1 H imidazol 2 amine image clonidine structure.png width 220 Clinical data tradename Catapres Drugs.com drugs.com monograph clonidine MedlinePlus a682243 pregnancy US C legal status Rx only routes ... GJSURZIOUXUGAL UHFFFAOYSA N Clonidine is a sympatholytic medication used to treat medical conditions ... hypothesis that has been proposed is that clonidine acts centrally as an imidazoline receptor agonist. Uses Clonidine has been investigated and prescribed first as an antihypertensive drug in the 1950s ... pain , opioid detoxification , sleep hyperhidrosis , and as veterinary anaesthetic drug. Clonidine ..., the menopause transition time menopausal symptoms . Clonidine is increasingly used in conjunction ... . http www.ninds.nih.gov news and events news articles news article adhd.htm Methylphenidate and Clonidine Help Children With ADHD and Tics . ref Clonidine can be used in the treatment of Tourette syndrome ... 243 246, 249 253 ref Clonidine along with Methylphenidate has been studied for treatment of ADHD. ref ... the use of clonidine either as an adjunct to traditional stimulant therapy or as a monotherapy in the treatment ... and nicotine smoking . In addition, clonidine has also been used for migraine headaches and hot flushes associated with menopause. ref name Web MD cite web title Clonidine Oral Uses url http www.webmd.com drugs drug 11754 Clonidine.aspx?drugid 11754&drugname Clonidine publisher Web MD ref ref cite web title Clonidine url http www.drugs.com clonidine.html publisher Drugs.com ref Clonidine is regularly ... Gold, ALC Pottash, S. Castellani. Clonidine in mania. Drug Development Research. 3 101 105,1983. ref Clonidine also has several off label use s, and has been prescribed to treat psychiatric disorder ... url http www.psychiatrictimes.com anxiety content article 10168 53896?verify 0 ref Clonidine is also ... L. A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric ... journal author Patel SS, Dunn CJ, Bryson HM title Epidural clonidine a review of its pharmacology ... more details
versus clonidine in rapid opiate detoxification, Journal of Substance Abuse TreatmentVolume ... to clonidine Image LofexidineClonidine.png thumb 350px right Structure of Lofexidine and Clonidine Lofexidine is structurally analogous to clonidine , another alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist ..., with fewer withdrawal symptoms than clonidine even after one day ref name gerra . However, Clonidine ..., clonidine has been shown to significantly lower blood pressure. Therefore, although similar to lofexidine, clonidine is most frequently prescribed to treat hypertension high blood pressure . Other ... http www.lofexidine.co.uk leaflets bfl pil v4 07 2006.pdf ref See also Methadone Naltrexone Clonidine ... more details
pmid 17142656 ref Sufentanil is also sometimes used as a premedication. Clonidine is becoming increasingly popular as a premedication for children. One drawback of clonidine however, is that it can ..., clonidine has been found to be equal to and possibly superior to benzodiazepines as a premedication ... clonidine is becoming increasingly popular with anesthesiologists . ref Cite journal last1 Bergendahl first1 H. last2 L nnqvist first2 PA. last3 Eksborg first3 S. title Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia ... I. last9 Murat first9 I. title Premedication with clonidine is superior to benzodiazepines. A meta ... more details
disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD . Alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists, such as clonidine ... of Psychiatry, 8th ed. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998 ref Clonidine has shown ... aggression, impulsivity, emotional outbursts, and oppositionality. ref Harmon RJ, Riggs P Clonidine ... reported to be reduced. Kinzie and Leung ref Kinzie JD, Leung P Clonidine in Cambodian patients with posttraumatic ... prescribed the combination of clonidine and imipramine to severely traumatized Cambodian refugees with Anxiety ... among seventy seven percent. Guanfacine produces less sedation than clonidine and thus may be better ... more details
Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder or PTSD . Alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists, such as clonidine ... in the locus ceruleus, effectively reducing the release of brain norepinephrine 3 . Clonidine has shown ... were also reported to be reduced. Kinzie and Leung 5 prescribed the combination of clonidine and imipramine ... less sedation than clonidine and thus may be better tolerated. Guanfacine reduced the trauma related ... RJ, Riggs P Clonidine for posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children. Journal of the American ... P Clonidine in Cambodian patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental ... more details
Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Guanabenz Guanfacine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine ... drug clonidine , ref name Rang163 used to lower blood pressure and hot flashes associated with menopausal symptoms. Clonidine has also been successfully used in indications that exceed what would ... . http www.ninds.nih.gov news and events news articles news article adhd.htm Methylphenidate and Clonidine Help Children With ADHD and Tics . ref clonidine also helps alleviate symptoms of opioid withdrawal . ref name Web MD cite web title Clonidine Oral Uses url http www.webmd.com drugs mono 24 CLONIDINE ... of clonidine was initially attributed through its agonist action on presynaptic 2 receptors, which ... of autoreceptor . However, it is now known that clonidine binds to imidazoline receptor s with a much ... and also the Medulla oblongata Ventrolateral Medulla . Clonidine is now thought to decrease BP via ... more details
