wiktionary codingCoding may refer to Channel coding in coding theory Line coding Computer programming , the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs The process of Statistical classification of information Coding social sciences , refers to an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form such as questionnaires results or qualitative such as interview transcripts are categorised to facilitate analysis Coding therapy , a controversial therapy used to treat addictions Legal coding , the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation A coding strand of DNA is translated into a protein product Present progressive tense for Code Blue emergency code Code Blue , which is a patient in Cardiac Arrest or Respiratory Arrest See also Code , a rule for converting a piece of information for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture into another form or representation one sign into another sign , not necessarily of the same type Entropy encoding , a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium Source coding Medical coding disambiguation ... more details
50 of human DNA consisting of non coding repeated sequence DNA repetitive sequences . ref cite ... June 2, 2012 small yes pp move indef File DNA Structure Key Labelled.pn NoBB.png thumb right 340px The structure of the DNA double helix . The atoms in the structure are colour coded by Chemical element ... thumb The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid IPAc en audio en us Deoxyribonucleic acid.ogg d i k s i r a b . n ju k l e . k s d DNA is a nucleic ... known living organism s with the exception of RNA virus es . The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called gene s. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins , DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . DNA consists of two long ... is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription genetics transcription . Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosome s. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing ... s, Fungus fungi , and protist s store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA ..., prokaryote s bacteria and archaea store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histone s compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed. Properties File DNA chemical structure.svg thumb 300px Chemical structure of DNA. Hydrogen bond s shown as dotted lines. DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotide s. ref cite ..., John M. year 2001 title Forensic DNA Typing publisher Elsevier isbn 978 0 12 147951 0 oclc 223032110 ... of DNA of all species comprises two helical chains each coiled round the same axis, and each with a pitch ... more details
Image A DNA orbit animated small.gif right frame The A DNA structure. A DNA is one of the many possible double helical structures of DNA . A DNA is thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structures along with B DNA B and Z DNA . It is a right handed double helix fairly similar to the more common and well known B DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure. It appears likely that it occurs only in dehydrated samples of DNA, such as those used in crystallographic experiments, and possibly is also assumed by DNA RNA hybrid helices and by regions of double stranded RNA. Structure A DNA is fairly similar to B DNA given that it is a right handed double helix with major ... turn. This results in a deepening of the major groove and a shallowing of the minor. Predicting A DNA structure An algorithm for predicting the propensity of a sequence to flip from B DNA to A DNA ... cite journal author Basham B, Schroth GP, Ho PS title An A DNA triplet code thermodynamic rules for predicting A and B DNA journal Proc Natl Acad Sci USA volume 92 issue 14 pages 6464 6468 year ... in the hydration of DNA surfaces can be used to distinguish between sequences that form A and B DNA. From this, a triplet code of A DNA propensities was derived as energetic rules for predicting A DNA formation. This code correctly predicted 90 of A and B DNA sequences in crystals and correlates with A DNA formation in solution. Thus, with our previous studies on Z DNA, we now have a single method to predict the relative stability of sequences in the three standard DNA duplex conformations. ref name Basham1995 blockquote Comparison Geometries of the Most Common DNA Forms Image A DNA, B DNA and Z DNA.png right thumb Side view of A , B , and Z DNA. Image B&Z&A DNA formula.jpg thumb right 250px The helix axis of A , B , and Z DNA. class wikitable Geometry attribute A form B form Z form Helix ... also Mechanical properties of DNADNA B DNA Z DNA External links http www.tulane.edu biochem nolan ... more details
