made using similar methods. It is named after 400,000 year old finds made by Hazzledine Warren in a palaeochannel at Clacton on Sea in the England English county of Essex in 1911. The Artifact archaeology artefact ..., Suffolk Barnham in Suffolk similar industries have been identified across Northern Europe. The Clactonian ... the Oldowan tools from which Clactonian ones derived, some were notched implying that they were ... on the flakes indicates use of a hammerstone . The Clactonian controversy The Clactonian industry ... ref ashton that the difference between Clactonian and Acheulean may be a false distinction however. The Clactonian industry may in fact be the same thing as the Acheulean and only assessed ... Clactonian flint tools but no handaxes. As a handaxe would have been more useful than a chopper in dismembering an elephant carcass it is considered strong evidence of the Clactonian being a separate .... Proponents of the Clactonian as an independent industry point to the lack of concrete evidence in favour ... Clactonian tools which point to Acheulean influence is in dispute. The traditional chronology of Clactonian being followed by Acheulean is also being increasingly challenged since finds of Acheulean ... have preceded the Clactonian. Whether or not the they are separate industries it would seem that the Clactonian ... magnified clactonian flake tools.html Drawings of Clactonian tools http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi england ...., Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk Antiquity 68, 260 ... more details
Context date October 2009 In archaeology a chopper core is a suggested type of stone tool created by using a lithic core as a olduwan chopper following the removal of lithic flake flakes from that core. They may be a very crude form of early handaxe although they are not biface bifacially worked and there is debate as to whether chopper cores were ever used as tools or simply discarded after the desired flakes were removed. They are found in the early Mode 1 tool industries of the Oldowan and Clactonian archaeological industry industries during the Lower Palaeolithic . References Ashton, NM, McNabb, J, and Parfitt, S, Choppers and the Clactonian, a reinvestigation, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, pp21 28, qtd in Butler, C 2005 . Prehistoric Flintwork, Tempus, Stroud. ISBN 0 7524 3340 7. Category Lithics Category Archaeological artefact types archaeology stub ja ... more details
File Hand Axe Sculpture in Swanscombe Heritage Park geograph.org.uk 1417150.jpg thumb Hand Axe Sculpture in Swanscombe Heritage Park, installed in 2005. File Franks HouseDSCF7155.jpg thumb Hand axes from Swanscombe at the British Museum found by Marston not on display Swanscombe Heritage Park is a National Nature Reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest near the village of Swanscombe in north west Kent , England , at the Thames east of London . The park lies in a former gravel quarry, Barnfield Pit , and is very close to the Baker s Hole site to Swanscombe s east. The area was already famous for the finds of numerous Palaeolithic era handaxe s&mdash mostly Acheulean and Clactonian artifacts, some as much as 400,000 years old&mdash when in 1935 1936 work at Barnfield Pit uncovered two List of human evolution fossils fossilised skull fragments . These fragments came to be known as the remains of Swanscombe Man redirects here , a name they retained despite a re identification that established that they had belonged to a young woman. These remained the oldest human fossils discovered anywhere in the UK, until the 1994 and 1995 discoveries of 500,000 year old human leg bones and teeth at Boxgrove Quarry Boxgrove . At between 200,000 and 300,000 years old they are still the oldest skull fragments ever discovered in the UK. The other key paleolithic sites in the UK are Happisburgh , Pakefield , Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site Pontnewydd , Kents Cavern , Red Lady of Paviland Paviland , and Cheddar Man Gough s Cave . The skull fragments were found in the lower middle terrace gravels at a depth of almost 8 metres beneath the surface. They were found by Alvan T. Marston, an amateur archaeologist who visited the pit between quarrying operations to search for flint tools. A third, matching fragment of the same skull was found in 1955. The estimated age of the cranium fragments is 200,000 300,000 years ago. The estimated brain size is 1325 cc, the bones are very thick, show ... more details