Refimprove date November 2007 Rebecca Riley April 11, 2002 December 13, 2006 , the daughter of Michael and Carolyn Riley and resident of Hull, Massachusetts , was found dead in her home after prolonged exposure to various medications, her lungs filled with fluid. The medical examiner s office determined the girl died from intoxication due to the combined effects of the drugs Clonidine , valproic acid Depakote , Dextromethorphan , and Chlorpheniramine and that her heart and lungs were damaged due to prolonged abuse of these prescription drugs. Police reports state she was taking 750 milligrams a day of Depakote, 200 milligrams a day of Seroquel , and .35 milligrams a day of Clonidine. Rebecca had been taking the drugs since the age of two for bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD , diagnosed by psychiatrist Kayoko Kifuji of the Tufts New England Medical Center . Family Michael and Carolyn Riley were taken into police custody on February 6, 2007 for Rebecca s death and charged with first degree murder. Their two other children, who were also on a number of prescription medications, have been moved to foster homes and the Department of Social Services reports the parents have a history of being abusive and neglectful. On February 9, 2010, Carolyn Riley was found guilty of second degree murder in the death of her daughter and was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole in 15 years. Michael s trial began on March 8, 2010. On September 27, 2010, Michael Riley was found guilty of first degree murder and received the automatic sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole. External links http www.cbsnews.com stories 2007 09 28 60minutes main3308525 page2.shtml What Killed Rebecca Riley? 60 Minutes Report http www.boston.com news local articles 2007 02 06 hull parents arrested in girls poisoning death Hull parents arrested in girl s poisoning death http www.boston.com news local massachusetts articles 2007 02 08 ... more details
of the effects of clonidine by the alpha 2 adrenoceptor antagonist, fluparoxan journal British ... antagonists of the central sympatho inhibitory effect of clonidine journal British Journal of Pharmacology ... more details
clinical study on ultra rapid detox for heroin addicts, comparing buprenorphine assisted or clonidine ... RA, Heitler NE title Anesthesia assisted vs buprenorphine or clonidine assisted heroin detoxification ... 2005 month August pmid 16118380 doi 10.1001 jama.294.8.903 url ref Another 2005 study compared clonidine assisted detoxification to rapid clonidine naloxone precipitated withdrawal under anesthesia, reporting ... of rapid opioid detoxification with clonidine assisted detoxification for heroin dependent persons ... more details
, controlled comparative studies versus clonidine 0.15 to 0.30 mg day or alpha2 methyldopa 500 to 1000 ... than with either clonidine or a methyldopa. Side effects are rare, non severe, and transient at therapeutic ... more details
206. DOI 10.1016 j.nurx.2006.01.009 PMID 16554257 ref The antihypertensive agents, clonidine Catapres ... for the use of risperidone , and less support for the others. ref name Assessment Image Clonidine pills and patch.jpg thumb left 250px Clonidine or the clonidine patch is one of the medications typically .... ref James F. Leckman Leckman JF , Hardin MT, Riddle MA, et al. Clonidine treatment of Gilles de la ... pressure effects, antihypertensive agents should not be discontinued suddenly. Clonidine ... , Donald J. Cohen Cohen DJ , Detlor J, et al. Clonidine in the treatment of Tourette syndrome a review ... J, Harcherik DF, et al. Short and long term treatment of Tourette s syndrome with clonidine a clinical ... for 4 6 months. A small number of patients may worsen on clonidine. ref name Robertson2000 Robertson ... clonidine and guanfacine , tricyclic antidepressant s desipramine and nortriptyline , and newer ... news and events news articles news article adhd.htm Methylphenidate and Clonidine Help ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 477868834 IUPAC name N & x200b 2,6 & x200b dimethylphenyl & x200b 5,6 & x200b dihydro & x200b 4 H & x200b 1,3 & x200b thiazin & x200b 2 & x200b amine image Xylazin.svg Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international xylazine pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status Veterinary Use routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 7361 61 7 ATCvet yes ATC prefix N05 ATC suffix CM92 PubChem 5707 IUPHAR ligand 523 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB04898 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite changed chemspider ChemSpiderID 5505 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 2KFG9TP5V8 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D08683 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 297362 Chemical data C 12 H 16 N 2 S 1 molecular weight 220.33 smiles N 1 C SCCC 1 Nc2c cccc2C C StdInChI Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider StdInChI 1S C12H16N2S c1 9 5 3 6 10 2 11 9 14 12 13 7 4 8 15 12 h3,5 6H,4,7 8H2,1 2H3, H,13,14 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite changed chemspider StdInChIKey BPICBUSOMSTKRF UHFFFAOYSA N Xylazine is a medication drug that is used for sedation , anesthesia , muscle relaxation, and analgesia in animals such as horses, cattle and other non human mammals. An analogue of clonidine , it is an agonist at the &alpha small sub 2 sub small class of adrenergic receptor . As with other &alpha small sub 2 sub small agonists, adverse effects include bradycardia , conduction disturbances, and myocardial depression. Yohimbine Yobine and atipamezole commercial name Antisedan can be used to reverse xylazine effects. In veterinary anesthesia , xylazine is often used ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 