episode episodes 3 episode list Infobox animanga Footer nihongo DNA D N A D En Ei ..., spanning a total of five tank bon volumes. DNA was adapted into a 12 episode anime television ... and animation director for the series was Kumiko Takahashi . DNA has been broadcast in Japan by Animax ... children that carry the Mega Playboy DNA, causing them and all their descendants to each have 100 ... to deal with. Karin reveals to Junta that she is a DNA Operator . Her job is to make alterations in people s DNA that will change their nature for the greater good of society. She intends to shoot the original Mega Playboy with a DCM DNA Control Medicine bullet that will alter his DNA in order ... Playboy DNA stabilizes more and more. nihongo Karin Aoi Aoi Karin anime voices Miina Tominaga Jessica Calvello A sixteen year old DNA Operator from the overcrowded future, sent back in time in order ... DNA. She and Junta spend some time together trying to help cure each other of their problems. She ... Forgotten a Century from Now I ll Never Forget You Manga The DNA manga was published in Japanese ... es ca DNA cs DNA de DNA es DNA fr DNA ko DNA id DNA it DNA ja D N A pt DNA ru DNA fi DNA sv DNA tl DNA zh DNA ... more details
When referring to Transcription genetics DNA transcription , the coding strand is the DNA strand which has the same Nucleobase base sequence as the RNA transcript produced although with thymine replaced by uracil . It is this strand which contains codons , while the non coding strand contains anti codons. Alternative terms for strands Wherever a gene exists on a DNA molecule , one strand is the coding strand or sense strand or non template strand , and the other is the noncoding strand also called the antisense strand antisense is a general term for a sequence of DNA or RNA that is complementary to mRNA http books.google.com books?id BrNpbPkzoxAC&pg PA129&lpg PA129&dq coding strand antisense&source web&ots t6yUAob0Km&sig O3UVL8ZYlFi0ljVYax8hp695sRo PPA75,M1 , anticoding strand, template strand, or transcribed strand . Strands in transcription bubble During Transcription genetics transcription , RNA polymerase unwinds a short section of the DNA double helix near the start of the gene. This unwound section is known as the transcription bubble . The RNA polymerase, and therefore the transcription bubble, travels along the noncoding strand in the opposite, 3 to 5 , direction, as well as polymerizing a newly synthesized strand in 5 to 3 or Upstream and downstream DNA downstream direction. The DNA double helix is rewound by RNA polymerase at the rear of the transcription bubble Lewin, pp 235 http books.google.com books?id BrNpbPkzoxAC&pg PA129&lpg PA129&dq coding strand antisense&source web&ots t6yUAob0Km&sig O3UVL8ZYlFi0ljVYax8hp695sRo PPA75,M1 . Like how a zipper works, only it unzips it and rezips it without going back and forth. RNA DNA hybrid Where the helix is unwound, the coding strand consists of unpaired bases, whilst the template strand consists of an RNA DNA composite ... York, USA. http books.google.com books?id BrNpbPkzoxAC&pg PA129&lpg PA129&dq coding strand antisense&source ... DNA tr Kodlay c iplik ... more details
The coding region of a gene , also known as the coding sequence or CDS , is that portion of a gene s DNA or RNA , composed of exon s, that codes for protein. The region is bounded nearer the Directionality molecular biology 5 end 5 end by a start codon and nearer the Directionality molecular biology 3 end 3 end with a stop codon . The coding region in mRNA is bounded by the five prime untranslated region and the three prime untranslated region , which are also parts of the exons. ref cite web last Twyman first Richard title Gene Structure publisher The Wellcome Trust date 1 August 2003 url http genome.wellcome.ac.uk doc WTD020755.html accessdate 6 April 2003 ref The coding region of an organism is sum total of the organism s genome that is composed of gene coding regions. ref Cite book last Goto et al. first Mami title Analysis of CpG Dinucleotide Frequency in Bacterial Genomes with Respect to Genomic Regions and Codon publisher The Fourth Annual International Conference on Computational Molecular Biology, Tokyo, Japan date April 8, 2000 url http recomb2000.ims.u tokyo.ac.jp Posters pdf 112.pdf accessdate 6 April 2009 ref Coding sequence annotation While identification of open reading frames within a DNA sequence is straightforward, identifying coding sequences is not, because the cell translates only a subset of all open reading frames to proteins. ref Cite journal last1 Furuno first1 Masaaki last2 Kasukawa first2 Takeya last3 Saito first3 Rintaro last4 Adachi first4 Jun last5 Suzuki first5 Harukazu last6 Baldarelli first6 Richard last7 Hayashizaki first7 Yoshihide last8 Okazaki first8 Yasushi title CDS Annotation in Full Length cDNA Sequence journal Genome Research volume 21 issue 9 pages 1478 1487 publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press date September 2011 year ... also including prediction of DNA sequences that code not only for protein but also for other ... prediction References Reflist Category DNA biochem stub genetics stub ca regi codificant ja ... more details