This list of archaeological site s is sorted by continent and then by the age of the site. For one sorted by country, see the list of archaeological sites by country . Europe Palaeolithic Lower Swanscombe Heritage Park Barnfield Pit , Kent, Great Britain Bilzingsleben Paleolithic site Bilzingsleben , Thuringia, Germany. Clactonian Boxgrove , East Sussex, Great Britain. Clacton on Sea , Great Britain. Clactonian V rtessz l s , Hungary Middle B ile Herculane , Romania , middle Palaeolithic as well as Mesolithic Creswell Crags , Great Britain K nigsaue , Germany Krapina , Croatia Le Moustier , France, Mousterian Neanderthal, Germany Neanderthal , Germany, Neandertal Upper Altamira cave Altamira , Cantabria, Spain Aurignac , Haute Garonne, France, Aurignacian Ch telperron , central and south western France, Ch telperronian Chauvet Cave , southern France C a Valley Paleolithic Art , northeastern Portugal, S tios arqueol gicos de Portugal Dolni Vestonice settlement Dolni Vestonice , Gravettian , Moravia Ignateva Cave , South Urals, Russia La Gravette , Dordogne, France, Gravettian La Madelaine , Dordogne, France, Magdalenian Lascaux , Dordogne, France, Magdalenian Meiendorf , northern Germany, Hamburgian Culture Mladec , Moravia Red Lady of Paviland Paviland Caves , Great Britain, Wales, Aurignacian Solutr , eastern France, Solutrean Mesolithic Alby, land Alby, Sweden Astuvansalmi , Finland Belba , Turkey Bouldnor Cliff Mesolithic Village , United Kingdom Cramond , United Kingdom Franchthi , Greece Friesack , Germany, Brandenburg Hohen Viecheln , Germany, Mecklenburg Howick house , United Kingdom Pulli settlement Pulli settlement, Estonia Lepenski Vir , Serbia Star Carr and Star Carr house , United Kingdom Mount Sandel Mesolithic site Mount Sandal Northern Ireland , United Kingdom Ythan Estuary , Sands of Forvie , Aberdeenshire , Scotland Neolithic Ardgroom , Ireland Avebury , Britain Bylany archaeology Bylany , Czech Republic Carnac stones , France Carrigagulla , Ire ... more details
File Franks HouseDSCF7156.jpg thumb Levallois flakes from Baker s Hole at the British Museum not on display Baker s Hole is an archaeological site in a former quarry at Northfleet , Gravesham , Kent , England, which has been described as the best known British Early Middle Paleolithic Marine isotope stage MIS 9 7 site . It produced mostly large Levallois technique Levallois Lithic core cores and Lithic flake flakes , ref Scott, 77, quote from abstract ref representing the discarded remains of production on a considerable scale of stone hand axe tools by a population probably consisting of Neanderthal s. ref Ashton ref It is described by the Kent county council archaeological service as a Mousterian factory , with a sequence through the Clactonian , Acheulian and Mousterian archaeological industries . ref Kent ref Many of the finds are now in the British Museum , which in the past distributed small sets of artefacts to several other museums. Location Baker s Hole is in the Ebbsfleet River Ebbsfleet valley south of the river Thames in Kent, an area rich in significant Paleolithic sites, including Swanscombe Heritage Park just to the west, and Swanscombe Thameside Community School Swan Valley School in some sources across Southfleet Road. Baker s Hole is traditionally described as in Northfleet, but is now described as in the parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe by Kent County Council . ref Kent ref For the main periods of archaeological finds, the site was quarried by the Blue Circle Industries Associated Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd the Swanscombe Northfleet area was where William Aspdin had pioneered Portland cement in the 1840s. Quarrying is now finished and most of the site has been back filled. Locating the precise findspots for the material described as coming from Baker s Hole is somewhat complicated, and the area from which they came is more precisely described as Southfleet Pit within the larger quarry Baker s Hole proper is to the north, and has produced ... more details
by the classical Acheulian , of which Clactonian and Tayacian are considered phases ... of Europe The Abbevillian became the European Acheulean and the Clactonian at about 500,000 ya ... found in 1955 by John Wymer. Estimated date 250,000 ya. Swanscombe br Barnfield Pit br Clactonian br ... more details
such as the Clactonian ref barnham and then later, with the more sophisticated Mousterian too. It is therefore ... the usually earlier Mode 1 tools of the Clactonian or Oldowan Abbevillian industries but lacking ... . Note barnham Ashton, N, McNabb, J, Irving, B, Lewis, S and Parfitt, S Contemporaneity of Clactonian ... and English Heritage, 1999. Note choppercore Ashton, NM, McNabb, J, and Parfitt, S, Choppers and the Clactonian ... more details