448113917 IUPAC name N 2 bromo 6 fluorophenyl 4,5 dihydro 1H imidazol 2 amine image Romifidine.png Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international romifidine pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status Veterinary Use routes of administration IV Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 65896 16 4 ATCvet yes ATC prefix N05 ATC suffix CM93 PubChem 71969 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 876351L05K Chemical data C 9 H 9 Br 1 F 1 N 3 molecular weight 258.09 smiles C1CN C N1 NC2 C C CC C2Br F Romifidine is a medication drug that is used in veterinary medicine as a sedative mainly in large animals such as horses, ref Spadavecchia C, Arendt Nielsen L, Andersen OK, Spadavecchia L, Schatzmann U. Effect of romifidine on the nociceptive withdrawal reflex and temporal summation in conscious horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research . 2005 Nov 66 11 1992 8. PMID 16334961 ref although it may be used in a wide variety of species. ref De Lucas JJ, Rodr guez C, Mar n M, Gonz lez F, Ballesteros C, San Andr s MI. Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular ketamine in young ostriches premedicated with romifidine. Journal of Veterinary Medicine A. Physiology, Pathology, Clinical Medicine . 2007 Feb 54 1 48 50. PMID 17359455 ref ref Belda E, Laredo FG, Escobar M, Soler M, Lucas X, Agut A. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of three doses of romifidine in comparison with medetomidine in five cats. Veterinary Record . 2008 Jan 19 162 3 82 7. PMID 18204032 ref It is not used in humans, but is closely related in structure to the commonly used drug clonidine . Romifidine acts as an agonist at the sub 2 sub adrenergic ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 338.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Central pain syndrome is a neurological condition caused by damage or malfunction in the Central Nervous System CNS which causes a sensitization of the pain system. The extent of pain and the areas affected are related to the cause of the injury, which can include Physical trauma trauma , tumor s, stroke , Multiple Sclerosis , Parkinson s disease , or epilepsy . Pain can either be relegated to a specific part of the body or affect the body as a whole. Symptoms Pain is typically constant, may be moderate to severe in intensity, and is often made worse by touch, movement, emotions, and temperature changes, usually cold temperatures. Burning pain is the most common sensation, but patients also report Paresthesia pins and needles , pressing, lacerating, aching, and extreme bursts of sharp pain. Individuals may have reduced sensitivity to touch in the areas affected by the pain. The burning and loss of touch are usually most severe on the distant parts of the body, such as the feet or hands. ref Citation last Bowsher first David year 1996 title Central pain clinical and physiological characteristics periodical Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry volume 61 pages 62 69 url http jnnp.bmj.com cgi content abstract 61 1 62 doi 10.1136 jnnp.61.1.62 issue 1 FREE full text. Requires 2 minute registration with BMJ. ref Treatment Treatment includes pharmacological interventions amitriptyline, mexiletine, lamotrigine followed by neuromodulation cortical stimulation, intrathecal drugs such as midazolam and clonidine . Opioids are scarcely effective for CPS and should be reserved to highly selected cases. Ziconotide is sometimes effective but patients should find experienced physicians for treatment. See also Thalamic syndrome References references Canavero S, Bonicalzi V. Central pain syndrome. New York Cambridge University Press, 2007 ... more details
Mark S. Gold is the University of Florida Distinguished Alumni Professor for 2011 2013. He is a Donald Dizney Eminent Scholar and distinguished professor of psychiatry, neuroscience, community health and family medicine. He is also the current chairman of the department of psychiatry in the University of Florida College of Medicine . Dr. Gold is a researcher and inventor who has worked for over 40 years to develop models for understanding the effects of tobacco , cocaine , other drugs and food on the brain and behavior. He created the Division of Addiction Medicine at UF and its treatment program, the Florida Recovery Center. With Drs. Bob Dupont and Tom McLellan, he has studied physician and health professionals who have become addicted and their outcomes after treatment. Dr. Gold has been working on new, addiction based models for understanding hedonic overeating, food addiction and the development of new therapies. He has done similar work for opiate addiction which led to the discovery of http www.encyclopedia.com topic Clonidine.aspx 2 1G2 3403100116 full clonidine s efficacy in opiate withdrawal and cocaine addiction which led to the dopamine hypothesis Patent 4 312,878 . He is currently working on a report about second and third hand opium exposure in Kabul for the United States State Department . He has worked on smoking, second and third hand tobacco smoke previously with support from the National Institute on Drug Abuse and FAMRI. He has worked with a variety of government agencies concerned with drug use and youth. Among those organizations are the White House s Office of National Drug Control Policy , Media Partnership for a Drug Free America , the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse , and the Betty Ford Center Foundation. Along with tobacco, alcohol and other neurobiology of drug addiction studies, Dr. Gold has worked for over 30 years to evaluate the hypothesis that hedonic overeating is a pathological attachment to food like any other addiction. D ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