Elias coding is term used for one of two types of lossless coding schemes used in digital communications Shannon Fano Elias coding , a precursor to arithmetic coding , in which probabilities are used to determine codewords Universal code data compression Universal coding using one of Elias three universal codes, each with predetermined codewords Elias delta coding Elias gamma coding Elias omega coding Disambig cs Eliasovy k dy ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Temporal coding is a type of neural coding in which a neuron encodes information through the precise timing of action ... coding almost any coding scheme that is not neural coding Rate coding rate coding may be referred to as a temporal ... within a localized area. The latter is sometimes referred to as correlation coding . ref Dayan P ... the idea of rate coding and temporal coding. However, many systems of the body utilize a more complex coding system than could be considered reasonable for a rate code. Recent research suggests that the more ... of firing rates which could either be noise or carry information. Rate coding models suggest ... in Systems Neuroscience. Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. p.143 158. ref The theory of temporal coding offers ... to mark the spikes 1 for a spike, 0 for no spike. Temporal coding allows the sequence 000111000111 ... neural coding is a complex process. Because it is unclear when a neuron begins encoding a stimulus .... ref name Current Opinion in Neurobiology cite web last Singer first Wolf title Time as coding ... coding for different stimuli, then a neuron trying to discriminate these two stimuli may need to wait ... The mammalian gustatory system is useful for studying temporal coding because of the fairly distinct ... M. Di Lorenzo. 2006 . http dx.doi.org 10.1016 j.neubiorev.2006.07.005 Temporal coding in the gustatory ... between two bitter tastants, such as quinine and denatonium . In this way, both rate coding and temporal coding may be used in the gustatory system rate for basic tastant type, temporal for more specific ... 10.1016 j.tins.2010.04.002 Coding in the mammalian gustatory system . Trends in Neurosciences , 33 ... than that which is determined by rate coding schemes. Groups of neurons may synchronize in response ... situations. For this reason, temporal coding may play a part in coding defined edges rather than ... F 1995 Implications The specificity of temporal coding requires highly refined technology to create ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Legal coding is the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation . Objective coding Objective coding is creating an index of Objectivity philosophy objective summary data from a document, and if discoverable , would include such information as dates, author, recipient and title. Subjective coding Subjective coding is the indexing of documents around subjectivity subjective data. This may be gleaned from templates, or more usually from a subjective reading by someone familiar with the topic. This is the more realiable way to determine factors such as importance of the document. External links Please do not add links for coding companies, Wikipedia is not for commercial promotion, and these links will be removed thank you DEFAULTSORT Legal Coding Category Legal citation Category Document management systems ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The rate coding model of neuron al firing communication states that as the intensity of a stimulus increases the frequency or rate of action potential s, or spike firing , increases. Rate coding is sometimes called frequency coding . This phenomenon was originally shown by Edgar Adrian ED Adrian and Yngve Zotterman Y Zotterman in 1926. ref cite journal title The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings Part II The response of a single end organ. author Adrian ED & Zotterman Y. journal J Physiol Lond. year 1926 volume 61 pages 151 171 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1514782 ref In this simple experiment different weights were hung from a muscle . As the weight of the stimulus increased, the number of spikes recorded from sensory nerves innervating the muscle also increased. From these original experiments Adrian and Zotterman concluded that action potentials were unitary events, and that the frequency of events, and not individual event magnitude, was the basis for most inter neuronal communication. See also Neural coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding References references Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