and Clactonian , Mesopaleolithic Levallois technique Levalloisian and Upper Mousterian , Acropaleolithic ..., who argued that Chellean industries were superior to Clactonian ones for supposedly Racialism ... and Clactonian industries occasionally developed in the same areas. ref Dobo , p.242 ref ... more details
, the oldest of which are Clactonian dating to the Middle Pleistocene 300,000 200,000 BP . ref cite ... islands, few can stand up to critical scrutiny. The Clactonian material, in this view, comes from ... more details
infobox UK place country England official name Swanscombe latitude 51.4491 longitude 0.2993 civil parish Swanscombe and Greenhithe population 6300 population ref 2005 ref cite web title 2005 Ward Level Population Estimates publisher Kent County Council url http www.kent.gov.uk NR rdonlyres E503169D C06B 498F BD0A 678EE22B4D37 6841 sae108.pdf month September year 2006 accessdate 2007 08 20 format PDF Dead link date November 2010 bot H3llBot ref shire distr,vmfdolvm wfmv wedfmvmict Dirtford borough Dirtford shire county Kent region South East England constituency westminster Dartford UK Parliament constituency Dartford post town SWANSCOMBE postcode district DA10 postcode area DA dial code 01322 os grid reference TQ598747 Swanscombe is a small town, part of the Borough of Dartford on the north Kent coast in England . It is part of the civil parishes in England civil parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe . History Prehistory File Franks HouseDSCF7154.jpg thumb Box of 8 hand axe s from the middle gravels of Barnfield Pit, British Museum Bone fragments and tools, representing the earliest humans known to have lived in England, have been found from 1935 onwards at the Barnfield Pit about 2 km outside the village. This site is now the Barnfield Pit Swanscombe Heritage Park . Swanscombe Man now thought to be female was a late Homo erectus or an early Archaic Homo sapiens . The c. 400,000 year old skull fragments are kept at the Natural History Museum in London with a replica on display at the Dartford Museum. Lower levels of the Barnfield Pit yielded evidence of an even earlier, more primitive human, dubbed Clactonian Man . Nearby digs on land for the High Speed 1 Channel Tunnel Rail Link revealed a c. 400,000 year old site with human tools and the remains of a Straight tusked Elephant Palaeoloxodon antiquus , and evidence of Arvicola water vole , microtus pine vole , newt s, frog s etc., indicating a site with standing water. See below for discovery details . Viking era ... more details
Refimprove date March 2008 Image Transasia trade routes 1stC CE gr2.png thumb right 300px By the time of the Roman Empire , the Silk Road was firmly established. Image East Hem 200ad.jpg thumb 300px Eurasia round 200 CE The history of Eurasia is the collective history of a continental area with several distinct peripheral coastal regions the Middle East , South Asia , East Asia , Southeast Asia , and Europe , linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe of Central Asia and Eastern Europe . While geographically on a separate continent, North Africa has historically been integrated into Eurasian history. Perhaps beginning with early Silk Road trade, the Eurasian view of history seeks establishing genetic, cultural, and linguistic links between European, African and Asian cultures of antiquity. In fact, much interest in this area lies with the presumed origin of the Proto Indo European language speakers of the Proto Indo European language and Chariot warfare in Central Eurasia . ref Beckwith, for instance, gives an overall view of Central Eurasian history ref Prehistory main Prehistoric Europe Prehistoric Asia Lower Paleolithic Fossilized remains of Homo georgicus , Homo ergaster and Homo erectus between 1.8 and 1.0 million years old have been found in Europe Georgia Dmanisi , Spain , Indonesia e.g., Sangiran and Trinil , Vietnam, and China e.g., Shaanxi . see also Multiregional hypothesis . The first remains are of Olduwan culture, later of Acheulean and Clactonian culture. Finds of later fossils, such as Homo cepranensis , are local in nature, so the extent of human residence in Eurasia during 1,000,000 300,000 bp remains a mystery. Middle Paleolithic Geologic temperature record s indicate two intense ice ages dated around Cromerian Stage 650000 ybp and Anglian Stage 450000 ybp , these would have presented any humans outside tropics unprecedented difficulties. Indeed, fossils from this period are very few, and little can be said of human habitats in Eurasia dur ... more details
Stage . This warmer time period lasted from around 300,000 until 200,000 years ago and saw the Clactonian ... standards, although uncertainty over the relationship between the Clactonian and Acheulean industries ... more details
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