cleanup date May 2011 Zen Coding is a set of Plug in computing plug ins for text editors that allow for high speed coding and editing in HTML , XML , Extensible Stylesheet Language XSL , and other structured code formats. The project was created by Sergey Chikuyonok in 2009 and continues to be actively developed by Chikuyonok and Zen Coding users. The tools have been incorporated into a number of high profile text editor s, some plug ins developed by the Zen Coding team and others implemented independently. However, Zen Coding is primarily independent from any text editor, as the engine works directly ... 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy Way To Write HTML CSS Code ref Zen Coding is an open source code distributed under an MIT License . Functions Expand abbreviations Zen Coding uses a specific syntax in order to expand small snippets of code, similar to CSS selectors, into full fledged HTML code. ref http mondaybynoon.com 2009 08 17 the art of zen coding bringing snippets to a new level Monday By Noon The Art of zen coding Bringing Snippets to a New ... www.downloadsquad.com 2010 04 30 if you code html zen coding will change your life Download Squad Review ... at the current cursor position. Unlike other HTML pair matchers, Zen Coding searches from the cursors ... 2009 11 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy ... Coding team Eclipse software Aptana Eclipse cross platform . TextMate Mac . Coda web development ... with the official Zen Coding engine Adobe Dreamweaver Dreamweaver Windows, Mac AkelPad Windows Sublime ... Zen Coding engine Emacs cross platform IntelliJ IDEA WebStorm PHPStorm cross platform ... links http code.google.com p zen coding Zen Coding Google Project Page http www.emeditor.com modules feature1 rewrite tc 37.html How to Use Zen Coding Category Application programming interfaces ko ru Zen Coding ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The correlation coding model of neuron al firing claims that correlations between action potential s, or spikes , within a spike train may carry additional information above and beyond the simple timing of the spikes. It has been theoretically demonstrated that correlation between spike trains can only reduce, and never increase, the total mutual information present in the two spike trains about a stimulus feature. ref KO Johnson, J Neurophysiol. 1980 Jun 43 6 1793 815. ref Any degree of correlation reduces the total entropy thus, by Fisher information Fisher s Information Theorem , correlations can only reduce information. However, this does not prevent correlations from carrying information not present in the average firing rate of two pairs of neurons. A good example of this exists in the pentobarbital anesthetized marmoset auditory cortex, in which a pure tone causes an increase in the number of correlated spikes, but not an increase in the mean firing rate, of pairs of neurons. ref Nature. 1996 Jun 13 381 6583 610 3 ref Contrast this with independent spike coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Population coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 references Category Neural coding neuroscience stub uk ... more details
unref date December 2007 essay date November 2011 Speech coding is the application of data compression of digital audio signals containing speech . Speech coding uses speech specific parameter estimation using audio signal processing techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting modeled parameters in a compact bitstream. The two most important applications of speech coding are mobile telephony and Voice over IP . The techniques used in speech coding are similar to that in audio data compression and audio coding where knowledge ..., in voiceband speech coding, only information in the frequency band 400 Hz to 3500 Hz is transmitted but the reconstructed signal is still adequate for intelligibility. Speech coding differs from other forms of audio coding in that speech is a much simpler signal than most other audio signals ..., some auditory information which is relevant in audio coding can be unnecessary in the speech coding context. In speech coding, the most important criterion is preservation of intelligibility and pleasantness ... require low coding delay, as long coding delays interfere with speech interaction. Sample companding viewed as a form of speech coding From this viewpoint, the A law algorithm A law and law ... speech coding scheme is Code Excited Linear Prediction CELP coding, which is used for example in the GSM ... predictive model. In addition to the actual speech coding of the signal, it is often necessary to use channel coding for transmission, to avoid losses due to transmission errors. Usually, speech coding and channel coding methods have to be chosen in pairs, with the more important bits in the speech data stream protected by more robust channel coding, in order to get the best overall coding results .... Major subfields Wide band speech coding AMR WB for WCDMA networks VMR WB for CDMA2000 networks G.722 , G.722.1 , Speex and others for VoIP and videoconferencing Narrow band speech coding FNBDT ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The sparse code is a kind of neural code in which each item is encoded by the strong activation of a relatively small set of neurons. For each item to be encoded, this is a different subset of all available neurons ... coding from Olshausen et al. is that sparse coding of natural images produces wavelet like oriented ... a potentially large set of input patterns, sparse coding algorithms attempt to automatically find a small ... input patterns. The sparse coding for the input then consists of those representative patterns ..., and so a sparse coding for English would be those symbols. Linear Generative Model Most models of sparse coding are based on the linear generative model. ref name Rehn cite journal first1 Martin ... numbered input vectors math vec xi in mathbb R k math , the goal of sparse coding is to determine ... Alexis last3 Raina first3 Rajat last4 Ng first4 Andrew Y. title Efficient sparse coding algorithms ... These refer to the distribution of basis vector coefficients for typical inputs. A coding with soft .... ref name Rehn Another measure of coding is whether it is critically complete or overcomplete . If the number of basis vectors n is equal to the dimensionality k of the input set, the coding is said ... in the coefficients, and the coding is not able to gracefully handle small scalings, small translations ... of the input set, the coding is overcomplete . Overcomplete codings smoothly interpolate between ... Olhausen first2 David J. last2 Field title Sparse Coding with an Overcomplete Basis Set A Strategy ... a 196 dimensional space is coded by roughly 100,000 neurons. ref name Rehn See also Rate coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Grandmother cell References references Bibliography F ldi k P, Endres D, http www.scholarpedia.org article Sparse Coding Sparse coding ... 6583 607 9, jun 1996. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Universal Coding can refer to one of two concepts in data compression Universal code data compression , a fixed prefix code that, for any probability mass function , has a data compression ratio within a constant of the optimal prefix code Universal source coding , a data compression method that limit mathematics asymptotically approaches the data compression ratio of the optimal data compression method, e.g., LZ77 and LZ78 disambig ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 context April 2008 Motion coding is a technique that can be viewed as extensions of the standard Block matching algorithm block matching techniques in other MPEG standard to image sequences of arbitrary shape. Advanced motion compensation such as overlapped motion compensation and coding of motion vector s for 8x8 blocks, could be used. Category Film and video technology design stub Compu stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Cover coding is a technique for obscuring the data that is transmitted over an insecure link, to reduce the risks of snooping. An example of cover coding would be for the sender to perform a bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR of the original data with a password or random number which is known to both sender and receiver. The resulting cover coded data is then transmitted from sender to the receiver, who uncovers the original data by performing a further bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR operation on the received data using the same password or random number. DEFAULTSORT Cover Coding Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
Network coding is a technique where, instead of simply relaying the Packet information technology packets ... flow network flow in a Network theory network . Network coding is a field of information theory and coding ... In 2003, Li, et al. proved that linear code linear coding is enough to achieve the upper bound in multicast problems ref S. Li, R. Yeung, and N. Cai, Linear Network Coding http pdos.lcs.mit.edu decouto .... ref In 2005, Randall Dougherty , Chris Freiling , and Ken Zeger showed that the linear coding is not sufficient ... of linearity such as convolutional coding , filter bank coding , etc. ref Dougherty, Freiling, and Zeger. Insufficiency of Linear Coding in Network Information Flow. http code.ucsd.edu zeger publications ... coding In a Linear Network coding problem, a group of nodes math P math are involved in moving ... for the cost of 2 messages, a 100 improvement . Random network coding Random Network Coding relies on using random coding random code s at nodes for multicast or in cast networks. It was originally proposed in T. Ho, R. Koetter, M. Medard, D. R. Karger and M. Effros, The Benefits of Coding over ... network coding, interior network nodes independently choose random linear mappings from inputs to outputs ... for network coding and are more general than linear network coding. Applications Network coding ... Coding Bot generated title ref Coding aware routing ref http arena.cse.sc.edu papers rocx.secon06.pdf ... xpls abs all.jsp?arnumber 4146919 Welcome to IEEE Xplore 2.0 Looking at Large Networks Coding vs. Queueing ... Qureshi, Chuan Heng Foh and Jianfei Cai, An Efficient Network Coding based Retransmission Algorithm ... Collisions, IEEE ICC 2011, Tokyo, Japan ref Network coding and Peer to Peer Networks Network coding ... coding does not increase the maximum achievable throughput of a peer to peer network. ref name ... difficulties when utilising network coding in peer to peer networks. A peer may need to spend a large ... protocol Homomorphic Signatures for Network Coding References Reflist External links http www.ifp.uiuc.edu ... more details
Merge from Correlation coding Independent spike coding Phase of firing code Population coding Rate coding Sparse coding Temporal coding NeuroElectroDynamics Neural ensemble discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Neural coding is a neuroscience related field concerned with how ... goal of studying neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the Stimulus physiology ... A highly efficient coding scheme for neural networks , SJ Thorpe Parallel processing in neural systems ... in neural coding studies. If the brief duration of an action potential about 1ms is ignored, an action ... intervals Temporal coding ISI s between two successive spikes in a spike train often vary, apparently ... or part of the signal? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 389 397 ref The study of neural coding involves ... a stimulus, or certain aspects of that stimulus, from the spike sequences it evokes. Coding schemes A sequence, or train , of spikes may contain information based on different coding schemes ... coding or temporal coding is a topic of intense debate within the neuroscience community, even though there is no clear definition of what these terms mean. Rate coding Rate coding is a traditional coding .... Consequently, rate coding is inefficient but highly robust with respect to the ISI noise . ref ... name Stein During rate coding, precisely calculating firing rate is very important. In fact, the term ... over time or an average over several repetitions of experiment. In rate coding, learning ... stimuli. The obvious problem with this approach is that it can not be the coding scheme used by neurons ... from a single neuron and average over N repeated runs. Thus, the time dependent firing rate coding relies on the implicit assumption that there are always populations of neurons. Temporal coding ... element in neural coding. ref name thorpe ref name Daniel Daniel A. Butts, Chong Weng ... Kostal Kostal L, Lansky P, and Rospars JP. 2007. Neuronal coding and spiking randomness. European ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Population coding is a means by which information is coded in a group of neurons. In population coding, each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs. In one classic example in primary motor cortex, Georgopoulos and colleagues trained monkeys to move a joystick towards a lit target. ref http homepage.psy.utexas.edu homepage class psy394U hayhoe IntroSensoryMotorSystems week6 Ch38.pdf Intro to Sensory Motor Systems Ch. 38 page 766 ref ref Science. 1986 Sep 26 233 4771 1416 9 ref They found that a single neuron would fire for multiple target directions. However it would fire fastest for one direction and more slowly depending on how close the target was to the neuron s preferred direction. Kenneth Johnson originally derived that if each neuron represents movement in its preferred direction, and the vector sum of all neurons is calculated each neuron has a firing rate and a preferred direction , the sum points in the direction of motion. In this manner, the population of neurons codes the signal for the motion. This particular population code is referred to as population vector coding. This particular study divided the field of motor physiologists between Evarts upper motor neuron group, which followed the hypothesis that motor cortex neurons contributed to control of single muscles, and the Georgopoulos group studying the representation of movement directions in cortex. Typically ... in the set of neurons. The Johnson Georgopoulos vector coding is an example of simple averaging ... postscript none ref . Contrast this with sparse coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Neural coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical ... Category Neural coding ... more details
In coding theory and related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between the signal to noise ratio SNR levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to reach the same bit error rate BER levels when used with the error correcting code ECC . Example If the uncoded BPSK system in AWGN environment has a Bit error rate BER of math 10 2 math at the SNR level 4 decibel dB , and the corresponding coded e.g. , BCH code BCH system has the same BER at an SNR level of 2.5dB, then we say the coding gain 4dB 2.5dB 1.5dB, due to the code used in this case BCH . Power limited regime In the power limited regime where the nominal spectral efficiency math rho le 2 math b 2D or b s Hz , i.e. the domain of binary signaling , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error probability per bit math P b E math is defined ... Pulse amplitude modulation PAM or 2× 2 Quadrature amplitude modulation QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A d 2 min A over 4E b . math ... number of nearest neighbors per transmitted bit math K b A math is equal to one, the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is approximately equal to the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math . However, if math K b A 1 math , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is less than the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math by an amount which depends on the steepness of the math P b ... is math rho 2k n math and the nominal coding gain is kd n . Example The table below lists the nominal spectral efficiency, nominal coding gain and effective coding gain at math P b E approx 10 ... coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error rate ... QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A 2 rho ... II, Lecture Notes sections 5.3, 5.5, 6.3, 6.4 Category Coding theory Category Error detection and correction ... more details
Shape coding is a method of design of a control that allows the control s function to be signified by the shape of the control. It was used successfully by Alphonse Chapanis on airplane controls to improve aviation safety . External links http ergo.human.cornell.edu studentdownloads DEA325pdfs controls.pdf A paper on the design of controls pdf file MPEG 4 Video Object Plane Decoder and the functionality The shape information is referred to as alpha planes. The techniques to be adopted by the standard will provide lossless coding of alpha planes and lossy coding of shapes and transparency information since the shape size scalable, thus allowing a tradeoffs between bit rate and accuracy of shape representation. Furthermore, intra and inter shape prediction is envisioned so as to allow both efficient random access operations as well as efficient compression of shape and transparency information. Alpha planes Binary each pixel is either 0 or 255 . Grey scale each pixel is 8 bit . Category Design design stub ... more details
. Disadvantages of cowboy coding In cowboy coding, the lack of formal software project management ... developers Cowboy coding can be common at the hobbyist or student level where developers may initially ... more than just the basic coding a software project requires. This can result in time required ... with the client concerning requirements. Cowboy coding can accentuate this problem by not scaling ... an incomplete project unusable. Advantages of cowboy coding Developers maintain a free form working ... can begin with cowboy coding techniques before later selling them to commercial use or creating ... cowboy coding removes this burden. By coding in their own time, a hobby project may come to fruition ... cgi wiki?CowboyCoding Cowboy Coding definition at Wards Wiki http cowboyprogramming.com 2007 01 11 delving ... Coding Category Software development philosophies it Cowboy coding uk ... more details
cleanup rewrite date February 2010 Coding theory is the study of the properties of code s and their fitness ... and more recently also for network coding . Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines ... two aspects to Coding theory Data compression or, source coding Error correction code Error correction or, channel coding . These two aspects may be Joint source and channel coding studied in combination ... channel. The ordinary user may not be aware of many applications using channel coding ... also use coding techniques to correct for the fading and noise of high frequency radio transmission. Data modems, telephone transmissions, and NASA all employ channel coding techniques to get the bits through, for example the turbo code and LDPC code s. Source coding main data compression The aim of source coding is to take the source data and make it smaller. Principle Entropy information theory ... assumed probability model is called entropy encoding . Various techniques used by source coding ... bitrate , and C x is the bitrate after compression. In particular, no source coding scheme can ... encoding run length code . Source coding includes also removal of all data that superfluous the need of transmitter, this decreases the bandwidth required for the transmission process. Channel coding main Forward error correction The aim of channel coding theory is to find codes which transmit quickly ... algebraic coding theory denotes the sub field of coding theory where the properties of codes are expressed in algebraic terms and then further researched. Citation needed date July 2008 Algebraic coding ... is the dimensions refer to the length of the codeword as defined above. The theory of coding ... coding author Christian Schlegel and Lance P rez publisher Wiley IEEE year 2004 isbn 9780471227557 ... coding Convolutional codes Main Convolutional code The idea behind a convolutional code is to make ... communication devices. Other applications of coding theory misleading Another concern of coding ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
